生理学基本概念双语解释

精品文档 1欢迎下载 生理学基本概念的中英文名词解释生理学基本概念的中英文名词解释 苏州大学医学部生理学系苏州大学医学部生理学系 学生版 学生版 BasicBasic ConceptsConcepts ofof PhysiologyPhysiology inin EnglishEnglish andand ChineseChinese forfor thethe StudentsStudents UseUse 绝对不应期 absoluteabsolute refractoryrefractory periodperiod The time interval during which a cell is incapable of initiating a second action potential 动作电位 actionaction potentialpotential An action potential is a rapid change in the membrane potential Each action potential begins with a sudden change from the normal resting negative potential to a positive membrane potential depolarization and then ends with an almost equally rapid change back to the negative potential repolarization 主动转运 activeactive transporttransport The movement of substances across the membrane occurs against the electrochemical gradient with the necessity of consumption of metabolic energy 后负荷 afterloadafterload Afterload is the load that is given to the muscle after the beginning of the contraction 自身调节 autoregulationautoregulation In certain cases a tissue or organ can respond directly to the environmental changes depending neither on nervous nor on humoral control This form of regulation is called auto regulation 精品文档 2欢迎下载 完全强直收缩 completecomplete tetanustetanus When the frequency of stimulation reaches a critical level the successive contractions are so rapid that they literally fused together and the contraction appears to be completely smooth and continuous This is called completely tetanus 去极化 depolarizationdepolarization The change in membrane potential away from the resting potential and toward the sodium equilibrium 入胞 endocytosisendocytosis Very large particles enter the cell by a specialized function of the cell membrane called endocytosis The principle forms of endocytosis are pinocytosis and phagocytosis 平衡电位 equilibriumequilibrium potentialpotential Electrochemical equilibrium is a steady state as in the resting membrane potential of a cell in which an electrical potential and chemical potential gradient are in balance and no net movement of charged particles occurs 兴奋性 excitabilityexcitability Excitability is the ability of certain kinds of cells excitable cell to generate active changes in their membrane potential Excitability is a fundamental property common to all tissues and cells 兴奋 excitationexcitation Excitation signifies and increases in activity such as contraction of a muscle acceleration of the heart beat 出胞 exocytosisexocytosis A stimulus to secrete causes the intracellular vesicles to fuse 精品文档 3欢迎下载 with the plasma membrane and to release the vesicles contents is called exocytosis 易化扩散 facilitatedfacilitated diffusiondiffusion In facilitated diffusion transport proteins carrier and channel proteins hasten the movement of certain substances across a membrane down their concentration gradients 以通道为中介的转运 facilitatedfacilitated diffusiondiffusion viavia ionion channelchannel Channels are membrane proteins that contain small highly selective aqueous pores Channels usually allow specific ion eg Na K Ca2 or Cl to move down their electrochemical gradients across the membrane 反馈 feedbackfeedback Feedback is a flow of information along a closed loop Usually a constancy of physiological variable requires a feedback mechanism that feeds the output information back to the control system so as to modify the nature of control 稳态 HomeostasisHomeostasis Homeostasis is the maintenance of a constant state with special reference to the internal medium 体内 inin vivovivo Experiments performed on the whole body 内环境 internalinternal environmentenvironment All cells of the body live in the extracellular fluid extracellular fluid is called the internal environment of the body 等长收缩 isometricisometric contractioncontraction Tension increases but the length of the muscle does not change when a muscle contracts 等张收缩 isotonicisotonic contractioncontraction 精品文档 4欢迎下载 Tension remains constant but the muscle shortens when a muscle contracts 负反馈 negativenegative feedbackfeedback A regulated variable is sensed information is sent to a controller and action is taken to oppose change from the desire value 神经肌肉接头 neuromuscularneuromuscular junctionjunction The complex structure responsible for signal transmission from nerve to skeletal muscle 正反馈 positivepositive feedbackfeedback With positive feedback a variable is sensed and action is taken to reinforce change of the variable so it promotes a change in one direction 前负荷 preloadpreload Preload is