汉英翻译（上）教案.doc

汉英翻译（上）教案主讲：魏志成教授第3单元 I 提示原文来源原文是中国当代作家王蒙（1934-）的小说，语篇选自乔萍、翟淑蓉、宋洪玮编著，1999年，散文佳作108篇（汉英/英汉对照），南京：译林出版社。译文来源 译文1为居祖纯译，选自居祖纯编著，1998年，汉英语篇翻译。北京：清华大学出版社。 译文2为朱柏桐译，选自乔萍、翟淑蓉、宋洪玮编著，1999年，散文佳作108篇（汉英/英汉对照），南京：译林出版社。语体特征与翻译策略 篇章 王蒙是当代汉语文学的代表之一，也是一个划时代的作家。王蒙的作品多半诙谐幽默、或犀利尖刻、或深刻凝练，他往往在一篇不长的文章里，展现丰富的容量。本语篇是一个讽刺性短篇小说，围绕“什么是受欢迎的群众歌曲”这样一个深层主题而展开。原文情节简单，主要人物也没有从正面去描写；人物的刻画是通过4个引述动词引出的语段来完成的，极具讽刺色彩。 句式 短句是汉语传统特征之一，王蒙作品多为短句，即使是复句或并列句。尽管如此，作品多处使用修辞性句式，如反问句。 语义 以共核词语为主，口语化词语突出，间或利用仿拟的手段创造新的表达，如“大众化”“小众化”、“无价值” “反价值”等。 翻译策略 选词永远都是最基本的问题之一。汉英翻译选词的角度是多种的，但是本语篇特征所具有的讽刺色彩更为突出地存在着一种文化意义。因此翻译时也不能忽视文化观念或意识形态对翻译策略的影响。如“受欢迎的群众歌曲”的两种表达：popular songs/ songs the people really liked，前者更显示出一种文化的开放心态，而后者却缺乏这种意识。 虽然我们强调顺译/直译是基础，但是与此相对应的变通/意译有时是不可以缺少的，如本篇出现的变通包括句式、语序、语气、增补、减词、语境干涉、表意手段等；意译包括比喻、颜色词等。II 译法要点3.1反问与Erotema 3.2意译：比喻 3.3变通：增补（主语） 3.4主语的一致性 3.5意译：颜色词 3.6变通：减词(四字结构) 3.7变通：句式转换 3.8选词：广义与狭义3.9变通：语序（条件状语从句） 3.10意译：比喻 3.11仿拟与Parody(I) 3.12变通：语境干涉3.13套译：成语 3.14 名词的单数与复数 3.15变通：语气（虚拟语气） 3.16 变通：表意手段 3.17 变通：转换（文化因素） 3.18选词：语境因素III原文与译文【原文】常胜的歌手有一位歌手，有一次她唱完了歌，竟没有一个人鼓掌。于是她在开会的时候说道：“掌声究竟能说明什么问题呢？难道掌声是美？是艺术？是黄金？掌声到底卖几分钱一斤？被观众鼓了几声掌就飘飘然，就忘乎所以，就选成了歌星，就坐飞机，就灌唱片，这简直是胡闹！是对灵魂的腐蚀！你不信，如果我扭起屁股唱黄歌儿，比她得到的掌声还多！” 她还建议，对观众进行一次调查分析，分类排队，以证明掌声的无价值或反价值。后来她又唱了一次歌，全场掌声雷动。她在会上又说开了：“歌曲是让人听的，如果人家不爱听，内容再好，曲调再好又有什么用？群众的眼睛是雪亮的，群众的心里是有一杆秤的，离开了群众的喜闻乐见，就是不搞大众化，只搞小众化，就是出了方向性差错，就是孤家寡人，自我欣赏。我听到的不只是掌声，而是一颗颗火热的心在跳动！”过了一阵子，音乐工作者又开会，谈到歌曲演唱中的一种不健康的倾向和群众的趣味需要疏导，欣赏水平需要提高。她便举出了那一次唱歌无人鼓掌作为例子，她宣称：“我顶住了！我顶住了！我顶住了！”又过了一阵子，音乐工作者又开会，谈到受欢迎的群众歌曲还是创作、演唱得太少。她又举出了另一次掌声如雷的例子宣称：“我早就做了，我早就做了，我早就做了！”【译文】译文1 An Infallible SingerOne day, a singer sang for the audience. After she finished, nobody applaused. Thereupon, she said at a meeting,“What possibly can applause mean? Does it mean beauty? Art? Or gold? How much is one burst of clapping worth? If on account of some sporadic clapping, a singer should become smug and starts to forget herself, and people around her start to vote her a star, qualified to travel by air and cut discs, this would be sheer folly, and an attempt to corrupt the souls of the people . Believe me, I can get much louder applause if I should sing those smutty songs and swing my hips all the while.” She also suggested that the audience be polled and classified so that the non-value or anti-value of applause could be established.On a later occasion her singing was greeted with thunderous applause. At a meeting convened after the performance, she declared,”Songs are composed for the audience. If the audience dont like your songs, whats use of their good content and melody? The audience know what is good for them and they have their own criteria. If we dont give them what they like , we are meeting the needs of only a few people, instead of the broad masses. Well be committing a mistake in political direction. Well be acting like Narcissus, admiring our own images and isolating ourselves from the outside