土木工程学院英语课程作业d.doc

图书分类号：密 级：课程论文浅谈工程建设项目质量管理Discussion on construction project quality management2012年12月12日Discussion on construction project quality managementAbstractThis article from the construction project characteristics, the construction project quality control characteristics are described, analyzed the construction enterprises in the operation of the quality management system processes the universal existence question, finally, put forward to the construction quality management advice.Keywords : construction project quality managementIntroductionIn order to meet the need of development of market economy, more and more engineering construction enterprise in the original on the basis of carrying out target management, implementation of ISO9000 activity, modern scientific quality management theory combined with the unit and industry specific and actual quality management activities carried out. These enterprises according to the requirements of the standards, has established the enterprise quality management system, quality management activities throughout all aspects of production and process. The system runs in the process, through the quality planning, quality control and quality improvement of three step principle, to meet customer needs, quality and service level than in the past has been a qualitative leap, market competition ability, project profit level is increasing. But as a result of the establishment of Chinas market economy and the operation time is not long, these enterprises in the operation of the quality management system process due to various reasons, there are still many problems.Construction project mainly refers to the building, water conservancy project, Luqiao construction and civil engineering projects. Construction project involves an area wide, is an extremely complex process, influence the quality of many factors, such as design, personnel, materials, machinery, topographic, geological, hydrological, meteorological, construction technology, technical measures, methods of operation, management system and so on, are directly affecting the project construction quality and project; the sheer size of the project, the construction team, the process of convergence is very strong, the changes of the external conditions affect, no fixed workshop, the production environment in the open air, unlike industrial production have a fixed line, standardized production technology and detection technology, the production of complete sets of equipment and a stable production conditions, therefore the influence of construction project quality factors, prone to quality problems.Construction project quality management characteristics1, quality planning is difficultConstruction project investment is huge, little criterion millions of, many billions, billions of dollars. In order to facilitate the construction control, the owners often project will be carried out step by step, partial, but the unit project investment is generally in the tens of millions more, so construction project to build a large scale, production, the construction process and construction methods of high. This characteristic, decided the quality planning difficulty. The first is the planning staff must have the project construction must be professional and technical knowledge, must fully understand the various construction process characteristics and field applicability; secondly, because of the large size, process identification is difficult, if the process is divided too simple, not for quality and cost control, but differentiates too fine, often increased coordination and the difficulty of control.2, personnel management process complexProject human resources organization complicated, enterprise management personnel, technical personnel, construction personnel, in addition to the company s lack of labor, construction enterprises often adopt the way of rental hire workers engaged in simple, labor intensity, the construction environment abominable working. In personnel management, labor management more difficult. Although the company started in the former, enterprises to the laborer team were evaluated and selected, but because laborer generally lower cultural level, the construction process and ways of understanding very difficult, often in similar engineering experience for the construction, therefore, train and supervise the work. At the same time, because of the mobility of migrant workers, in the progress of the project there are still many uncertainties. In addition, the laborers safety consciousness and quality awareness, but also to bring some of the difficulties of engineering quality control.In 3, the construction schedule is difficultOften due to engineering project, technical link is much, and more in the field operation, the progress of the project by the weather, hydrology and other natural factors in. Although, in the progress of the planning process, the enterprise often gather historical data, but the weather, hydrology and other natural factors of uncertainty, to manpower, equipment scheduling difficulties. In addition, construction equipment to part of the lease, with migrants management as well as the difficulty of control.In 4, the final product must be a qualified productsProject construction must first achieve the quality requirement. Process is a set of a ring, if constructed after the discovery of a link quality problems, may not like some industrial products that remove, disintegration, replacement parts, more cannot execute replacement or refund , therefore in the process of engineering construction quality control, it is very important.5, improve the quality of work of specialAn enterprise project, the total number of not too much, but, each project content may not be completely consistent. Many statistical methods