文献翻译——红外传感器

第1页外文文献资料InfraredSensorsIntodaysworldofelectronictechnologydeveloped,ranginginmanyways,thereareultrasonicranging,laserranging,microwaveradarandinfrareddistanceranging.Theprincipleofthesedifferentdistance,butalsohasitsownadvantagesanddisadvantages.Ultrasonicrangingprincipleissimple,lowcost,butthespeedsusceptibletoexternalenvironmentalimpacts,andtheidealdistancemeasurementisonly4m5m.LaserRangingvulnerableautomobileshock,badweather,themirrorsurfacewearandpollutionandotherfactors,leavingrangingreducedetectionrangeof1/21/3,usingprecisiongreatlyreduced.Microwaveradarrangingnotonlycostly,butalsosusceptibletoelectromagneticinterference,andisnotsuitableforcarsrangingsystem.Wheninfraredspreadeasilyspreadthroughothersubstanceswhentherefractiveindexissmall,plusadaptnightorpoorvisibilityenvironment,lowcostwhenappliedranging,thusfacilitatingthepromotionofcivilsociety.Herearemicrocontroller-basedsystemofitscoreliesinfraredrangeoftheinfraredsensor.Itistheuseofthephysicalpropertiesoftheinfraredsensorstobemeasured.Infraredknownasinfraredlight,havingreflection,refraction,scattering,interference,absorptionproperties.Anysubstance,aslongasititselfhasacertaintemperature(aboveabsolutezero),canradiateinfrared.Whenmeasuringtheinfraredsensorisnotindirectcontactwiththemeasuredobject,andthusthereisnofriction,andhashighsensitivity,fastresponseandsoon.Inthisdesign,theinfraredsensorisanimportantpartofthestudy,heatsensorsandphotonicsensorsarethetwomostcommoninfraredsensors.Thermalsensorhavingthecorrespondingbandwidth,theadvantagesofsimpleandeasytouse,butitssensitivityisrelativelylow,generallysuitableforuseinthecaseoflow-frequencymodulation.Accordingtotheprincipleofincidentinfraredlightsensorwillcauseachangeoftemperature,sothattheparameterchange.Bycollectingthemeasuredtemperaturevariationfurtherdeterminesthe第2页obtainedinfraredradiation.Thermalsensorscanbedividedintofourcategories:thermalsensortype,thermocoupletype,highLevinpneumatic,electricheatreleasetype.Thermistortypesensorismainlycomposedofmanganese,nickel,cobaltoxidemixedintoasheetfiredthermistor,bycharacteristicsofthethermistorcanknowthestrengthofincidentinfraredradiation,i.e.resistancedecreases,thetemperatureincreased.Thermocouplesensorisathermocouplecomposedoftwomaterials,andboththethermoelectricpowerisvaried.Contactbytheclosedloopcomposedofthetwometallicmaterialsafterinfraredradiationtemperature,withoutcontactbyanotherlowtemperatureinfraredradiation,willproduceatemperaturedifferencebetweentheclosedloopcurrent.Bythetemperaturedifferencebetweenthesizeofthepotentialdirectresponsetotheradiationintensity.Levinpneumaticsensoristheuseofinfraredradiationabsorbedaftergastemperaturewillrise,whichoccurredintheprincipleofrelativedisplacementvolumeincreasedtoreflecttheintensityofinfraredradiation.Itsadvantageishighsensitivity,stableperformance,butissuitableforlaboratoryuse,theresponsetimeislong.Pyroelectricsensoristheuseofferroelectricpolarizationrelationshipbetweentemperature,whichhaspolarizedferroelectricsurfaceirradiatedbyinfraredradiationcancausetemperaturerises,reducingpolarization,surfacechargechangeless,equivalenttothereleaseofanumberofcharges.Whichisconnectedtotheloadresistance,basedonanoutputelectricalsignalonthesizeoftheloadresistance,thestrengthofreflectedinfraredradiation.Anotheristhephotonsensor,itistheprincipleoftheelectricalpropertiesofthematerialwillphotoneffectsomechanges,whiletheuseoftheincidentlightisirradiatedonacertainsemiconductormaterialstoproducephotonseffect.Bychangeitselectricalpropertiescandeterminethestrengthoftheinfraredradiation.Itsadvantageishighsensitivity,fastresponse