world. What I heard at the concert was not just the clapping of hands, but the beatings of a multitude of fervent hearts.”Sometime later, musicians met for another meeting, at which they criticized the unhealthy tendency in vocal concerts and suggested that the musical taste of the masses be properly guided and their level of appreciation be raised. Citing as an example that occasion when her songs received no applause, she declared,” I resisted that tendency! I did that long, long ago!”At still another gathering held later, musicians deplored that songs the people really liked were still too few in number and that too few singers sang such songs. Citing as an example the other occasion when her songs were warmly applaued, she exulted, “I sang such songs long ago! Long, long ago!”译文2A Singer Who Always WinsOnce a singer finished her performance without receiving any applause from the audience. Afterwards she remarked at a meeting, “What does applause mean? Is it beauty, art, or gold? How much is it worth after all? Once one gets some applause, ones head will swell. And one will be treated like a star, given free plane trips and invited to have ones voice recorded everywhere. Its rediculous! It is nothing but corruption of the mind! Believe it or not, if I had swayed my hips and sung obscene songs, I wouldve got more applause than the stars.” Then the singer came up with a suggestion that the audience should be investgated, analysed, and classified in order to prove their applause being worthless or even worse for its negative effects.Later, she gave another performance which won thunderous applause from the audience. She spoke at another meeting, “Songs are to be appreciated by the audience. Whats the use of songs with good content and nice melody if no one likes them? The audience is the best judge who knows how to strike a balance in the heart. Without the masses appreciation, one will only be serving the few instead of many. And one will be taking the wrong direction by keeping aloof from the masses and indulging in self-admiration. What I heard from the audience was not only warm applause, but the beatings of their warm hearts!”Some time later, members of the musical circles held a symposium and suggested that an unhealthy tendency should be stopped in singing performances, that appreciation levels be raised and good taste be cultivated.The singer then cited her first performance that had drawn no applause from the audience and claimed,”See, I dared it! The unhealthy tendency! I dared it indeed!”After a period of time, there was another symposium among the musical cirlces. This time it was proposed that more popular songs be composed and sung. And the singer took her second performance as an example to prove her claim, “See, I did it! The popular songs! I did it indeed!”IV比较分析与译法（1） 掌声究竟能说明什么问题呢？难道掌声是美？是艺术？是黄金？