for quality management and analysis tools can not apply. Therefore, to find the weak links and quality improvement direction is more difficult, the objective of quality improvement difficult.Construction quality of engineering project manages a few problems that should note1, do well quality planning - the basis of quality controlDue to the particularity of construction projects, in the operation of enterprise quality management system in the process, the enterprise often pays attention to the control of construction process, to the quality planning in a lesser position. From the perspective of quality management, quality planning running through the whole construction process, is the basis of quality management work, is the construction of the process in a controlled and necessary condition. If quality planning well, will play a guiding role for the whole construction, at the same time of the construction progress, quality cost control will also play a positive role. Therefore, construction enterprises should fully realize the important role and significance of quality planning, planning process, will be the quality, progress and cost organic union rises, do know the score, the global management and local management of correspondence, can achieve the true sense of the overall controlled, can realize the construction overall quality objective.2, training, selection of construction personnel - laying the quality control basisThe formation of project quality by all participants in the project construction management and technical cadres, personnel, construction personnel together, they form the main factor of project quality. Therefore, to control the construction quality, to training, selection of construction personnel, and improve their quality.We should improve their awareness of quality. According to the view of total quality management, construction personnel should establish five concepts: the concept of quality first, pre-control priority idea, service idea, talk with data concept and social benefit, enterprise benefit ( quality, cost, time limit for a project of combining comprehensive benefit idea ).The second is the technology quality. Management staff, technical staff strong quality planning, goal management, construction and technical guidance, quality inspection capability; production personnel should have superb technical skills, be strict in ones demands style of work, strict implementation of quality standards and procedures of the legal system idea; service personnel should do good technology and service life, with outstanding quality of work, indirectly, to ensure the quality of engineering. On the quality of education, depending on the effective incentive measures, by training and optimization, to improve the quality of personnel.Three is to do well the management of migrant workers. In each procedure before construction, technical personnel to migrant workers for training, so that they fully understand the construction methods and attention problems, at the same time to safety first awareness training.3, strictly control the procurement process, hit good construction material basisCountry construction law point out clearly: for construction materials, components and fittings, and equipment . . , must comply with the design requirements and quality standards . Therefore, to have to hold on to four closes, namely the purchasing, inspection clearance, transportation insurance and use. At present, in the supply is in buyers market environment, a variety of sales a multitude of names, rebate sales , sale having reward , door-to-door sales , the procurement staff is a great temptation. Therefore, in the procurement process should pay attention to the following points:1 procurement personnel, to improve their political quality and quality identification level. Choose those who have certain professional knowledge, dedicated, and trustworthy to the project manager to purchase personnel.2 information, preferably deliver goods manufacturers. Master quality, price, delivery capacity of the information, selecting national certification license, there are certain technical and financial guarantee supply manufacturers, to buy a product certification, a social credibility of the products, it can control the quality of materials, but also can reduce the material cost. According to the building materials market product quality is mixed, but also for building materials, components and equipment to implement the entire process of construction quality supervision. Construction project all principal should be strictly according to design requirements, should meet the standard requirements of the quality warranty, the materials on site, in addition to the provisions of the necessary testing, quality assurance project of the product, should be analyzed, detection, and identification of. Substandard requirements are not to be used, and trace its source. Strict implementation of building materials detection witness sampling system, to ensure that the detection of the truth of the report.4 the implementation of scientific and technological progress, improve the quality control level, the achievement of quality improvementConstruction quality control, and technical factors. Technical factors in addition to the technical quality of personnel, including equipment, information, inspection and detection technology. Requirements of the State Ministry of construction to establish a building product concept, each link to the great importance to the construction of the quality of the final product and functional improvement, through technological progress, to achieve product and construction technology upgrading . It expounds the new technology, new technology and quality of the relationship.Science and technology is the first productivity, reflects