the load that is given to the muscle prior to its contraction 相对不应期 relativerelative refractoryrefractory periodperiod A period follows the end of the absolute refractory period during which it is possible to elicit a second action potential but the threshold stimulus intensity is higher than usual 复极化 repolarizationrepolarization Shortly after depolarization the sodium channels begin to close and the potassium channels open more than they normally do Then rapid diffusion of potassium ions to the exterior re establishes the normal resting potential This is called repolarization of the membrane 静息电位 restingresting potentialpotential The difference in electrical potential across the membrane of an 精品文档 5欢迎下载 undisturbed cell having a positive sign on the outside surface and a negative sign in the interior 跳跃传导 salutatorysalutatory conductionconduction Conduction of a nerve impulse down a myelinated nerve fiber by skipping from node to node 单纯扩散 simplesimple diffusiondiffusion Diffusion means simply movement through the membrane caused by random motion of the molecules of the substances moving either through cell membrane pores or through the lipid matrix of the membrane 钠 钾泵 sodium potassiumsodium potassium pumppump The sodium potassium pump is responsible for the coupled active transport of Na out of cells and K into cells Sodium potassium pump is also an adenosine triphosphatase an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of ATP to adenosine diphosphate ADP 凝集 agglutinationagglutination During blood transfusion the red blood cells aggregated together in clumps which were sufficiently large to block minor blood vessels This clumping is known as agglutination 血液凝固 bloodblood coagulationcoagulation The coagulation system consists of cofactors and a series of zymogens which sequentially activate one another leading to formation of fibrin at a site of vascular injury 血型 bloodblood groupgroup Blood groups are system of genetically determined antigenic substances on the membrane of red blood cells 血压 bloodblood pressurepressure 精品文档 6欢迎下载 Blood pressure means the force exerted by the blood against any unit area of the vessel wall 交叉配血 cross matchcross match testtest Serum from recipient is tested against the donor s cells and serum from donor is tested against the recipient s cells this test is called cross matching test 红细胞沉降率 erythrocyteerythrocyte sedimentationsedimentation raterate When blood to which an anticoagulant has been added stands in a narrow tube the red cells gradually sediment leaving a clear zone of plasma above The erythrocyte sedimentation rate is measured as the length to column of clear plasma after one hour 红细胞生成素 erythropoietinerythropoietin Erythropoietin is a hormone secreted by the kidneys which stimulates hemoglobin synthesis and erythropoiesis 纤维蛋白溶解 fibrinolysisfibrinolysis In many cases fibrin within blood vessels is rapidly dissolved to restore the fluidity of the blood and in others the fibrin becomes hyalinized or is removed by phagocytes and replaced by connective tissue The process of liquefaction of fibrin is known as fibrinolysis 血红蛋白 hemoglobinhemoglobin Hemoglobin is a chromoprotein found in the red blood cells and having a great affinity for oxygen 自动节律性 autorhythmicityautorhythmicity Autorhythmicity is the ability to initiate its own beat Many cardiac tissues are found to have autorhythmicity for example sinoatrial node intraventricular tracts and Purkinje cells In 精品文档 7欢迎下载 addition to the cardiac tissue the smooth muscle of the gastrointestinal tract has also autorhythmicity 容量血管 capacitancecapacitance vesselsvessels The veins have wide lumen and contain a greater volume of blood than any other section of the circulation does thus the veins are referred to as the capacitance vessels 心动周期 cardiaccardiac cyclecycle The cardiac events that occur from the beginning of one heart beat to the beginning of the next are called a cardiac cycle Cardiac cycle is composed of two periods systole and diastole 心指数 cardiaccardiac indexindex Cardiac index is the cardiac output per square meter of body surface area 心输出量 cardiaccardiac outputoutput The product of the frequency of pumping heart rate and the stroke volume is the cardiac output it is also called minute volume 心力储备 cardiaccardiac reservereserve The ability of the heart to adapt need of organism for expelling a larger quantity of blood above the basal level 心血管中枢 cardiovascularcardiovascular centercenter The cardiovascular centers