译文1 What possibly can applause mean? Does it mean beauty? Art? Or gold?译文2 What does applause mean? Is it beauty, art, or gold?3.1反问与Erotema汉语反问与英语Erotema，都属于修辞格范畴，并且基本对应，都是指用疑问的形式表达肯定的意思，不需要回答，答案寓于问语的反面。（徐鹏.2000：235-237）原文连续运用了4个反问，类似的连续反问在英语里也是常见的。如：57 Belgium has been treated brutally. How brtually we shall not yet know. We already know too much. What had she done? Had she sent an ultimatum to Germany? Had she challenged Germany? Had she inflicted any wrong upon Germany which the Kaiser was bound to redress?( D.L. George, An Appeal to the Nation)句57中连续使用的4个反问，把Belgium的无辜与Germany 的无理描绘得淋漓尽致。同理，原文连续使用的4个反问把“掌声什么问题都不能说明”的意思也表达得非常透彻。从2个译文表达的效果来看，译文1更接近原文的处理。不过综合起来，建议译文修改为：58 What does applause mean? Does it mean beauty? Art? Or gold? （2） 掌声到底卖几分钱一斤？ 译文1 How much is one burst of clapping worth? 译文2 How much is it worth after all? 3.2意译：比喻“意译”是相对于“直译”的一个概念。关于直译与意译，刘重德（1994：150）认为：凡是能够极力保全原文意义、比喻形象和语法基本结构而译文明白通畅的，才称得上恰当的直译。在读者读了能懂而且读起来通顺的条件下，应在尽量保全原文意义的同时，也设法保全其语法基本结构和修辞比喻形象，即采用所谓直译法。遇有直译不通的情况，就必须根据有关两种语言的特点，将原文的精神融会贯通，改用相应的适当的表达法来译，即采用所谓意译法。作为翻译的总体原文，应该是以直译为主，意译为辅，直、意结合，灵活运用。原文“掌声到底卖几分钱一斤”是一种比喻性用法，虽然“分”和“斤”已经被英语分别借用为fen和jin，但是直译原文显然还是不通的。刘宓庆（1999：184）称原语这种无法在目的语中取得对应或平行转换的语言现象为“语言障碍”，而类似“白描式”的意译的虽然不是一种理想的意义转移手段，但也是一种克服语言障碍的应变对策。所以，译文1、2都不得不舍弃原文比喻形象而作“白描式”意译处理。（3） 被观众鼓了几声掌就飘飘然，就忘乎所以，就选成了歌星，就坐飞机，就灌唱片，这简直是胡闹！是对灵魂的腐蚀！译文1 If on account of some sporadic clapping, a singer should become smug and starts to forget herself, and people around her start to vote her a star, qualified to travel by air and cut discs, this would be sheer folly, and an attempt to corrupt the souls of the people .译文2 Once one gets some applause, ones head will swell. And one will be treated like a star, given free plane trips and invited to have ones voice recorded everywhere. Its rediculous! It is nothing but corruption of the mind!3.3变通：增补（主语）虽然汉英语在SVO词序上基本相同，但是就主语的使用频率而言，汉语比英语要少得多。英语一般要保持句子主语的出现，以便使句子结构完整。而“在汉语语篇中，某些句子的主语常常可以省略，有时则必须省略，否则文字不顺畅”。（陈宏薇.1998：165）因此，在译文中增补合适的主语是必须注意的技巧。原文中除“这”为代词主语外，其它分句都为无主语句，而译文都需要对这些无主语句作适当的主语增补。3.主语的一致性主语的一致性的问题常常容易被人忽视，因为在更多情况主语的不一致只是影响到译文的流畅，而难以影响译文本身的语法上的正确性。单其昌（1992：138）在谈到主语一致性的时候提出：不要经常变换主语。如果经常变换主语，有时会破坏句子的流畅性。如：59 我走进他的办公室访问了他，谈到了目前的形势和未来的上海的贸易前景。a. I called on him in his office,and he talked with me about the present situation and the future prospects of Shanghais foreign trade.b. I called on him in his office,and talked about the present situation and the future prospects of Shanghais foreign trade.在与句59对应的a和b两种译文中，译文a由于主语的变换而不及译文b流畅。类似的情况也出现在这里讨论到的第（3）个原文的译文中。原文（3）中多数的主语省略了，但是被省略的主语有它们内在的、符合语法要求及语义表现的一致性。从译文1、2所增补主语的效果来看，译文2的整体效果要好一些，而译文1的主语由于缺乏一致性，所以影响了译文的流畅。比如：a singer should become smug 与starts to forget herself缺乏一致，因为前句的谓语动词结构为should become，后句为starts； a singer should become与people around her start to vote her a star 缺乏一致，因为前句主语为这个句群的统领主语，而后句主语的变换，破坏了句群主语的一致性。