skopos theory终极修正版

,Skopos Theory,Content,HansVermeerand Skopos theory,Chapter1,Chapter 2,three “skopos rules”,Chpter3,comment on theSkopostheory,Click to add Title,Chapter 1 Hans Vermeer and Skopos theory,Part 1 Hans vermeer Prof. Dr. h.c. Hans-Josef Vermeer (September 24, 1930 - Heidelberg, February 4, 2010), German linguist and translation scholar.He was appointed Professor of General and Applied Linguistics at the University of Mainz in Germersheim (19711983). After that he held the chair of Translation Studies with special reference to Portuguese at Heidelberg University (19841992). He was also a visiting professor at Leopold Franzens University in Innsbruck (19992002), Bosphorus University in Istanbul (20022003) and Okan University in Istanbul (20042008). He finally returned to the universities of Mainz and Heidelberg to teach in his final years.He established the skopos theory.,弗米尔是莱斯的学生，也是海德堡大学的翻译教师，著名的翻译理论家。弗米尔在1976到1977年的一系列讲座中，提出了翻译的普遍理论的框架，随后出版了普通翻译理论框架(Framework for a General Translation Theory，1978)，成为目的论的基础。1984年，弗米尔和莱斯撰写的翻译理论基础概述成为目的论的宣言。在书中，他与莱斯提出，翻译不仅仅是一个语言过程，而应该把翻译看成是将一种语言中的语言和非语言交际符号转移到另一种语言中去的活动。因此，翻译是一种人类行为，而任何行为都有一个目标，一个目的。,Part 2 翻译目的论的产生背景,In 1970s, with the pragmatic turn both in linguistics (leading to a pragmatics-based text theory) and literary theory (leading to reception aesthetics text theory) as well as communication theory in mind, Vermeer and other Skopos scholars started to view translation as a purposeful intercultural communicative acting between individuals instead of something that is done to a text by a translator. .,The social background wanted more and more professional translators and interpreters, and the founding of a lot of translation-training organizations gave another impetus.,最美女翻译,Having been trained as an interpreter by Katharina Reiss, Vermeer took up general linguistics, then translation studies and also desired to break with linguistic translation theory by proposing a new translation theory.Skopostheorie is explained in detail in the book A Framework for a General Translation Theory co-authored by Vermeer and Reiss in 1984.,Part 3 The new theory Skopos theory,What is skopos ?,Skopos is the Greek word for aim or purpose and was introduced into translation theory in the 1970s by Hans J. Vermeer as a technical term for the purpose of a translation and of the action of translating .,Skopos theory,translation is a kind of action that has a purpose.The focal points of this theory lie in three aspects: substance of translation, participants of the process of translation and principles of functional concept of translation.It introduced the idea that a translation should always be conducted to fulfil the purpose of theTT（target text） in the TTs situation.The prime principle determining any translation process is the purpose (Skopos) of the overall translational action.,把翻译目的作为翻译任务的出发点与根本，大大转变了我们原有的翻译观念。目的决定一切，从翻译策略、翻译方法，到对原作形式与内容的取舍，到目标文本的制作都以这个翻译目的为参照。弗米尔把原文只是看作是一种“信息供源”，仅提供翻译委托所需要的信息，而不再是评价译作的唯一或最高标准，译者有权按照翻译目的来取舍其中的信息，是否与原文保持篇际一致是由翻译目的来决定的，忠实于原文只是其中的一种可能性。翻译位于两极之间遵循目标文化的行为与预期，与用目标文化的方式来表达源语文化的特征，这两极间存在多种可能性，忠实于原文只是其中的一种可能性。翻译目的实现的可能性取决于目标文化的条件，而不是源语文化。委托只是间接依赖源语文化，因为翻译不得不涉及到原文本，只有在特定的情况下，这个目的的实现需要依靠目标文化与源语文本的关系。翻译中使用的很多术语，也需要根据特定的任务来定义，如翻译、释译、改编等。学习翻译理论的人，都应该熟知翻译“目的论”。应用翻译“目的论”来解释翻译现象，指导翻译实践与译员培训的论文也很多。翻译“目的论”成为了当代德国最具代表性的翻译理论，也是最有影响力的翻译理论。,大王有令,有破刺客长空者,赏千金,封千户侯。By order of His Majesty, he who kills Sky will receive gold and land.这句台词中,千金,千户侯都含有文化信息,若全部保留文化信息,其译文应该是:By order of His Majesty, he who kills Sky will be awarded one thousand tales of gold and be dubbed marquis (爵候，世袭贵族）with a possession of one thousand households,将千金译为gold,而不是one thousand tales of gold,将万户侯译为land而不是marquis with a possession of one thousand households,显然是删减了其中的文化信息,但基本意却都在,丝毫不影响观众对故事的理解。这样简单易懂的字幕就能使观众更充分的欣赏画面、色彩和精彩的武打场面。,There is no such thing as time travel. 你穿越剧看多了吧。原意是“穿越这种事根本就不存在啊。”“穿越剧”在国内观众中是比较流行的剧种，译者直接用“穿越剧”来指代“穿越”。