本科英语毕业论文(设计)开题报告范例

本科英语毕业论文本科英语毕业论文 设计设计 开题报告开题报告 范例范例 proposal for ba thesis i title a study on the differences of topics and subjects in english and chinese ii introduction chinese grammar system in one sense is basically an imitation of western grammar systems but when we put into pratice many chinese grammarians have found that the rules of the westernized languages do not hold water therefore many disputes and controversies have arisen especially the differences of topics and subjects in english and chinese it is necessary to combine the traditional research on chinese grammar with the contemporary western theory of grammar so that it can help our chinese grammar research joint the mainstream of linguistics worldwide and bring the two way together try to find the universal grammar we believe that the process in conformity is not always smooth and pleasant but the results are supposed to benefit china and the world finally iii literature review subject and topic as two basic concepts in modern linguistics their relationship is considered as the crucial research project and heated topic in linguistics 1 subject is originated form the western grammar systems in general linguistics many scholars are trying to give a current concept to subject according to the research on all kinds of languages around the world keenan 1976 summerized the grammatical semantic and textual features that subject has the following are conclusion trask 1993 266 made from all kinds of documents including keenan 1976 参见石毓智 2019 subject is the noun phrase that probably has the most prominent feature in syntactic relation in sentence subject has all kinds of features in grammar syntatics and text mainly consisting of 1 subject represents independent substance 2 subject restricts the co reference in sentence including pronoun reflexive pronoun and null anaphor 3 subject restricts the agreement in verbs 4 subject is the topic with no mark 5 subject can be questioned by interrogative pronoun and also can be focused 6 subject is usually lack of morphological markers 7 subject is ususlly considered as the actor of unmarked structure his conclusion may be more suitable to describe the characters of western languages concerning chinese part of the descrition fail to reflect the linguistic fact in chinese for example trask thought that subject is the topic with no mark he neglected of pragmatic feature of topic because we cant confirm whether the subject is equal to the topic in a single sentence and he also thought that subject is ususlly considered as the actor of unmarked structure which is not accord to the fact in our chinese as in chinese not only actor but also patient instrument timing and location can act as subject in sentence 2 in 2019 shi yuzhi tried to conclude about the subject s characteristers in form in chinese his conclusion is as followed the form of the subject can be placed both in subordinate clause and sentence subject can be focused subject can be questioned by interrogative pronoun and its semantic characters are subject is the actor of behavior act subject is the main body of nature and state shi thought that the main difference butween subject and topic is that subject is the ingredient of grammatical structure while topic belongs to the discourse concept the former one can be put into sentence and subordinate clause the latter only can stay in sentence aspect but his method to distinguish subject to topic seems to be a bit vague as in chinese there is a kind of sentence in unusual order for example 书小王看完了 in shis opinion that is a topic structure for it can not be placed in a clause but in fact it belongs to a classical subject predicate sentence 书 is either the subject or the topic 3 since zhao yuanren introduced topoc into our grammar study in chinese the scholars in chinese home and abroad keep going with research on topic li na thompson are the representatives on this issue theyve done a systematic contract to subject and topic they said that topic means what is about in the sentence while subject is what the verb predicates topic can not be indefinite and generic but subject can topic have to appear at the front of a sentence while subject is allowed to appear in the sentence there always be a pause between topic with other parts of a sentence but in chinese it is not necessary that the topic appear at the front of a sentence for example 老师 这件事让 我来处理吧 in this sentence 这件事 is the topic but it doesnt appear at the front of a sentence 4 it is generally accepted that subject is a concept of syntactic structures while topic belongs to pragmatics but xu liejiong liu danqing 1998 didnt in their thesis they consider topic as a ingredient of syntactic structures just like suject and object the topic also share a position in a sentence as an independent ingredient each of them should has its own position and can not be overlapped then lets analyze this following sentence 小张不 来了 小张 is the subject and topic at the same time subject and topic have been overlapped so it doesnt work to consider topic as an ingredient of syntactic structures 5 qu chengxi 1996 as a specialist of functional grammar thought that if one only adopt his own theory when he is doing research on chinese grammal he will always feel impractical we should try to appreciate others thinkings or even accept them if available and no conflict arisen and i think his opinion is quite fit to grammar study on chinese iv methods and materials through reading materials from library and the internet ive acknowledged much about subject and topic in chinese and english and their differences many scholars have defined the subject and topic in many different angles such as the form cognition function and so on i prefer to study subject and topic from functional grammar than from the others at the same time it will be basic on cognition and communication v discussion guided by the literature review there is a point we should make sure subject is a concept of syntactic structures while topic belongs to pragmatics whatever our research goals are and from different angles at the same time we have to accept that chinese is a language that is lack of morphological change and is very difficult to distinguish subject from topic so when we are doing this kind of research we should try our best to define it clearly especially formally vi outline of the paper 1 introduction 2 subject and topic in english 2 1subject in english 2 1 1 dispute over subject in english 2 1 2 definition of subject in english 2 1 3