建议在扣住句群的统领主语并对应原文被动语态的同时，将译文修改为：60If on account of some sporadic clapping, a singer should become smug and have a swelled head, and be voted a star, qualified to travel by air and cut her discs, -this would not only be sheer folly, but also an attempt to corrupt the souls of the people !（4） 你不信，如果我扭起屁股唱黄歌儿，比她得到的掌声还多！译文1 Believe me, I can get much louder applause if I should sing those smutty songs and swing my hips all the while.译文2 Believe it or not, if I had swayed my hips and sung obscene songs, I wouldve got more applause than the stars.3.5意译：颜色词颜色词，在语言中首先是表示色彩的词。但是从语言文化的角度来看，颜色词并非只是替代各种颜色的符号。由于不同历史背景、风俗习惯、文化传统的影响，颜色词可以联想、比喻、引申，甚至繁衍出许许多多的意思。人类的思维共性使得不同民族在颜色词的喻义等方面常常不谋而合，互为补充，互为借用，互为转化。但也因为语言之间受到各自文化、社会的制约，互相对立，互为排斥。因此，颜色词在喻义内容和表达上不可能完全对等。（黄慧敏.1994）不少翻译研究者都指出要注意理解颜色词的文化内涵，翻译时切切不可按字面照搬。（居祖纯.1998：87）原文“黄歌儿”中的“黄”字，就是一个具有汉文化象征意义的字，现代汉语词典释义：象征腐化堕落，特指色情。译文1、2分别意译为smutty songs 和obscene songs，意思是morally improper songs 。需要意译的颜色词有不少，下面仅仅是部分例子,请注意：黄色书刊filthy books/黄色音乐vulgar music/ 黄色录象pornographic record/黄色电影blue films or obscene movies/黄毛丫头a chit of a girl/ a witless younger girl/ an ignorant little girl红眼病be green-eyed/红人a favorite with sb. in power/ a fair-haired boy带绿帽子be cuckolded白菜Chinese cabbage/白开水boiled water/白痴idiot （5） 她还建议，对观众进行一次调查分析，分类排队，以证明掌声的无价值或反价值。译文1 She also suggested that the audience be polled and classified so that the non-value or anti-value of applause could be established.译文2 Then the singer came up with a suggestion that the audience should be investgated, analysed, and classified in order to prove their applause being worthless or even worse for its negative effects.3.6变通：减词(四字结构)减词与增补为一对概念，也是最重要的变通手段之一。减词，也就是不从一对一的翻译如手，而是从省略或压缩概括的方式明晰地传达原文意义。减词的使用不是随意或可有可无的，而是与双语的思维方式、特征、语言文字结构差异、习惯表达差异或语感有关。如汉语四字结构中的重叠成分或修饰成分或虚指成分，常常需要通过减词来传达最突出、最重要的信息。如：铜墙铁壁bastion of iron（重叠）江湖骗子quack; Charlatan（修饰）五光十色muticolored（虚指数量词）单其昌（1990：201）在谈到减词时认为，有时，在汉语中从几个方面同时形容或说明同一事物，在译成英文时要减一些词，只译出其中一、两个方面反倒使译文形象更为生动地表达出来。如：61此时鲁小姐卸了浓装，换几件淡雅衣服，遽公孙举目细看，真有沉鱼落雁之容，闭月羞花之貌。By this time Miss Lu had changed out of her ceremonial dress into an ordianary gown ,and then Ju looked at her closely he saw that her beauty would put the flowers to shame.正因为如此，在对原文“调查分析”和“分类排队”这两个四字结构的两个译文中，译文1所采取的减词效果要比译文2的如实对应要更加可取一些 。建议译文修改为：62She also suggested that the audience be polled and classified in order to prove their applause being of non-value or anti-value . （6） 后来她又唱了一次歌，全场掌声雷动。译文1 On a later occasion her singing was greeted with thunderous applause.译文2 Later, she gave another performance which won thunderous applause from the audience.3.7变通：句式转换刘宓庆（1999：175-180）认为：转换在翻译中是用得很广泛的变通手段。在一般情况下，转换是获得语义灵活对应的必不可少的应变对策，而失去形式对应则常常是转换带来的必然结果。尽管如此，转换仍然是极为重要的词法-句法变通手段。作为转换内容之一的句式转换，广泛地表现为双语转换中复合句与简单句的各种形式的转化。汉语并列复合语段译成英语简单句的情况很多。如原文是一个并列复合句，在译文1中被转换为一个简单句；在译文2中被转换为一个含定语从句的主从复合句。虽然说句式转换是出于句法结构、惯用法、表达方式、语感、情态甚至文体等诸多方面的要求，但是句式转换的主要原因还是语用功能；而且由于原语与译语句子的各种变式都很多，所以各式句子的对应转换很难说具有某种一成不变的对应句式。这种情况就造成了多种译文合理存在的可能性。-比如说，上面的两个译文都可以被接受。只是从语言的经济性或简约性来看，我们倾向于译文1。