产生幽默的作用,The Skopos rule 目的规则,Coherence (Intra-texual Coherence) 连贯规则,The Fidelity rule( Inter-textual Coherence) 忠实规则/互文连贯性,three “skopos rules”,Chapter 2 目的论的基本原则,The Skopos rule,It is the top-ranking rule for some kind of translation. It means that “a translation action is determined by its skopos, that is “the end justifiesthe means.”翻译行为所要达到的目的决定整个翻译行为的过程，即结果决定方法.Vermeer explains the skopos rule in the following way:Each text is produced for a given purpose and should serve this purpose. The Skopos rule reads as follows: translate/interpret/speak/write in a way that enables your text/translation to function in the situation in which it is used and with the people who want to use it and precisely in the way they want it to function.,目的准则,目的准则指翻译应能在译语情境和文化中，按译语接受者期待的方式发生作用。决定翻译过程的根本原则是整个翻译活动的目的（skopos），即“结果决定方法”。这种目的有三种解释：1）译者的基本目的；2）译文的交际目的；3）特定翻译策略或手段要达到的目的。但通常“目的”是指译文的交际目的。即翻译过程的发起者，决定译文的交际目的，发起者出于某一特殊需要，在理想状况下，他会给出需要译文的原因，译文接受者、使用译文的环境、译文应具有的功能以及与原因有关的细节等。所有这些构成了“翻译要求”。,决定翻译活动的根本原则是整个翻译活动的目的(Skopos)。翻译目的迸一步分为三大类：1)译者的目的；2)译文文本的目的；3)特定的翻译策略或手段要达到的目的，然而目的(skopos)-词常指译文文本所要达到的目的即交际目的。除了使用skopm(目的)之外，弗米尔还使用了几个相关概念即aim(目标1，purpose,(目的)，intentim(意图)，function(功能)。这五个概念中。skopos(目的)是类指概念，其余四个是属概念。目的是由翻译发起者决定的。,Aim, purpose, function, intention,Aim: the final result an agent intends to achieve by means of an action.Purpose: a provisional stage in the process of attaining an aim.Function: what a text means or is intended to mean from the receivespoint of view.Intention: function of the action, from viewpoint of the sender who wants to achieve a certain purpose.,举例,例1 严复在翻译天演论时，虽然他用“物竞天择”的生物学规律来解释社会发展和历史进化是完全错误的，但他的主观意图却在于说明中国如能顺应“天演”规律而实行变法维新，就会由弱变强，否则将要沦于亡国灭种而被淘汰。他想用进化论来震撼中国人，使中国人具有国难当头的紧迫感。严复译书是为了中华古国的复苏，是为了炎黄种族不至沦亡，总之，他的翻译目的就是为了尽一个爱国者的天责。例2 We care to provide service above and beyond the call of duty.-ups一问：殷勤有加，风雨不改（UPS快递）若直译这则广告，应是“我们愿意提供高于或者超出责任感的服务”。虽然译文在语义和词义上都属于忠诚对等翻译，但四字结构“殷勤有加，风雨不改”更能向目的与消费者传达该公司的服务精神，达到意义上的忠诚，是广告在目标文化的诱惑功能得以最大程度地实现。,Coherence 连贯准则,Coherence （Intratextual Coherence） : a translation should be acceptable in a sense that it is coherent with the receivers situation, being part of the receivers situation.连贯准则是指译文必须考虑接受者的背景知识和实际情况， 最大限度地做到语义连贯， 以便译文接受者能够理解其义符合译入语的表达习惯。The target text must be translated in such a way that it is coherent for the target receivers, given their circumstances and knowledge. Translator should conform to the cannons and ethnic rules in the target language and culture, and reproduce the information offered in the source text in an acceptable and accessible way to the target reader, taking their background knowledge and situational circumstances into account.,The Fidelity Rule 忠实准则,Fidelity rule (Intertextual Coherence) : a translation should be as faithful as possible to the original.忠实准则是指原文和译文中应该存在某种对应关系， 并不要求原文和译文在内容上一字不差。 There must be an inter-textual coherence between the source texts and target texts, which is similar to the fidelity to the source texts.,直译加注,参考译文1 Believe in Bro Chun, youll live a long life; believe in Big Zeng, youll pass every exam.Bro Chun (Li Yuchun as her full name) and Big Zeng (Zeng Yike as her full name) are nicknames for two famous “Happy Girl” singers in a talent show of Hunan Satellite TV. Their resemblance became the subject of spoofs on the Internet with fans of the two used the saying to promote their popularity, while those who didnt like them used the saying to make fun of their tomboy looks.,信曾哥，不挂科,信春哥，得永生,例1. Waterloo Bridge魂断蓝桥（直译为滑铁卢桥） 不仅避开了中国观众由于地域文化差异、历史背景知识缺乏而引起的迷惑;而且蓝桥蕴含着中国文化的特色,与牛郎织女的鹊桥相会相仿,能够使观众一看到片名就能心领神会,而且具有很高的审美价值。译者要把握观众的审美需求,达到形式美和内容美的统一以及要考虑到观众的心理需求。最终在实现电影片名翻译的目的:吸引观众看电影。,Relationships between the three rules,It seems that Vermeer prescribes the hierarchical rule in line with action theory and literary reception theory: the Skopos is the boss, intratextual coherence the second and fidelity the lowest; the last two rules are subordinated to the Skopos of the translation.忠实准则服从于连贯准则，而这二者服从于目的准则。