are responsible for integration of sensory information and subsequent modification of efferent autonomic nerve activity to the heart and blood vessels 中心静脉压 centralcentral venousvenous pressurepressure The venous pressure as measured at the right atrium 代偿间歇 compensatorycompensatory pausepause The pause between the extra beat and the next normal beat is 精品文档 8欢迎下载 slightly longer than the usual beat interval which is called compensatory pause 舒张压 diastolicdiastolic pressurepressure Diastolic pressure is the lowest blood pressure in an artery during the diastole of the heart 有效不应期 effectiveeffective refractoryrefractory periodperiod The duration from the beginning of phase 0 to 60mV of repolarization fails to produce action potential to any stimulus no matter how strong This duration is called ERP In the ERP the excitability is almost zero 射血分数 ejectionejection fractionfraction The proportion of the end diastolic volume that is ejected i e stroke volume end diastolic volume 心电图 electrocardiogramelectrocardiogram The synchronized depolarizations spreading through the heart cause currents that establish field potential whose differences can be amplified and detected by electrodes placed on the body surface The record produced is called electrocardiogram 交换血管 exchangeexchange vesselvessel The capillaries are tubes formed by a single layer of endothelial cells They create a very large area where the material exchanges between blood and the tissue cells take place 心音 heartheart soundsound When the valves close the vanes of the valves and the surrounding fluids vibrate under the influence of the sudden pressure differentials that develop giving off sound that travels in all directions through the chest These sounds are called heart sounds 精品文档 9欢迎下载 异常自身调节 heterometricheterometric autoregulationautoregulation Regulation of cardiac output as a result of changes in cardiac muscle fiber length is called heterometric regulation 平均动脉压 meanmean arterialarterial pressurepressure The mean arterial blood pressure is the pressure in the arteries average over time 微循环 microcirculationmicrocirculation Microcirculation is the circulation between arterioles and venules In the microcirculation the most purposeful function of the circulation occurs transport of nutrients to the tissues and removal of cellular excreta 起搏点 pacemakerpacemaker The automatic cells that ordinarily fire at the highest frequency which are located in the sinoatrial node excitation of the heart normally begins in the sinoatrial SA node 期前收缩 prematurepremature systolesystole When a second action potential is triggered at the very start of the relative refractory period the second contraction is superimposed on the semirelaxed phase of the first contraction This phenomenon is called premature systole 脉压 pulsepulse pressurepressure The pulse pressure is the difference between the systolic pressure and diastolic pressure 每搏输出量 strokestroke volumevolume Stroke volume is referred to the volume ejected at each contraction by one side of the heart 每搏功 strokestroke workwork 精品文档 10欢迎下载 The stroke work of the heart is the amount of energy that the heart converts to work during each heart beat while pumping blood into arteries 收缩压 systolicsystolic pressurepressure The pressure rises during cardiac systole and falls during diastole The peak pressure value reached during systole is termed the systole pressure Usually at rest systolic pressure of the healthy young adult is 100 120mmHg 肺泡通气量 alveolaralveolar ventilationventilation The amount of air reaching the alveoli per minute at rest it generally amounts to 4 2L min 解剖无效腔 anatomicanatomic deaddead spacespace The space in the conducing zone of the airways occupied by gas that does not exchange with blood in the pulmonary vessels such as in the nose pharynx and trachea since these area is not useful the gas exchange process but instead goes to fill respiratory passages 波尔效应 BohrBohr effecteffect The increased oxygen release by hemoglobin in the presence of elevated carbon dioxide levels the effects shift the oxygen hemoglobin dissociation curve to the left and upward By forming hydrogen ions carbon dioxide loading facilitates oxygen unloading i e the decrease in O2affinity of hemoglobin when the pH of blood falls which is closely related to the fact that deoxygenated hemoglobin deoxyhemoglobin binds H more actively than does oxyhemoglobin 顺应性 compliancecompliance Distensibility the ability of the lungs to tolerate changes in volume a