（7） 她在会上又说开了：译文1 At a meeting convened after the performance, she declared,译文2 She spoke at another meeting,3.8选词：广义与狭义（参见1.7）原文所使用的“说”字，是汉语中最具有广义的引述动词，但是 “V+开”结构，可以“表示开始并继续下去”的意思。（现代汉语词典）因此，“说开”这个动词结构，无论其本身的语义还是根据其语境的提示，都不仅仅是广义上的“用话来表达意思”。原文整个语篇中共使用了4个引述动词，即“说道”、“说开”、“宣称”“宣称”。由这4个引述动词所引述的4个语段构成了这个语篇的主要内容，情节发展的高潮落在“说开”这个语段上，-之前是铺垫，之后是结语。译文1、2分别以declared或spoke对应“说开”，似乎还没有把说话人那种隐性的“正人君子”的心态暗示出来。因为speak这个动词太过于一般，表现力有限；而declare这个动词又表现得太“唐突”，带有“故意做作”的意味，-请注意原文“说开”所表现的那种“似乎很自信地慢慢说来”语气。 因此，我个人认为speak/spoke是一个广义动词，无法与原文“说开”这个具有狭义的动词词组对应；而 declare/declared虽然是一个狭义动词，但是在与前后文语义的连接上、语气的传达上有差别。由于“说开”一词在语用上还暗示着言外之意的讽刺意义，我倾向于使用voice来对应“说”，给人以遐想，因为voice 一词有如下两点色彩是符合这个句子的语境的：（参见Use the Right Words: A Modern Guide to Synonyms; Longman词典）（一）非正式，强调感情色彩与观念的表达，而非事实与陈述本身；（二）有力地发表/说出。因此建议译文可以修改为：63At another meeting she started and kept voicing,（8） 歌曲是让人听的，如果人家不爱听，内容再好，曲调再好又有什么用？译文1 Songs are composed for the audience. If the audience dont like your songs, whats use of their good content and melody?译文2 Songs are to be appreciated by the audience. Whats the use of songs with good content and nice melody if no one likes them?3.9变通：语序（条件状语从句）汉语语序英译时可以顺译（参见1.16），有时也因为语篇、叙事角度、表达方式、逻辑推理顺序或其它因素而变通。汉英语主从复句的语序都存在两种形式：（一）从句+主句；（二）主句+从句。值得注意的是：从一般性原则来讲，汉语多用“从句+主句”的语序，而比较少用“主句+从句”的语序；英语多用“主句+从句”的语序，而比较用“从句+主句”的语序。比如说，本篇中出现的4个条件状语从句（其中两个以“如果”引导，两个没有使用连词），都是“从句+主句”的语序 ，没有“主句+从句”的语序-至于“主句+从句”语序的复句，我们在1.16中讨论过一个。在我随意翻阅的一篇英语散文The July Grass (by Richard Jefferies,1848-1887)中，3个表示条件的if从句，两个为“从句+主句”的语序，一个为“主句+从句”语序。这3个if从句是：64and if the sunshine were a hundred hours long, still it would not be long enough. No, never enough of sun and sliding shadows that come like a hand over the table to lovingly reach our shoulder, never enough of the grass that smells sweet as a flower, not if we could live years and years equal in number to the tides that have ebbed and flowed counting backwards four years to every day and night or the day.65yet if I purposely searched for days I should not have found a plot like this, so rich, so golden, so glowing with sunshine.正是因为考虑到了英语语篇中的if从句的安排，所以对于原文4个条件状语从句，译文1、2都从译文本身的语篇角度作了变通：原文4个“从句+主句”的语序，保留了3个，其中一个变通为“主句+从句”语序。这里讨论的是其中的一个。在这里，译文1保留原文语序，而译文2变通了原文语序。 （9） 群众的眼睛是雪亮的，群众的心里是有一杆秤的， 译文1 The audience know what is good for them and they have their own criteria. 译文2 The audience is the best judge who knows how to strike a balance in the heart. 3.10意译：比喻（ 参见3.2；11.18）原文中有两个比喻：“雪亮”和“秤”。“雪亮”的本意就是指象雪那样明亮；“秤”或“杆秤”的本意句是指测定物体重量的器具。（见现代汉语词典）两个译文都采取了“白描式”的意译，是因为英语中没有对应或相尽的比喻。（10） 离开了群众的喜闻乐见，就是不搞大众化，只搞小众化，就是出了方向性差错，就是孤家寡人，自我欣赏。译文1 If we dont give them what they like , we are meeting the needs of only a few people, instead of the broad masses. Well be committing a mistake in political direction. Well be acting like Narcissus, admiring our own images and isolating ourselves from the outside world.