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Duration of Blackfoot /s/.,A comparison of assibilant, affricate, singleton, geminate and syllabic /s/ in Blackfoot.Donald Derrick, UBC LinguisticsFor: WSCLA 11, UBC, April, 2006,Introduction,Blackfoot is an Algonquian language primarily spoken in Alberta and MontanaBlackfoot consonant inventory includes /m, n, p, t, k, ts, ks, s/ in singleton and geminate contrasts.,Introduction,Blackfoot has only the one sibilant: /s/Blackfoot /s/ appears in many contexts:Assibilationunderlying /k/ or /t/ next to an /i/ and across morpheme boundaries “-” become /ks/ and /ts/ respectively (Frantz & Russel 1991, 1995, Armoskaite & Chvez-Pen, 2005)staaxtstsistaaht-itsiunder-pantunderpant(F&R 1995:232)(BB 06/02/09),Introduction,Affricates/ks/ or /ts/ within a morpheme (Elfner, 2004)ststsapikmisttsi-tsaapikimmpain-wire/stringbarbed wire(F&R 1995:97)(BB 06/02/01),Introduction,Singletonsdoes not alter underlying preceding vowel lengths (Frantz & Russel 1995)nisponiis-kiipofour-tenforty (F&R, 1995:134) (BB 05/10/12),Introduction,Geminatesdefined as an /s/ which shortens preceding long vowels or laxens preceding short vowels (Frantz & Russel 1995)satsi i-sataisiVERB-offendedbecome offended!(F&R 1995:204) (BB 06/02/01),Introduction,Syllabic /s/defined as elng /s/ preceded by a consonant (Derrick, 2006)omaksksinaomahk-sskssiinaabi-insectbig insect”(F&R 1995:86)(BB 05/11/29),Introduction,Super-long combinationsdefined as spirantizations (affricates) followed by syllabic /s/ (Derrick, 2006)omakssapiatssomahk-i-ssapiatsisbig-VERB-telescopebig field glasses(F&R 1995:85)(BB 06/03/16),Hypotheses,Blackfoot geminates /s/ and syllabic /s/ will be the same durationBlackfoot long /s/ will be longer than singleton /s/Blackfoot singleton /s/ will be longer than Blackfoot affricate /s/Blackfoot affricate /s/ will be longer than Blackfoot assibilant /s/All Blackfoot /s/s will be longer when adjacent to vowels than when adjacent to consonants.,Experiment,Blackfoot data involving /s/ in all the contexts listed was recorded and /s/ durations were measured in order to test the above 5 hypotheses:,Methods - participant,One participant (Beatrice Bullshields) provided citation form words containing Blackfoot assibilations, affricates, singletons, geminates, syllabic /s/s and super-long /s/s.A minimum of 3 tokens from 6 words for 18 measurements was elicited for each form (except ksV - 14 only),Methods - stimuli,Forms included: CsssV, CssC, CssV, VssC, CssC, VsV, VsC, tsV, tsC, t-V, ksV, ksC, k-VC = ConsonantV = Vowelsss = affricate + syllabic /s/ss = geminate or syllabic /s/s = singleton ss = affricate- = assibilation/morpheme boundary,Methods - recording,Recordings were completed using a Marantz 660 solid-state recorder with a countryman (phantom power) wired lapel microphone.Measurements were recorded using text tiers on PRAAT 4.4.0.7 for MacData was compiled in Excel 2004 for MacStatistics were analyzed using JMP IN 5.1 for Mac,Results - by type,All categories significantly different F(5,252) 123, P 0.0001 Each category is statistically different from each other P 0.005,Results - by Vowel Adjacency,Vowel adjacency to either edge of a long /s/ correlates to greater durationDuration of a geminate /s/ followed by a consonant is similar to a syllabic /s/ followed by a vowelDuration of a consonant bounded syllabic /s/ similar to vowel bounded singleton /s/Vowel bounded geminates are much longer than vowel bounded singletons,Results - by Vowel Adjacency,Singleton /s/ in onset position is 100% longer than singleton /s/ in codaAffricate /s/ in onset position is 33% shorter than affricate /s/ in coda,Both results are highly significant (P 0.0001),Singleton,Affricate,Discussion - Hypothesis tests,Hypothesis 1: Blackfoot geminates /s/ and syllabic /s/ will be the same durationFalse - syllabic /s/ is on average 25% shorter than geminate /s/long /s/ is approximately 50 ms longer per edge adjacent to a vowel.Hypothesis 2: Blackfoot long /s/ will be longer than singleton /s/True - geminate /s/ is 100% longer than singleton /s/, just like other geminates in Blackfoot,Discussion - Hypothesis tests,Hypothesis 3: Blackfoot singleton /s/ will be longer than Blackfoot affricate /s/True, but not by much - Blackfoot singleton /s/ is about 25% longer than affricate /s/in onset position, the difference is much greater with affricate /s/ at mean 103 ms and singleton /s/ at mean 201 ms, or 100% longer.Hypothesis 4: Blackfoot affricate /s/ will be longer than Blackfoot assibilant /s/True, but again not by much - Blackfoot affricate /s/ is about 25% longer than assibilant /s/. And, assibilant and affricate /s/ are similar lengths when in onset position.,Discussion - Hypothesis test,Hypothesis 5: All Blackfoot /s/s will be longer when adjacent to vowels than when adjacent to consonants.False, Blackfoot singleton and geminate /s/ are longer when adjacent to vowels, but affricates are shorter when adjacent to vowelsSlower energy changes on either side of /s/ sounds may correlate with longer durations:,Discussion - Energy Change,/s/ energy builds slower off of /t/ than /k/ onset. (comparisons to appear in proceedings.),/s/ energy decreases slowly into a vowel, quickly into a consonant.,singleton /s/ is shorter and sometimes quieter than geminate /s/.singleton /s/ does not reduce preceding vowels.,/s/ energy decreases slowly into a vowel, and vowel energy decreases into an /s/,Conclusion,Underlying morphophonology combined with vowel adjacency jointly predict average duration differences between geminate /s/, syllabic /s/, singleton /s/, and affricate & assibilant /s/With geminate and syllabic /s/, vowel adjacency effects are symmetricalAssibilant and underlying affricate /s/ have statistically similar duration in onset positionMore speakers and more natural speech must be analyzed to finalize these conclusions,References,Armoskaite, Solveiga and Chvez-Pen, Mario. (2005) Assibilation in Blackfoot LING 431/531 Field Methods, UBCDerrick, Donald (2005) “Blackfoot Geminates.” LING 531, Field