语用与交际练习答案.doc

IAnswering Questions1. Charles Morris, an American philosopher2. In 1938.3. In a book which is entitled The Foundations of the Theory of Signs written by Charles Morris.4. It is the study of signs.5. They are syntactics, semantics and pragmatics.6. Basically Carnap understands Pragmatics as what Morris has pointed out, but specifically speaking, Carnap thinks that Pragmatics should study indexicals in language.7To sum up, we find that a number of distinct usages of the term pragmatics have sprung from Morris original division of semiotics. In the process, we see that pragmatics has been treated by Morris as the study of the huge range of psychological and sociological phenomenon involved in sign system in general or in language in particular, overlapping with other fields of study; by Carnap as the study of certain abstract concepts that make reference to language participants; and by Montague as the study of indexical or deictic words, or more modern usage that makes necessary reference to aspects of the context. 8. Pragmatics studies the factors that govern our choice of language in social interaction and the effects of our choice on others. 9. These factors may include age, gender, social status, social relationship, level of education, personality, etc.10. One advantage of studying language through pragmatics is that we can talk about peoples intended meanings, their assumptions, their purposes or goals, and all kinds of actions (for example, requests) that they are performing when they speak.11. One big disadvantage of pragmatic study is that all these concepts related to human beings are extremely difficult to analyze in a consistent and objective way.12. A: So - did you?B: Hey - who wouldnt?13. No.14. No.15. No.16. A: Oh, you look fine with this new haircut. B: Oh, no. You are joking.17. Inference means that we often infer or make guesses as to what the speaker intends to mean when he says something?18. No. Language is not just a matter of literal meaning. It is more than that.19. No. Sometimes it may mean something else, for example, an irony.20. Diane Blackemore.21. It is the indeterminacy nature of the English language.22. Possible interpretations are the car owned by Jane, the car kept by Jane, the car rented by Jane etc.23. No. It means mince made for pet.24. It can be the book written by you, the book lent by you, the book assigned by you or the book owned by you, etc.25. It means being not fixed and up to changes.26. They are undetermined in most cases.27. It refers to the language that surrounds or accompanies a piece of utterance or discourse under analysis. 28. It refers to the type of communicative event (for example, joke, story, lecture, greeting, conversation); the topic; the purpose of the event; the setting including location of day, time and physical aspects of the situation; the participants and the relationships between them; the background knowledge etc.29. The role of context in understanding utterances is to help listeners to narrow down their choices in understanding.30. Yes.31. Yes.32. Some linguistic elements are words, phrases, clauses, sentences, paragraphs, etc.33. Some non-linguistic elements are: time, place, relationship between people, social status, subject matter, age, etc.34. It may mean: Id like to buy some butter if it is said in a supermarket. It may also mean: Would you please give me some more butter if it is said at a restaurant.35. You may refer to the lecture for this question.36. You may refer to the lecture for this question.37. Deixis is a group of words indicating person, time, place, etc.38. It is originated from a Greek verb, meaning point, show and indicate in English.39. A very close relationship exists between deixis and context.40. Yes. It is the word she.41. Three.42. Semantic meaning.43. It is very convenient for people to do so in communication.44. Yes. 45. Yes.46. It is to indicate who participates in communication.47. Generally the function of person deixis is to indicate the role of participants in communication.48. It is realized through the use of personal pronouns and demonstrative pronouns or some noun phrases.49. No.50. No.51. Yes, they can.52. Yes, they can.53. It means that the use of the word we includes the addressee.54. It means that the use of the word we does not include the addressee.55. You may refer to the lecture for this question.56. You may refer to the lecture for this question.57. The general function of place deixis is to indicate the place where communication takes place?58. You may refer to the lecture for this list.59. Yes.60. Please refer to the lecture for this definition.61. You may go to the lecture to find an example.62. Please refer to the lecture for this question.63. You may go to the lecture to find an example.64. Please refer to the lecture for this definition.65. Please refer to the lecture for this definition.66. The focus if non-deictic use.67. You may refer to the lecture for this question.68. Because motion verbs contain a kind of built-in direction.69. Directions are not in contradiction.70. It is to indicate the role of participants.71. Yes.72. Yes.73. Yes.74. Yes.75. It is part of deictic use.76. Non-calendric use. is deictic use.77. An implicature is something that is implied.78. You may refer to the lecture for this definition.79. Implication.80. An implication is the logical reasoning of two propositions.81. Please go to the lecture for the difference between these two terms.82. Three.83. Please refer to the lecture.84. Please go to the lecture for the difference between these two terms.85. Please refer to the lecture.86. Please go to the lecture for the difference between these two terms87. It is the natural meaning that language develops.88. Some of the terms for color and animals and proverbs.89. Because they are culture-specific.90. Meanings in one culture may not be shared by another culture.91. No.92. Conversational context.93. From conversational context.94. It explains language from functional, communicative and contextual aspects.95. It is a matter of what people can say under certain circumstances.96. Because they try to be co-operative.97. Inference means that we often infer or make guesses as to what the speaker intends to mean when he says something?98. No. Language is not just a matter of literal meaning. It is more than that.99. No. Sometimes it may mean something else, for example, an irony.100. Diane Blackemore.101. It is the indeterminacy nature of the English language.102. Possible interpretations are the car owned by Jane, the car kept by Jane, the car rented by Jane etc.103. No. It means mince made for pet.104. It can be the book written by you, the book lent by you, the book assigned by you or the book owned by you, etc.105. It means being not fixed and up to changes.106. They are undetermined in most cases.107. It stands for co-operative principle.108. They mean that the statement is true.109. They intend to do what they have promised.110. They want to know the answer.111. They mean the information they provide is what they know.112. To provide relevant information.113. Four.114. You may refer to the lecture.115. Be brief.116. They expect that things will be described in an orderly way.117. No.118. Yes.119. They want to explore conversational implicature.120. It includes cases in which people follow and violate CP.121. You may refer to the lecture.122. Please look at the lecture for this question.123. Yes.124. Yes.125. They purposefully provide irrelevant information.126. Their utterances are ambiguous.127. They provide complex information.128. They provide information in a disordered way.129. Five.130. You may refer to the lecture.131. Please look at the lecture for the definitin.132. Please refer to the lecture.133. Yes.134. Yes.135. You may refer to the lecture.136. Pleasure refer to the lecture.137. You may refer to the lecture.138. Leech.139. Please read the lecture note for this.140. Yes.141. No. It also refer to the third party who is involved in communication.142. Six.143. No.144. Showing politeness to other perhaps.145. You may go to the lecture for this.146. Please refer to the lecture.147. You may refer to the lecture.148. Please look at the lecture.149. They are social status and the relationship between people.150. Open to discussion.151. Yes.152. Open to discussion.153. Open to discussion.154. Open to discussion.155. Please refer to the lecture.156. You may go to look at the lecture for his opinion?157. You may refer to the lecture.158. It is a kind of expectation for face.159. Two.160. Please go to the lecture for this.161. You may refer to the lecture.162. No.163. Yes.164. No specific answer.165. Please refer to the lecture.166. Please refer to the lecture.167. You may refer to the lecture.168. Yes.169. Because we could be economical with the use of language.170.