,Chapter 3 Comment on the Skopos theory,According to skopos theory, translation is the production of a functionally appropriate target text based on an existing source text, and the relationship between the two texts is specified according to the skopos of the translation. It is up to the translator as the expert to decide what role a source text is to play in the translation action. The decisive factor is the precisely specified skopos, and the source text is just one constituent of the commission given to the translator.,Skopos theory holds a great advantage over traditional approaches when it comes to translation analysis and choice. In both cases, it asserts that analysis should begin at the same point as the translator or translation user will begin: the purpose of the translation. In doing so, it not only allows people to choose a translation following common-sense variables but also offers a stable and reliable framework for the discussion of individual translation techniques.,advantages of skopos theory,Advantage 1Translation is a DECISION MAKING process. The criteria for the decisions are provided by the skopos, i.e. the concrete purpose and aims in a concrete translation commission.目的论提供给翻译界一个更为合理，科学的判断标准。目的论摆脱了对等论的束缚，判断的标准不再是单纯目的语和源语之间纯文字间的对等，着重指出判断翻译的标准是目的语的目的达到与否。,Advantage 2 Its emphasis on the intentional nature of translation offers a new way of examining and choosing finished translations as well as opening new research avenues in translation reception and translator training. 目的论为广告文稿、旅游介绍、政治文献、食品等实用文体的翻译奠定了理论基础。Eg. Where there is a way, there is a toyota.车到山前必有路,有路就有丰田车Apple thinks different. 苹果电脑,不同凡“想”。(苹果电脑),Advantage 3 Skopos theory has helped to bring the target text into focus. As a text, a translation is not primarily determined by a source text, but by its own skopos. This axiom provides a theoretical argument for describing translations in terms of original text production and against describing them in the more traditional terms of EQUIVALENCE with another text in another language ( Jakobsen 1993:156). 它把翻译的定义拓宽了，使得翻译变成了一种语言和文化的双转换活动,创新了翻译理论。,For example,Is life worth living?It depends upon the liver!生命值得活下去吗？那得看你怎么个活法。（那得看你是否心满意足。）,Advantage 4 Translators have come to be viewed as target-text authors and have been released from the limitations and restrictions imposed by a narrowly defined concept of loyalty to the source text alone.目的论提升了译者的地位。译者根据翻译行为的目的从而决定译文的形式和内容。并授予了译者更为灵活、合理的翻译准则。As attention has turned towards the functional aspects of translation and towards the explanation of translation decisions, the expertise and ethical responsibility of the translator have come to the fore.,Criticism of skopos theory,The emphasis on translation purpose has also been the source of many of the objections to its use. Some objections concern the definition of translation and the relationship between source text and target text.Some come mainly from linguistically oriented approaches to translation that focus on bottom-up aspects of text production and reception.,Objection 1: Skopos theory is skewed towards “functionally equivalent” translationNewmark (1991b: 106) criticizes the oversimplification that is inherent in functionalism, the emphasis on the message at the expense of richness of meaning and to the detriment of the authority of the source-language text.In translation proper (Koller 1990), the source text is the yardstick by which all translations must be measured, independently of the purpose for which they were produced.Reiss and Vermeer, in their attempt to establish a truly general and comprehensive translation theory, force totally disparate cases of text relations into a frame which they attempt to hold together by means of the notion of information offer (Schreitmller 1994:105).,Objection 2 It neglected the source text too much, especially in terms of the STs linguistic features below text level.It is argued that, even though a translation may indeed f