the production activities of the whole process of construction. The effect of technical progress, ultimately reflected in the quality of products. In order to engineering quality, attention should be paid to new technology, new technology is advanced, applicability. In the whole process of construction, to set up the technical requirements of the technological process, quality standards, operating rules, establish a strict examination system, continuous improvement and improve construction technology and craft level, ensure project quality.In the implementation of the quality plan and the key measures to strengthen quality inspection, to the results of quantitative analysis, the conclusion. Experience is summarized and transformed into the future to ensure the quality of the standard and system , the formation of new quality assurance measures; problem is as the future of quality management control target.5 must strengthen the quality responsibility system construction and ImplementationThe establishment of quality responsibility system is the enterprises to strengthen quality management, improve product quality stable and effective measures. The quality responsibility system is the core of clear responsibility, fulfil responsibility, make the staff to participate in quality work, ensure the quality of products. Enterprises in the establishment of quality system of job responsibility in the process of quality system of job responsibility, basic content must be perfect, to the file in the form of performance, while the quality responsibility system implemented through training, so that employees understand the position of what to do, how to do, what is required to achieve results, personal working stand or fall on the result the effect of. In addition, enterprises should establish assessment, rewards and punishments and other incentive mechanism.6 strengthen quality management, do a good job in process of detection and inspectionDue to the particularity of construction project, requires a standard. Therefore, to strengthen the quality management is very important. On site management is the product of first-line management, its range is from raw material production to product completion of all manufacturing processes, is the basic means to achieve zero defect. Site quality management is the main task of process or process quality control, quality improvement and process or procedure inspection.To project to achieve zero defect quality goal, must strengthen management, equipment ( facilities ) management, materials management, work method and process discipline management, management of the working environment and detection equipment and apparatus management. In the enterprises system files, usually have the process control procedures, hence in situ management activities, must be in strict accordance with the requirements of program files to perform. For, system file not covered or applicability of the procedure are local, must be on the program file for modification or adjustment, make the system documentation for these processes to be controlled. The site management of special or key process, must set up quality management, in the detection and monitoring ability strengthen, so that the process in a controlled state.ConclusionFrom our years of quality management practice, construction enterprises, in the long-term construction practice, accumulated a wealth of practical experience, but how to realize the organic combination of the two, is a common problem faced by the quality of management personnel. This article from the construction project specific quality management characteristics, analyzes the quality management activities of the universal existence question, and the construction quality management and puts forward some views, hoping to provide reference for engineering construction enterprises.浅谈工程建设项目质量管理摘要本文从工程建设项目特点出发，对工程建设项目的质量管理特点进行了概述，分析了工程施工企业在质量管理体系运行过程中普遍存在的问题，最后，提出了对工程建设的质量管理的建议。 关键词：工程建设项目 质量管理 绪论为适应市场经济发展的需要，越来越多的工程建设企业在以原来目标管理的基础上，开展ISO9000贯标活动，将现代科学的质量管理理论结合本单位和行业的具体实际开展质量管理活动。这些企业按照标准的要求，建立了企业的质量管理体系，将质量管理活动贯穿到生产的各个环节和过程。在体系运行的过程中，通过质量策划、质量控制和质量改进三步走的原则，满足了顾客的需求，工程质量和服务水平较以前有了质的飞跃，市场竞争能力、工程赢利水平也在不断增强。但由于我国市场经济建立和运行时间不长，这些企业在质量管理体系运行过程中由于种种原因，还存在诸多问题。 工程建设项目主要指建筑、水利工程、路桥建设及土木工程等项目。工程项目施工涉及面广，是一个极其复杂的过程，影响质量的因素很多，如设计、人员、材料、机械、地形、地质、水文、气象、施工工艺、操作方法、技术措施、管理制度等，均直接影响着工程项目的施工质量；而且工程项目规模大、施工班组多，各工序间的衔接性很强，外界条件的变化影响大，没有固定的车间，生产环境在露天，不象工业生产有固定的流水线、规范化生产工艺及检测技术、成套的生产设备和稳定的生产条件，因此影响施工项目质量的因素多，容易产生质量问题。 工程建设项目质量管理的特点1、质量策划难度大 工程建设项目投资巨大，少则上千万，多则几十亿，几百亿。为了便于施工控制，业主往往将工程进行分步、分项，但单位工程的投资一般也在千万以上，因此工程建设项目建设规模大、生产环节多，对施工工艺和施工方法的要求高。这一特点，决定了质量策划的难度。首先是策划人员必须具备工程项目建设必须的专业技术知识，还要充分了解各种施工工艺的特点和现场的适用性；其次，由于规模大，过程识别困难较大，如果过程划分太简单，不便于质量和成本控制，但划分太细，往往增加了协调和控制难度。 2、人员管理过程复杂 工程项目建设人力资源组织复杂，有企业的管理人员、技术人员、施工人员，此外由于公司劳动力的不足，施工企业往往采用租赁的方式雇佣民工从事简单、劳动力强度大、施工环境恶劣的工作。在人员的管理上，民工的管理更加困难。虽然企业在开工前，企业对民工队伍进行了评价和选择，但由于民工普遍的文化程度较低，对施工工艺和方法理解十分困难，往往是以类似的工程经验进行施工，因此，培训和督促的工作量大。同时，由于民工的流动性大，在工程进度上存在许多不确定性。此外，民工的安全意识和质量意识淡薄，也给工程质量的控制带来一些困难。 3、施工进度安排难度大 往往由于工程项目大，技术环节多，而且多在野外作业，工程进度受天气、水文等自然因素的影响大。虽然，在进度的策划过程中，企业往往要收集历史的资料，但天气、水文等自然要素的不确定性较大，从而给人力、设备的计划安排带来困难。此外，施工设备也要部分进行租赁，同民工的管理一样存在控制上的难度。 4、最终产品必须是合格产品 工程项目建设必须一次达到质量要求.工序间是一环套一环，如果建成后发现某一环节存在质量问题,不可能像一些工业产品那样拆卸、解体、更换配件，更不能实行“包换”或“退款”，因此工程项目施工过程中的质量控制，就显得极其重要。 5、质量改进工作特殊 一个企业的工程建设项目，总数不会太多，而且，每个工程建设内容不可能完全一致。许多质量管理的统计方法和分析工具不能完全套用。因此，要寻找质量薄弱环节和改进方向较为困难，客观上对质量改进带来困难。工程项目建设质量管理应注意的几个问题1、搞好质量策划质量控制的基础 由于工程建设项目的特殊性，在企业质量管理体系运行的过程中，企业往往注重施工过程的控制，对质量的策划放在一个较轻的位置。从质量管理的角度来说，质量策划贯穿整个工程建设过程，是质量管理的基础工作，是使工程建设各过程处于受控的必要条件。如果质量策划做好了，将对整个施工起到指导作用，同时对施工进度、质量成本的控制上也会起到积极作用。因此，施工企业要充分认识质量策划的重要作用和意义，在策划过程中，将质量、进度和成本有机结合起来，做到心中有数，将全局管理和局部管理对应起来，才能实现真正意义上的全面受控，才能实现工程建设的总体质量目标。 2、培训、优选施工人员奠定质量控制基础 工程质量的形成受到所有参加工程项目施工的管理技术干部、操作人员、施工人员共同作用，他们是形成工程质量的主要因素。因此要控制施工质量，就要培训、优选施工人员，提高他们的素质。 首先应提高他们的质量意识。按照全面质量管理的观