,generallyatalowtemperaturework,thebandisnarrow.Usuallybasedontheprinciplephotonphotoelectricsensorhasinternalandexternalphotoelectricsensorsaretwotypesofexternalphotoelectricsensorcanbedividedintoaphotoconductivesensors,photovoltaicsensorsandmagneto-opticalpowersensors.Today,inthecontextofsocialdevelopmentspeed,usinginfraredsensorsandmorewidely,infrareddetectorscanbeusedfornon-contacttemperature第3页measurement,andanalysisofrelevantgascomponents,infraredremotesensing,thermalimagedetection,anditsprospectsforgettingopen.Itsmaintrendisinthedirectionofintelligence,miniaturizationandhighsensitivitydevelopment.Intodaysinfraredtechnologyasahigh-techtechnologytodeveloptogetherwithlasertechnology,playsanirreplaceableroleinthemilitary.Suchasinfraredimaging,infrareddetectiontechnology,infraredtrackingtechnology,infraredguidancetechnology,infraredtechnology,earlywarningandfuturemilitarytechnologyinmodernwarfareisveryimportanttacticalandstrategicmeans,isessentialtoaclassofweapons.Fromthenext70years,themilitaryinfraredtechnologyisfurtherdeveloped,slowlyconvertedtorespectcivilianareas.Infraredheatinganddryingtechnologyiswidelyusedinvariousfieldsofindustry,agriculture,medicine,transportationandthelike.Developmentandapplicationofinfraredtemperatureandhumidity,infrareddetectors,infraredalarm,infraredremotesensingtechnologyisheraldedsocialdevelopmentandinnovation.Infraredthermalimagingtechnologyasanewachievement,andradar,televisiontogetherbecomeacontemporarythree-sensingsystemandbroaddevelopmentprospects.Infraredradiationtechnologyinthelast40yearshasdevelopedintoascienceandemergingtechnologies.Itiswidelyusedinthefield,especiallyplaysanimportantroleinscientificresearch,militaryengineeringandmedicine.Forexample,intheinfrared-guidedrockets,infraredimaging,infraredremotesensing.Andanimportanttoolinfraredradiationtechnologyoninfraredsensors,infraredsensorshavebeenplayinganimportantroleinthemodernizationofitsproductionpractice.Especiallyintherealizationofremotemonitoringandcontroloftemperature,infraredtemperaturesensorforitsoutstandingperformancetomeetthevariousrequirements,andthusplayanactiveroleinproductsensorplace.Therefore,thedevelopmentprospectsoftheinfraredsensorisimmeasurable.Theinfraredsensorincludesanopticalsystem,detectorelementsandswitchingcircuit.Theopticalsystemcanbedividedintodifferentstructurestransmissiveandreflectivetypes.Sensingelementscanbedividedaccordingtotheprinciplethermalsensingelementandthephotodetectorelements.Themostwidelyusedthermalelementisathermistor.Infraredradiationbythethermistortemperaturerises,theresistancechange(suchchangesmaybelargerormaybesmaller,becausethethermistorcanbedividedintopositivetemperaturecoefficient第4页thermistorsandnegativetemperaturecoefficientthermistor),intoelectricalsignalsoutputbytheconversioncircuit.Photodetectorelementcommonlyusedisphotosensitiveelement,usuallymadeofleadsulfide,leadselenide,indiumarsenide,arsenic,antimony,mercurycadmiumtellurideternaryalloys,germaniumandsilicondopedwithothermaterials.Thepartsofatypicalsensorsystementitiesare:1.Thetestobjectives.Accordingtotheinfraredradiationcharacteristicsofthetesttargetcanbesetinfraredsystem.2.atmosphericattenuation.WhentheinfraredradiationbytheEarthsatmospheremeasuredtarget,duetoscatteringandabsorptionofgasmoleculesandvariousgasesandparticlesofvarioussol,willmaketheinfraredradiationemittedbyinfraredsourcesattenuated.3.Theopticalreceiver.Partoftheinfraredradiationitreceivesobjectiveandtransmittedtotheinfraredsensor.Equivalenttotheradarantenna,commonlyisobjective.4.radiationmodulator.Opticalradiationmodulatedradiationfromanalternatingtestobjectives,providetargetlocationinformation,andcanfilterouttheinterferencesignalalargearea.Alsoknownasthereticleandthechopper,whichhasavarietyofstructures.5.infrareddetector.Thisisthecoreofinfraredsystems.Itisthephysicaleffectsoftheuseofinfraredradiationinteractionwithmatterpresentedtodetectinfraredradiationsensors,inmostcasesistheuseoftheelectricaleffectofthepresentationofthisinteraction.Suchprobescanbedividedintophotondetectorsandtwotypesofheat-sensitivedetectors.6.Thedetectorcooler.Sincesomedetectorsmustoperateatlowtemperatures,sothecorrespondingsystemmusthaverefrigerationequipment.Aftercooling,thedevicecanshortentheresponsetime,improvethedetectionsensitivity.7.Thesignalprocessingsystem.Thedetectedsignalisamplified,filtered,andextractinformationfromthesesignals.Thisinformationisthenconvertedintothedesiredformat,andfinallydeliveredtothecontroldeviceordisplay.8.Thedisplaydevice.ThisisaterminaldeviceInfrareddevices.Commonoscilloscopedisplay,CRT,infrared-sensitivematerial,indicatinginstrumentsandrecordinginstrument.第5页Infraredisaninfraredsensorsystemformeasuringsystemmedia,accordingtothefunctionscanbedividedintofivecategories:1,radiometers,andspectralmeasurementsforradiation;2,searchandtrackingsystemforinfraredsearchandtracktargets,determineitsspatialpositionandtrackitsmovement;3,thethermalimagingsystem,whichcanproduceimagesdistributedthroughoutthetargetinfraredradiation;4,theinfraredrangeandcommunicationsystems;5,themixingsystem,referstothevarioussystemsacombinationoftwoormoreof.Sharpinfraredsensorsusedhereisbasedontheprincipleoftriangulation.Infraredtransmitteremitsaninfraredbeaminaccordancewithacertainangle,whentheobjectaftertheencounter,thebeamwillbereflectedback,showninFigure1.ReflectedinfraredlightisdetectedaftertheCCDdetector,willbeanoffsetvalueL,theuseofthetriangularrelationship,knowingthelaunchanglea,offsetL,centralmomentX,andthefocallengthfofthefilterafterthesensorDobjectsinthedistancecanbecalculatedfromthegeometricrelationships.YoucanseethatwhenthedistanceDiscloseenoughtothetime,Lvaluesarequitelarge,morethanCCDdetectionrange,then,althoughverycloseobjects,butinsteadseethesensor.WhentheobjectdistanceDislarge,Lvaluewillbesmall.ThencomeCCDdetectorcandistinguishthissmallLvaluebecomesthekey,thatdeterminestheresolutionofCCDcannotgetenoughaccurateLvalues.Todetectthemoredistantobject,CCDshigherresolutionrequirements.第6页Figure1WorkingPrincipleDesignusesaninfraredsensorrangingachievebasicsettingsthroughthemicrocontroller,closedatacollectionandcalculation,LCD.Designschemeinhardwareshouldbeavoidedasmuchaspossibleexternalinterference.Allthehardwareusedshouldbecompatibleandwellimplementedrangingeffects,reducetheincidenceoferrorsinatimelymannerclearlyshownonthedisplay.Softwareshouldhavetheirownbootdisplay,suchasprofessionalandname.FromamoresystematicunderstandingofSCM,graspthedetailsoftheprocessofA/Dconversion,aswellastheprincipleofinfraredtransceivermodule.Rangingprogramintwoways:First,bythespeedthatthespeedoflight,therelationshipbetweenthecontacttimetomeasurethedistance,isabouttosendinfraredemissioncontrolinfraredreceivertubereceptiontimeandthetimedifferenceiswritteninfraredmicrocontrollers,themicrocontrollerthroughthespeedoflightandthetimetocontactdistancecalculateddistanceformulasalgorithm.Thesecondisbyinfraredemissionlightintensitytodistance,thelightattenuationislineari.e.emitsinfraredraysbytheinfraredlight-emittingtube,isreceivedbythephotosensitivereceiverinfraredreceivercircuit,andthenemittedtotheintensityofinfraredlightdeterminethelengthofthedistancetobemeasured.Sincethereceivedlightintensitywithdistancefromthetubeisreceivedwiththemeasurementofphysicalchangesinthearctubevaries,andtherefore,whenthe第7页measurementobjectfromthepast,thereceptionlightintensity,whenthedistance,thereceivedlightisweak.Takingintoaccounttherelativelyclosedistancemeasuringsystem,andprogramafastspeedoflight,timeisveryshort,thecorrespondingerrorisrelativelylarge,sothesystemusesrangingprogramtocomparetwoviable.WillreceivetheinfraredsignalstrengththroughtheADconversiontodigitalmicrocontrolleridentifiable,ievoltage,internalproceduresbythemicrocontrollerintoadistanceandthroughtheLCDdisplay,andrecordthecorrespondingdistance.Bymeasuringtheperiodoftherange,thecollecteddataiswrittenmicrocontrollercanbedonebymeasuringthedistance.Inthedesignduetotheuseofinfrareddistancemeasurement,andaninvisibleinfrared,butreallight.Someofthefeaturespresentinitselfadirectresultoftheemergenceofdesignerrors.Becauseinfraredreceiversimilartoaphotodiode,sothedesignforlargeexternallightinterference.Forexample,inthedesignofthelightsorotherstronglightshinesonthereceiver,butalsomaketheinternaldeviceissaturated,resultinginsystemerrorsormisstatementsexperimentaldataappear,inaddition,interiorlightswillproduceinfrarednoisesignal.Therefore,measuringthesamedistanceindifferentenvironments,theexperimentaldataisderiveddifferfromthedata.Inaddition,thesystemsupportsonlyashortdistancemeasurement,whenthedistanceistoolong,theinfraredlightintensitywillweaken,andthemeasurementaccuracyismainlydeterminedbythefrequencyofthetransmitter.Sincethisdesignistransformedbythestrengthoftheinfrareddistance,therefore,comparesthemeasuredvalueandtheactualvalue,aircleanliness,temperaturestability,sensitivityofthesensorwillaffectthemeasurementdata.Infraredsensors1.NightVisionTechnologyCamera,nightvisioninfraredsensorfunction.Infrarednightvision,nightvisionisinthestate,thedigitalcamerawillsendpeopletothenakedeyecannotseeinfraredlighttoilluminatetheobjectbeingphotographed,turnofftheinfraredfilter,nolongerblockingtheinfraredintotheCCD,infraredreflectiveobjectafterintothelensimaging,thenweareseeingisareflectionoftheinfraredimage,ratherthanvisiblelightreflectionintoimagesthatcanbetakenatthistimetothedarkinvisibleimages.Thistechnology,whetherinthemilitaryorcivilianhave第8页beenonawiderangeofapplications.2.InfraredDetectorsInfraredsystemisthecoreofinfrareddetectors,accordingtodifferentdetectionmechanismscanbedividedintoheatdetectorsandphotondetectorsintotwocategories.Thefollowingheatdetectorstoanalyzetheprincipleofthedetectorforexample.Heatdetectorsistheuseofradiantheateffect,sothatafterreceivingaradiationdetectionelementcausedbytemperatureincreasewhichisdependentonthetemperatureinthedetectorperformancechanges.Whereinachangedetectionperformance,canbedetectedradiation.Inmostcasesbyachangeinthethermoelectricproberadiation.Whentheelementreceivingradiation,causingphysicalchangesduringnon-power,afterappropriatetransformationbymeasuringthecorrespondingchangeinpower.3.InfraredNDTNondestructiveflawcanbeusedtochecktheinternalpartsdefectsforpartsofthestructurewithoutanydamage.Forexample,checkthequalityofweldingtwometalplates,theuseofinfraredradiationdetectorscanveryeasilycheckweldormissingwelding;Todetectinternalcracksinmetalmaterials,butalsotheuseofinfrareddetectors.Theinfraredradiationisirradiateduniformlytothemetalplate,ametaloftheinfraredradiationabsorptionandthegap(containingagasorvacuum)theabsorptionofinfraredradiationdifferencesthatexist,candetectametalfracturevoid.Wheninfraredradiationscannercontinuousemissionofacertainwavelengthofinfraredlightthroughthemetalplate,theinfraredreceiverontheothersideofthemetalplateisalsocontinuouslyreceivesviathemetalplateattenuatedinfraredlight;Ifthemetalplateinsidewithoutfracture,radiationscannerduringthescanningprocess,theinfraredreceiverreceivesthesameamountofinfraredradiation;ifthepresenceofthemetalplateinsidethefracture,theinfraredreceiverisinconsistentwiththerestofthescannerwhenscanningtheradiationbreaksthereceivedinfraredradiationvalue,usingtheimageoftheconformaltechnique,wecanshowtheshapeofthemetalplateinternaldefects.TheinfraredgasanalyzerOutsidegasanalyzer,iscarriedoutusinginfraredgasanalysis.Itisbasedon第9页theconcentrationofdifferentcomponentstobeanalyzed,differentabsorptionofradiantenergy,therestoftheradiantenergysuchthatthedetectorinthedifferenttemperature,themovablepiecepressureondifferentsidesofthefilm,therebygeneratinganelectricalsignalcapacitancedetector.Thus,wecanmeasureindirectlytheconcentrationofthecomponenttobeanalyzed.Dependingontheinfraredradiationintheabsorptionbandofthegas,gascompositionmaybeanalyzed.Forexample,carbondioxideforwavelength2.7m,4.33mand14.5minfraredlightabsorptionisquitestrong,andtheabsorptionspectrumisquitewide,namelythepresenceofabsorptionbands.Accordingtotheexperimentalanalysis,only4.33mabsorptionbandwithoutaffectingothercomponentsoftheatmosphere,soyoucanusethistobringcontenttoabsorbatmosphericcarbondioxidediscrimination.DevelopmentofinfraredsensorsInfrareddetectorscanbeusedtoapplynon-contacttemperaturemeasurement,gascompositionanalysis,nondestructivetesting,thermalimagingsurveillancedetection,infraredremotesensingandmilitarytargets,search,trackingandcommunications.Withtheprospectofinfraredsensorsdevelopmentofmodernscienceandtechnology,willbebroader.Infuturedevelopment,primarilyintheinfraredsensorperformanceandgreatlyimprovedsensitivitywillbetwo.Developmenttrendsare:1.intelligent.Currentlyinfraredsensorsarecombinedwithperipheralequipmenttouse,andbuilt-inmicroprocessorsmartsensors,sensorenablestwo-waycommunicationwiththecontrolunit,withminiaturization,digitalcommunications,easymaintenance,etc.,canworkindependentlyasaseparatemodule.2.miniaturization.Sensorminiaturizationaninevitabletrend.Nowapplications,duetothevolumeoftheproblemofinfraredsensors,resultinginfarlessdegreeofusethermoelectriccornertothegood.Sowhetherornottheimpactofportableinfraredsensorminiaturizationofitsfuturedevelopmentisnotnegligible.3.Highsensitivityandhighperformance.Inmedicine,thebodytemperaturetesting,infraredsensorsmeasurebecauseoftherapidityandgotquiteused,butlimiteditsaccuracyisnothighandnowaytoreplacetheexistingtemperature第10页measurementmethod.Therefore,theinfraredsensorwithhighsensitivityandhighperformanceistheinevitabletrendofitsfuturedevelopment.Althoughatthisstageoftheinfraredsensor,therearemanyshortcomings,buttheinfraredsensorshavebeenplayinganimportantroleinthemodernizationofitsproductionpractice,withtheimprovementofdetectionequipmentandotherpartsofthetechnology,infraredsensorstohavemoreperformanceandbettersensitivity,willalsohaveabroaderrangeofapplications.第11页中文翻译稿红外传感器当今世界电子技术发达，测距的方法多种多样，主要有超声波测距、激光测距、微波雷达测距和红外线测距。这些测距的原理不同，也各有其优缺点。超声波测距原理简单、成本较低，但是速度易受外界环境影响，并且测量的理想距离也只有4m5m。激光测距易受汽车震动、恶劣天气、反射镜表面磨损和污染等因素影响，而使测距的探测距离减少1/21/3，使用精度大为降低。微波雷达测距不仅成本较高，而且易受电磁波的干扰，不适合应用于汽车测距系统。红外线传播时不易扩散，穿越其他物质时折射率很小，再加上能适应夜晚或能见度差的环境、应用于测距时成本低廉，因此便于民间的推广。这里介绍的基于单片机的红外测距系统其核心在于红外线传感器。它是利用红外线的物理性质来进行测量的传感器。红外线又称红外光，它具有反射、折射、散射、干涉、吸收等性质。任何物质，只要它本身具有一定的温度（高于绝对零度），都能辐射红外线。红外线传感器测量时不与被测物体直接接触，因而不存在摩擦，并且有灵敏度高，反应快等优点。在此设计中红外传感器是研究的重要环节，热传感器和光子传感器是最常见的两种红外传感器。热传感器具有相应波段宽，使用方便简单的优点，但其灵敏度比较低，通常适合在低频调制的场合使用。根据入射的红外光会造成传感器的温度变化的原理，使参数发生变化。通过收集测量到的温度的变化来进一步判断所获得的红外辐射。热传感器可分为四类：热敏传感器型、热电偶型、高莱气动型、热释放电型。热敏电阻型传感器主要是由锰、镍、钴的氧化物混合烧制成薄片状的热敏电阻，由热敏电阻的特性可以得知入射红外辐射的强