property that reflects the presence of elastic fibers It 精品文档 11欢迎下载 is defined as the change in volume per unit change in pressure V P the reciprocal of the compliance 弹性阻力 elasticelastic resistanceresistance A term used to describe the elastic properties of the lung and chest wall the resistance or elastance V P the reciprocal of the compliance 机能余气量 functionalfunctional residualresidual capacitycapacity It equals to the expiratory reserve volume plus the residual volume This is the amount of air that remains in the lungs at the end of normal expiration about 2300ml 何尔登效应 HaldaneHaldane effecteffect The increase in carbon dioxide unloading from hemoglobin in response to the combination of oxygen with hemoglobin i e when oxygen binds with hemoglobin carbon dioxide is released 补吸气量 inspiratoyinspiratoy reservereserve volumevolume The air inspired with a maximal inspiratoy effort in excess of the volume i e the maximum extra volume of air that be inspired over and above the normal tidal volume it is usually equal to about 3000ml 胸内压 intrapleuralintrapleural pressurepressure The pressure within the pleural cavity is called intrapleural pressure 肺内压 intrapulmonaryintrapulmonary pressurepressure The pressure within the alveoli of the lungs also called intrapulmonary pressure 氧含量 oxygenoxygen contentcontent The oxygen content is used to indicate how much O2 per liter of 精品文档 12欢迎下载 blood is attached to the hemoglobin in normal arterial blood described as percent saturated 氧离曲线 oxygenoxygen dissociationdissociation curvecurve The graph of the relationship between the partial pressure of oxygen and the degree of hemoglobin saturation with oxygen which has a characteristic sigmoid shape 表面活性物质 pulmonarypulmonary surfactantsurfactant A detergent like mixture of phospholipids and lipoproteins that lowers the surface tension of water produced by surfactant secreting Type II cells It is a mixture of dipalmitoyl phosphatidyl choline DPPC other lipids and proteins 肺通气 pulmonarypulmonary ventilationventilation The total amount of new air moved into the respiratory passages each minute equal to the tidal volume times the respiratory rate The minute respiratory volume generally amounts to 6L min 余气量 residualresidual volumevolume The air left in the lungs after a maximal expiratory effort This volume averages about 1200 milliliters 潮气量 tidaltidal volumevolume The amount of air that moves into the lungs with each inspiration or the amount that moves out with each expiration i e the volume of air inspired or expired with each normal breath it amounts to about 500ml 肺总容量 totaltotal lunglung capacitycapacity The maximum volume to which the lungs can be expanded with the greatest possible effort about 5800ml it is equal to the vital capacity plus the residual volume 精品文档 13欢迎下载 通气 血流比 ventilationventilation perfusion perfusion ratioratio The ratio of pulmonary ventilation to pulmonary blood flow for the whole lung at rest about 0 8 4 2 L min ventilation divided by 5 5 L min blood flow 吸收 absorptionabsorption Absorption is the process of transporting small molecules from the lumen of the gut into blood stream 基础代谢率 basalbasal metabolicmetabolic raterate The basal metabolic rate is the metabolic rate determined under basal conditions which includes complete mental and physical relaxation in a room or a comfortable temperature and 12 14 hours after the last meal 体温 bodybody temperaturetemperature The body temperature is often referred to core temperature The core refers to the central area of the body including the brain and viscera which are maintained at a constant temperature 消化 digestiondigestion Digestion is a process essential for the conversion of food into a small and simple form 能量代谢 energyenergy metabolismmetabolism The energy metabolism means the liberation transformation and utilization of energy produced by the material metabolism in the body 胃排空 gastricgastric emptyingemptying Gastric emptying is promoted by the intense peristaltic contractions in the stomach antrum At the same time emptying is opposed by varying degrees of resistance to the passage of chyme at the pylorus 精品文档 14欢迎下载 胃泌素 gastringastrin Gastrin is a gut hormone secreted by the endocrine G cells in the gastric pyloric mucosa and duodenum mucosa Gastrin is secreted in two forms a large form called G 34 and a smaller form G 17 调定点 setset pointpoint At a critical body core temperature drastic changes occur in the rate of both heat loss and heat production That is all the temp