文献翻译——出租车计费器的设计

第1页外文文献资料DesignofTaximeter1.INTRODUCTIONTransportingpeopleinthemorningfromtheirhomestotheirworksandbackintheafternoonhasbecomeabigprobleminbigcitiesespeciallyinundevelopedcountries.Asapartialsolutionofthisproblem,theauthoritiesinsomecountrieshad,unofficially,leftthetaxicabdriverstocarrydifferentpassengerstodifferentplacesattheSametime.Forexample,ataxicabwithfourseatsmaycarryfourdifferentpassengerswithoutanyrelationbetweenthemexceptthattheirwayoftravellingisthesame.Accordingly,ithasbecomeverydifficulttorelyonthepresentconventionalsingle-channeltaximetertodeterminethefarerequiredfromeachpassengerseparately.Accordingly,anunfairfinancialrelationwascreatedbetweenthetaxicabdriver,owner,passengersandthestatetaxationdepartment.Underthesecircumstances,taxicabdriversforcethepassengerstopaymorethanwhattheyshouldpay.Insomecasespassengershadtopaydoublefaretheyshouldpay.Withthepresentconventionalsingle-channeltaximeter,taxicabownersarenotabletodeterminethedailyincomeoftheirtaxicab.Insomecases(ataxicabwithfourseats)theymayonlygetonequarteroftheincomeofthetaxicab(collectedbythetaxicabdriver).Fromwhichtheyshouldpaythesalaryofthetaxicabdriveraswellasthecostoffuel,minorandmajorrepairsinadditiontothecardepreciation.Asamatteroffactthepositionofthetaxicabownersisnotsobadasitseems.Ageneralagreementhasbeenreachedbetweenthetaxicabdriversandownerssuchthatthedriversshouldguaranteeafixeddailyincometotheownersaswellasthepayingforthecostoffuelaswellastheminorrepaires.Eventhoughthetaxicabdriversstillsharethelargeportion第2页oftheincomeofthetaxicab.Alsowiththepresenceofthesingle-channeltaximeter,ithasbecomeverydifficultforthestatetaxationdepartmenttoknowtheyearlyincomeofthetaxicabandaccordinglyithasbecomeverydifficulttoestimatethetaxestobepaidbythetaxicabowners.Inordertofacethisproblem,thestatetaxationdepartmenthadtoimposeafixedestimatedtaxesforeachseatofthetaxicabwhatevertheincomeofthetaxicab.Inthispaper,weintroducedamultichanneltaximeterthatcandealwithmorethanonepassengersimultaneously.Itshouldbepointedoutthatbythetermpassengerwemeanaonepersonoragroupofrelatedpersons.Itshouldalsobepointedoutthatourproposedmulti-channeltaximeterisnot,simply,amultidisplayreadouts.Asamatteroffactitcontainslogiccircuitsthatautomaticallychangesthefareperkillometeroftravellingdistanceorperminutesofwaitingtimeaccordingtothenumberofpassengershiringthetaxicab.Inthefollowingpartandasanexample,wewillpresentacompletedesignforathree-channeltaximeter.Blockdiagramsaswellasdetailedcircuitdiagramsoftheexperimentalthree-channeltaximeterarealsoincluded.AprototypehasbeenbuiltundergrantfromtheEgyptianAcademyforScientificandTechnologicalResearch.2.ANEXPERIMENTALTHREECHANNELTAXIMETERTheoryofoperationofourexperimentaldevicetoworkasanelectronicdigitaltaximeterisbasedonthefactthathespeedometercablerotatesonerevolutionforeachmeteroftravellingdistance.Accordingly,ifthespeedometercableiscoupledwithaspeedsensorthatgeneratesasinglepulseforeachmeteroftravellingdistance,thenourtaximetercouldbethreeupcountermodulesassociatedwithaspeedsensorunit.However,ourexperimentaltaximeterisnotsimplyathreedisplayreadouts.Asamatteroffactitcontainslogiccircuitsthatautomaticallychangesthefareperkilometeroftravellingdistanceorperminutesofwaitingtimeaccordingtothenumberofpassengershiringthetaxicab.Thedevicemaybesplittedintotwomainparts:Thefirstisthespeedsensorunitwhichmaybelocatedanywhereinthe第3页taxicabsuchthataneasycouplingtothespeedometercablecanbeachieved.Thesecondunitcontainsthemainelectroniccircuit,thedisplayandcontrolpanel.Theunitshouldbelocatedsomewhereinfrontofboththedriverandthepassengers.ApossiblecomponentslocationsisshowninFigure1.A.SpeedSensorUnitThemainfunctionofthisunitistosupplytrainofpulseswhosefrequencyisproportionaltotheangularrotationofthewheels.ApossibleformofaspeedsensorisshowninFigure2.Ifmayconsistofatj.pica1permanentmagnetsinewavegeneratorwithitsoutputconnectedtoapulseshappingcircuit(twogeneralpurposesilicondiodes,1Kohmsresistorandaschmittriggerinverter).Inordertofindsomewaytodetectthemovementofthetaxicab,theoutputofthesinewavegeneratorisrectifiedthroughageneralpurposesilicondiodeDlthensmoothedbya1000Fcapacitor.TheoutputvoltageatterminalQisthenlimitedtothevalueof4.7voltsbyusingaIkohmsresistoraswellasazenerdiodeZD.ThelevelofthevoltageatterminalQwouldbehighwheneverthetaxicabismovingandwillbezerootherwise.Thisvoltagecanbeusedfortheautomaticswitchingfromdistancefaretotimefare.B.MainElectronicandDisplayUnitAsuggestedshapeforthemainelectronicanddisplayunitisshowninFigure3.Thecontrolanddisplaypanelcontainsallcontrolsnecessaryforoperatingthetaximeteraswellasfourreadoutdisplays.Thefirstchannelwillgivethesumofmoneyrequiredfromthefirstpassenger,whilethesecondandthirdreadoutsareforthesecondandthirdpassengers,respectively.Thefourthreadoutwillgivethetotalincomeofthetaxicab.Thecontentsofthelastreadoutshouldbenonvolatileandbeabletoberetainedevenduringparkingthetaxicab.Thechannelrotaryselectorswitchs1,2and3havefullyclockwise/anticlockwisepositions.Inthefullyanticlockwiseposition,第4页thecounterofthecorrespondingreadoutisblanckedanddisabled.Inthefullyclockwiseposition,thecounterisunblanked,clearedtozeroandenabledtobereadyforcountingthesumofmoneyrequiredfromthefirst,secondandthirdpassengers,respectively.Pushingthetotalsumpushbutton4unblanksthefourthreadoutenablinganypersontoretainthereadoutcorrespondingtothetotalincome.Afterthereleaseofthepushbutton,thefourthreadoutwillbeblankedagain.Thisunitalsocontainsthemainelectroniccircuitwhichwillbefullydescribedinthefollowingsection.3.DESCRIBTIONOFTHEMAINELECTRONICCIRCUITThegeneralblockdiagramofthemainelectroniccircuitisshowninFigure4.ItconsistsoffivesubcircuitsdesignatedbythesymbolesCTIuptoCT4supportingcircuits,theseare:ThenumberofpassengerdeticitioncircuitCTI,travellingdistancescalingcircuitCT2,waitingtimescalingcircuitCT3,circuitCT4whichgeneratesclockpulsesforthedisplaycircuit.A.NumberofPassengersDetectionCircuitCT1Asshownfromthegeneralblockdiagram,thecircuitCTIhasthreeinputsI,2and3aswellasthreeoutputsJ,KandL.ThefunctionofthecircuitistosupplyahighlevelvoltageatterminalsJ,KorLifandonlyifone,twoorthreepassengersarehiringthetaxicab,respectively.Thetermpassenger,here,meansonepersonoragroupofrelatedpersons.Whenapassengerisgettingintothecab,wesimplyturnonafreereadoutdisplaybyturningthecorrespondingrotaryselectorswitchtoafullyclockwisedirection.ThiswillautomaticallydisconnectthecorrespondingterminalI,2or3fromground.ThelogicalrelationbetweenvariousinputterminalsI,2and3andtheoutputterminalsJ,KandLisshowninTable1.Asacombinationalcircuitwestartthedesignbyderivingasetofbooleanfunctions.ApossiblesimplifiedbooleanfunctionsthatgivesminimumnumberofinputstogatesmaybeobtainedfromTableI.第5页ApossiblelogicaldiagramthatisbasedontheabovederivedexpressionsisshowninFigure5.Itconsistsoftwoinverters,four2-inputAND,to3-inputANDtwo3-inputORgatesB.TavellingDistanceScalingCircuitCT2AsshownfromtheblockdiagramofFigure4,thecircuitCT2hasfourinputJ,K,LandEandoneoutputM.ThefunctionofthecircuitistosupplyasinglepulseattheoutputMforacertainnumberofpulsesgeneratedattheoutputofthespeedsensor(certainnumberofmeterstravelledbythetaxicab),accordingtothenumberofpassengershiringthecar.AsuggestedfareperkilometeroftravellingdistanceisshownincolomntwoofTable2.thecircuit,inthiscase,shouldsupplyasinglepulseattheoutputMforevery100,125or143pulsesgeneratedattheinputterminalEaccordingtothelevelofvoltageatinputterminale3,KorL,respectively.Ourcircuitcouldbe,asshowninFigure5,threedecadecounters,connectedasathreedigitfrequencydividerwhosedividingratios100,125and143areautomaticallyselectedbythevoltagelevelatterminalsJ,KandL,respectively.ApossiblecircuitdiagramthatmayverifytheabovefunctionisshowninFigure6.Itconsistsofthreedecadecounterstype7490,oneBCD-todecimaldecodertype7445,three4-inputAND,one3-inputANDone2-inputANDtwo3-inputORgates.C.TimeScalingCircuitCT3Asshownintheblockdiagram,thetimescalingcircuitwillhavefourinputsJ,K,LandFandoneoutputN.ThefunctionofthiscircuitandaccordingtocolomnthreeofTable2(fareper2minutsofwaitingtime)istosupplyasinglepulseattheoutputNforevery120,240or360pulsessuppliedattheinputterminalFfromtheIHzclockaccordingtolevelofvoltageatinputsJ,KandL,respectively.第6页Timescalingcircuitwouldbesimilartothedistancescalingcircuitbutwithdifferentdivingratios.APossiblecircuitdiagramisshowninfigure7.Itconsists,inthiscase,ofthreedecadecountertype7490,two3-inputAND,one5-inputAND,one2-inputANDone3-inputORgates.D.CircuitCT4WhichGeneratesClockPulsesforDisplayCircuitThefunctionofthiscircuitistosupplyone,twoorthreepulsesattheoutputterminalRforeachpulsegeneratedatanyoftheterminalsNorM,accordingtothevoltagelevelattheinputterminalsJ,KorL,respectively.TheoutputPwillreceiveapulseforeachpulsegeneratedatanyoftheinputterminalsNorM.ThisfunctioncanbeperformedbythecircuitshowninFigure8,itconsistsofoneripplecountertype7493,onehalfofadualJKmasterslaveflip-flopscircuittype7476,threeinverters,three2-inputAND,one3-inputAND,one2-inputORandone3-inputORgates.WhenapulseisgeneratedateitherinputterminalsNorM,ahighlevelvoltagewillbegeneratedattheoutputQoftheflip-flop.ThiswillgatetheIKhzsignaltobeconnectedtotheinputAoftheripplecounteraswellastotheoutputterminalR.Whenone,twoorthreepulsesarecountedbytheripplecounter,accordingtothelevelofvoltageattheinputterminalsJ,KandL,respectively,ahighisgeneratedtoresetthecounterandchangethestateoftheflip-flopsuchthatQbecomeslow.Hence,the1KHzsignalisdisabledtoreachtheoutputerminalRortheinputAoftheripplecounter.Inordertoensuretheproperfunctionofthecircuit,theflip-flopshouldbeclearedwheneveranewchannelisoperated.Thishasbeenachievedbytheinput5andwillbeexplainedlaterwhendescribingthefunctionofthechannelsrotaryselectorswitchs.E.DisplayCircuitAsshowninFigure2,thedisplaypanelwouldcontainthree4-digitdisplaysthat第7页givethesumofmoneyrequiredfromeachpassengerseparatelyaswellasaonesix-digitdisplaythatgivesthetotalincomeofthetaxicab.ApossiblewiringdiagramforthedisplaycircuitisshowninFigure9.Rotatinganyoftherotaryselectorswitchestofullyclockwisedirectionwillsupplythecorrespondingdisplayby5voltsthroughterminals1,2and3,respectively.ThecorrespondingdisplaywillbeunblankedbysupplyingalowlevelofvoltagethroughterminalsA,CandG,respectively.Keepingterminals8,DandH,respectively,atlowlevelwillkeepthemresettozero.ThecorrespondingdisplayisthenenabledbyremovingthelowvoltagefromterminalsB,D,andH,respectively,tobereadyforcountingthesumofmoneyrequiredfromthecorrespondingpassengerstartingfromzero.ThecountingpulsesforthesethreedisplaysaresuppliedthroughterminalP.Thetotalsumdisplaywillbeenabledwheneveranyofthethreedisplaysisenabled(thisisdonebya3-inputORgateasshowninFigure8).RetainingthecontentsofthelastdisplaywillbedonebyunblankingitbysupplyingalowlevelofvoltagetoterminalIasshowninFigure10b.F.ChangingOverBetweenTimeandDistanceFaresInthefollowingpart,twodifferentmethodsforchangingoverbetweentimeandistancefaresaresuggested:Thefirstistoswitchtotimefarewheneverthedistancefareislessthanthetimefare.Hence,asimplelooktofarestablecanshowthattimefareshouldbeusedwheneverthetaxicabmoveswithspeedlessthan50m/min.ApossiblecircuitthatcanperformthisswitchingactionisshowninFigureIOc.Itcontainsonerpmlimit第8页switchandaoneinverteraswellastwo2-inputANDgates.Thecontactsofthelimitswitcharenormallyclosedandwillbeopenedwhenevertheangularspeedofthespeedometercablexceeds50rmp.ThesecondalternationistoconnecttheinputoftheinverterinFigure10c.totheoutputterminalQofthespeedometercircuit,Figure2.Inthiscase,theswitchingintotimefarewillbedonewheneverthetaxicabisatstandstill.G.FunctionoftheRotarySelectorSwitchesThevoltagelevelsthatshouldbesuppliedbytheterminalsoftherotaryselectorswitchesinordertoensureproperoperationbytheelectroniccircuitaregiveninTable3.Connectionofthreerotaryselectorswitcheseachwitbfourdecksoffivepoleseach,thatsatisfythelogicfunctionofTable3,isshowninFigure10a.Rotatinganyofthethreeswitchesintofullyclockwisedirectionwillpassthroughfivepositions.Thefunctionoftherotaryselectorswitchescanbedescribedstartingfromthefirstpositionpassingthroughvarioustepsuntilreachingthefinalpositionasfollows:Initialposition:InthispositionalowvoltagelevelisappliedtoterminalsI,2and3,thiswilldisconnectthe5voltssupplyfromthethreefirstdisplays,setthethreeinputsofthenumberofpassengerdetectioncircuitCTItolowlevel.Alowvoltagelevelisappliedtoterminals8,DandH,thisistoensurethatthetotalincomedisplayisdisabled.VoltagelevelsatterminalsA,C,GandSareatnocarecondition.StepI:Rotatinganyoftherotaryselectorswitchesonesteptowardclockwisedirectionwillsupply5voltstothecorrespondingdisplay,providesahighlevelvoltageatterminals1,2or3indicatingthatonepassengerhaveenteredthetaxicab.AhighlevelvoltageshouldbeappliedtoterminalsA,CorGinordertoensurethatthecorrespondingdisplayisstillblanked.OtherterminalsB,D,HandSarekeptunchanged.Step2:Rotatingtherotaryselectorswitchone第9页stepfurther,willchangethestateofvoltagesatterminalA,CorGtobeatlowlevelandunblanksthecorrespondingdisplay.StatesofvoltagesatterminalsI,2,3andSareremainedunchanged.TerminalsB,DandHshouldberemainedatlowleveltoensurethatthecorrespondingreadoutisclearedtozerowhileunblankingthedisplay.第10页中文翻译稿出租车计费器的设计1.导言在不发达的国家，早上把人们从他们家送到工作的地方，然后下午送回来已成为一个大问题，尤其是在大城市。作为解决这个问题的一个部分，在某些国家出租车用来解决这个问题，送人们从一个地方到另外一个地方。例如，出租车的四个席位可携带四个不同的没有任何关系的乘客，除了他们的路线是相同的。因此，依靠目前的传统的单车道计价以确定所需的票价，把每个乘客的计费分开，这已成为一个非常困难的问题。因此，在出租车司机，车主，乘客和国家税务部门之间存在着不公平的财政关系。在这种情况下，出租车司机强迫乘客支付多于他们所应付的。在某些情况下乘客支付了他们应付车费的双倍。本常规单频道计程车，出租车司机不能够确定出租车日常收入。在某些情况下（出租车的4个席位），他们可能只有出租车四分之一的收入（大部分的出租车司机）。从这些支付工资的出租车司机以及作为燃料费用外，还要维修以及汽车折旧等费用。事实上，出租车业主并非似乎如此糟糕。一项在出租车司机和车主之间的协议已经达成，司机应保证每天固定收入，以及向业主支付燃料以及维修的费用。即使如此，还是有的出租车司机的很大一部分份额之收入的出租车。现在还存在的单声道计价，已经变得非常，国家税务部门也知道这种困难每年估计出租车业主的收入支出，以及应支付的税务也很困难。为了应对这一问题，国家税务部已实行固定估计税，每个座位的出租车不论收入。在本文中，我们介绍了多通道的士计程表，可处理超过一名乘客同时进行的情况。我应该指出，我所说的长期旅客指一个人或一组相关的人。我同时也应指出，我们提出的多渠道的计价，不是简单地说，一个多显示读数。作为一个先进的事项，事实上它包含逻第11页辑电路，可以自动计算变化的车费以及每公里行走距离或每分钟的候车时间按照乘客人数雇用出租车。在下面的部分，我举出一个例子，我们将介绍一个完整的三通道计价。框图以及详细的电路图，实验三通道计价功能也包括在内。原型下已建成埃及赠款科学学院和技术研究。2.实验出租车计价器理论的运作我们的实验装置从事电子数字计价依据。事实上速度电缆旋转1圈的每米距离行驶。因此，如果车速电缆耦合与速度传感器，产生一个单脉冲每平方米的旅行距离，那么，我们的的士可以三倍于反模块相与速度传感器的单位。然而，我们的实验是计价而不仅仅是只显示三个读数。事实上，它包含逻辑电路，可以根据每公里的行驶距离或每分钟等候时间按照乘客人数雇用出租车来自动改变车费。该装置可能会分成两个主要部分组成：第一是速度传感器，这个传感器可位于任何地方，在出租车内进行这样一个简单的耦合车速电缆是可以实现的。单位包含了主要的电子电路，显示器以及控制面板。该单位应位于前排的司机和乘客之间。A速度传感器其主要职能是本单位提供脉冲的培训，这个脉冲的频率会于旋转角度相适合。一种可能的形式一个速度传感器。如果可以包含正弦波发生器的输出连接到脉冲整形电路的永磁器件（2通用芯片二极管，1000欧姆的电阻和施密特触发逆变器）。为了找到某种方式来检测出租车的运动，正弦波发生器的输出是纠正通过一个通用的硅二极管延胡索乙然后平滑的1000年F电容。那个输出电压在终端Q是当时限于价值4.7伏特用益欧姆的电阻以及一个齐纳二极管ZD。出租车的终端电压在终端Q将高电压降为零。这电压可作为改变出租车从距离计费到时间计费方式的开关电压。主要的电子和显示单元一个建议是主要形式的电子和显示单元。控制和显示器面板包含所有控制所必需的经营的士以及四个可读显示器。第一频道将给出从第一乘客，第二乘客，第三乘客分别应付的费用，第四个会给出总收入给予出租车。最后读出的数据会包括停车的费用等等费用。频道选择器开关1，第2和第3个，按顺时针/逆时针的立场。在充分逆时针的立场，反相应的读出是未标明和残疾人。以顺时针方向则是未定义的，清除为零，对于第第12页一第二第三的乘客分别计费。第四号推进总钮第四次读出，使任何人保留读出相应的总收入。经过释放按钮，第四次读出将再次保留。这个单位还包含主要电子电路将在下一节充分描述。描述的主要电子电路电路一般框图主要电子电路。它由五个部分指定的电脑符号与电话系统整合成为4个支撑电路，它们是：判断乘客数量电路CT1，旅行距离电路CT2，等待时间电路CT3，时钟脉冲显示电路CT4。乘客人数检测电路CT1，该电路电脑与电话系统整合有三个输出：1，2和3相对应于三个输出J，K和L。这个循环电路函数包含高电压的终端J，K或L，如果有1个或者2，3个乘客分别租用出租车。这个组里的任意乘客都是一组相关的人。当一个乘客进入出租车后，我们只是表示这样一种情况，自由读出显示在谈到相应的旋转选择开关，以一个完全顺时针方向。这将自动断开相应的终端1，2或3个从地面。逻辑关系各种输入端子之间第1，第2和第3个输出端J，K和L是列于表1。作为一个组合电路，我们开始设计产生了一系列布尔函数。一种可能的逻辑图的基础上，上述源性表达。它包括两个变频器，4个2输入和3输入以及2个3输入或门。B.行驶距离标量环路CT2如图所示的方框图图4，电路CT2有4个输入J，K，L及E和1个输出M，输出功能的电路是供应单脉冲的输出M的某一些脉冲产生的输出的速度传感器（出租车行驶了一定得距离），根据乘客的人数租用的汽车。我们建议票价按每公里行驶距离显示在两个表格2里面。这个环路，在这种情况下，应提供单脉冲的输出M的每100，125或143脉冲所产生的输入端根据级别的电压输入终端3，K或L。我们的电路显示，三个十年的计数器，作为一个三位数分频器的分比率100，125和143个自动选定的电压一级