春运介绍---英文.doc

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The number of passengers during the Chunyun period has exceeded the population of China, hitting the 2-billion mark in 2006. Rail transport experiences the biggest challenge during the period, and a myriad of social problems have emerged.OriginIt is a long-held cultural belief for most Chinese people that Chinese New Year is a time to reunite with the family. People come home from work and study and have the Reunion dinner with their family on New Years eve. The celebration lasts fifteen days, although the government only sanctions seven of these days to be statutory holidays, and it ends with the Lantern Festival. Many Chinese prefer to return home earlier and return work after the end of the official holiday.Since the Chinese economic reforms of the late 1970s, new economic opportunities have emerged outside of peoples ancestral homesteads, a significant increase occurred in the amount of floating population around the country. Places such as Special Economic Zones and the wealthy coastal regions offer a sought-after lifestyle of many people. A massive migration also occurred with rural populations moving to booming urban areas. In addition, Chinese education reforms have increased the number of university students, who often study outside their hometown. The Spring Festival holiday period falls appropriately in the same time frame as their winter vacation. 1.Among the 144 million railway passengers of the 2006 Chunyun period were 6.95 million university students, about a third of the total, who had booked student tickets 2. The number of members of the floating population was estimated at 50 million at 1990 and unofficially estimated at 150 million to 200 million in 2000 3.Because the Spring Festival Period falls under three week-long holiday periods in the Peoples Republic of China (the other two being National Day, Oct 1; and Labour Day, May 1), many people choose to travel around this time, adding to the pressure of the system.Significant problems also lie with Chinas current inter-city transportation systems. The railway network is insufficient to handle the amount of passengers, and does not reach enough places. The locations not served by railway must rely on bus transport, which face problems such as inadequate equipment and an insufficient road network.Impact on transportation systems and related problemsThe most affected modes of transportation are inter-city surface passenger transportation systems, namely railway and road networks. Most Chinese middle-class citizens cannot readily afford air transport. International, urban and waterway transportation are slightly affected 4. Until 2007, due to the high demand, the prices of tickets are increased during the period5. In 2007s Chunyun period (Feb 4-March 14), however, the government imposed strict regulations against inflated prices on railway tickets.Railway and busesThe Ministry of Railways estimated that 156 million passengers would take trains during the 2007 Chunyun period; in other words, 3.9 million passengers per day. However, the average daily capacity of the Chinese railway system is 2.4 million. The shortage of railway resources led many passengers to pay double or even triple-priced tickets from scalpers or to wait in queues for upwards of a days time at railway stations. Chinese railway tickets are simple in natureBecause of the extreme long waiting period, many customers become frustrated and search for solutions to jump the line, often resulting in conflict. Fights over places in line is often seen, and as people get closer to the ticket booth, much pushing and shoving ensue. The overworked ticket booth workers are generally frustrated with the repetitive and dull nature of their work, which, in most places in the country, come in long shifts every time, and therefore reflect a largely negative and frustrated image to the customers. Inquiries by customers are not always answered correctly or at all; customers are not offered many options to begin with, if time is alloted for indecision the customer is usually pushed aside by the next person in line. The same problem is found with phone lines, which saves the anxiety of waiting in line, but are severely overloaded and the reception is often rude when a ticket agent finally picks up after several hours of waiting. In Shenzhen it is estimated that 23 days worth of tickets can be gone in a matter of 14 minutes if telephone was the only method employed. An internet system is present, but at times inadequate.To fit demand, hundreds of temporary trains (Linke) and hundreds of thousands of temporary buses are operated during this period, the number of ticket offices is increased and selling periods are extended to cope with the demand, with temporary booths springing up. Batch orders from schools and factories are organized to distribute tickets ahead of time. These measures, however, are generally inadequate and often tampered with. For example, during the 2005 Chunyun period, the ticket offices in Shenzhen had tens of telephone lines, and at times got millions of calls per hour. In the Guangzhou area, the number of calls reached 19.91 million per hour. Guangzhou Railway Group increased the number of telephone lines at their ticket offices to 6,000 in the 2006 Chunyun period.Due to the basic nature of Chinese railway tickets and the loosely set limitations on the number of standing tickets (which is basically a pass to get on a crowded railway car), Scalpers (piaofanzi 票贩子 or huangniu 黄牛, lit. yellow cow in Chinese) profit greatly during the Chunyun period. Organizations of scalpers have emerged, and the scalpers inside the sometimes intricate network work collectively to make the most gain out of the tickets. They pick up tickets in great numbers minutes after they go on sale, and then deal them out in and around the railway station at highly inflated prices. A significant problem has also emerged with the illegal dealing of tickets through obselete ticket modification or even printing outright fake tickets using computer technology. Although measures have been put in place to prevent fake tickets, passengers who purchase the tickets become extremely frustrated when the authenticity of their tickets is questioned only upon arrival at the ticket validation officer, what would be minutes before boarding the train. Because of the worsening nature of the problem, the government has issued many warnings and began various campaigns to crack down on the scalpers. Unfortunately, because of the complicated nature of the problem and the social networks which surround the scalper organizations, police and other authorities who are supposed to be in charge of the crackdown often become involved in the illicit acitivity themselves, and take many bribes from the scalpers.There has also developed a significant safety risk during the Chunyun season. Theft, robbery, fraud and other crimes are the most flagarant during the time period. Passenger supervision and checks on luggage become more strict. The common belief in the safety of railway travel is undermined by the fact that many railway cars are severely overcrowded. Bus companies, in order to gain a bigger profit, overwork the bus drivers on irregular schedules, overloading people every round, causing a higher accident rate. Trains also face a problem with scheduling, as an overcrowded network cannot ensure the overall accuracy of train schedules, and some trains are habitually late hours at a time, cause unease and frustration with passengers. The government has taken to passing legislation to regulate late trains, and make a public notice and apology for late trains mandatory.The passenger flow during the Chunyun period is usually imbalanced. Before the Spring Festival, passengers usually gather in developed coastal cities, railway interchange cities such as Beijing and Guangzhou, and basically flow from urban to rural areas. The passenger flow direction is reversed after the Spring Festival. In addition, passenger flow is very sensitive to disruption, such as bad weather 6. In 2007, round-trip train tickets will be available for college students7.AirAir transportation is less affected as most travellers are workers who cannot afford air transport, but nevertheless the Chunyun impact is increasing. In 2006 roughly 14 million passengers used air transportation as their method of travel inside China. Xiamen Airlines, for example, added nearly 190 flights to its roster during the Chunyun period, with thirty flights especially placed to Hong Kong and Macau and another ten flights to international destinations in Southeast Asia and Korea. Cross-strait flights between Taiwan and mainland China are also permitted during this period.8 To prevent accidents in the air, the Chinese government has brought in very strict regulations on not overloading planes. The General Administration of Civil Aviation of China (CAAC