译文2 Without the masses appreciation, one will only be serving the few instead of many. And one will be taking the wrong direction by keeping aloof from the masses and indulging in self-admiration.3.11仿拟与Parody(I)仿拟与Parody，都是汉英语中各自的一种修辞格，其共同的特征都是指故意摹拟、仿造现成的语、句、篇而临时创造新的语、句、篇。仿拟的修辞作用是：有助于揭示事物的矛盾对立，增强概括能力，并使语言明快犀利，富于幽默感，具有讽刺色彩。（黄民裕.1984，48-49；徐鹏.2000：448）如原文中的“小众化”一词是对“大众化”一词的故意摹拟。英语中类似的例句如：66 Under the cover of her silence he pressed her arm closely to his side; and, as they stood at the hotel door, he felt that they had escaped from their lives and duties, escaped from home and friends and run away together with wild and radient hearts to a new adventure. (James Joyce, The Dead)句66中的with wild and radient hearts就是根据短语with a light heart 仿造而来。仿拟在翻译中常常会丢失文化色彩，有时甚至是无法表现出来（即不可译性）而只能靠译者的个人化意译。下面一句是使用“大众化”和“小众化”的经典例句，请看例句及相应的译文：67有些天天喊大众化的人，连三句老百姓的话都讲不来，可见他就没有下过决心跟老百姓学，实在他的意思仍是小众化。（毛泽东反对党八股）There are some who keep learning clamouring for transformation to a mass style but cannot speak three sentences in the language of the common people. It shows they are not really determined to learn from the masses. Their minds are still confined to their own small circle.请比较“大众化”和“小众化”各自不同的3种意译：大众化：a) the broad masses ; b) many ; c) a mass style小众化：a) a few people ; b) the few ; c) their own small circle3.12变通：语境干涉语境包括语言背景（上下文、上下语）和非语言背景（自然物与社会文化背景）。语境对话语意义推导所产生的影响，便是语境干涉。（钱冠连.1997：272）在汉语当代社会文化背景下，原文中的“方向性差错”隐含的是“政治方向性的差错”。这种隐含对任何一个汉语读者来说都是明白无误的，而对于英语读者来说却未必。所以译文1根据这样一个社会文化背景，以a mistake in political direction对应，其中增补了一个political。这种增补是根据语境干涉的原则将原文隐含的语义推导出来，其对应效果也显然更加便于英语读者对原文真实信息的了解；而译文2 the wrong direction一语，难以体现出原文的文化背景信息。3.13套译：成语套译,就是套用英语成语来翻译汉语成语。汉语中有为数不多的成语，无论在形象与意义上都与英语相同或相近。因此在翻译这一些成语时可以在英语成语中找到意义对等的表达来套译，以便到达意义平行、所引起的联想、形象、修辞色彩也相同或相似。如：（冯庆华.1997：131-132；单其昌.1992：240-241） 墨黑as black as ink空中楼阁castles in the air混水摸鱼to fish in troubled water赴汤蹈火go through fire and water有其父必有其子Like father, like son事实胜于雄辩Actions speak louder than words有志者事竟成Where theres will, theres a way.原文“孤家寡人，自我欣赏”是两个意义相同的成语，连用在一起以示强调。译文1用在套用英语成语be acting like Narcissus的基础上，又追加意译 admiring our own images and isolating ourselves from the outside world，使得译文表意效果相当贴切。译文2采用还原法（参见3.11），虽然也传达了原文意义，但是由于丢失了原文的形象而不如译文1生动。补充英语成语Narcissus：In Greek mythology, the son of Cephisus;a beautiful youth who saw his reaction in a fountain, and thought it the presiding nymph of the place. He jumped in the fountain to reach it, where he died. The NYMPHS came to take up the body to pay it FUNERAL honours but found only a flower, which they called by his name. Plutarch says the plant is called Narcissus from the Gr.nark,numbness, and that it is properly narcosism, meaning the plant which produces numbness or palsy. ECHO fell in love with Narcissus.(根据Brewers Dictionary of Phrases and Fable)（11） 我听到的不只是掌声，而是一颗颗火热的心在跳动！译文1 What I heard at the concert was not just the clapping of hands, but the beatings of a multitude of fervent hearts.译文2 What I heard from the audience was not only warm applause, but the bea