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商务英语 / 洽谈国际贸易 / 1A价钱 Price某家公司的营业部经理和财务部经理为新产品的定价持相反意见,而且各有说辞。A: I really think this price is too high. A price has to be based on costs and the profit you want. B: I know. But pricing has to be based on what customers want too, which differs from place to place and time to time. A: Yes, experience shows the same product is priced differently in different markets. But why so much higher in this market? B: There are many rich people in this area, so a skimming price is OK - and even needed, because they think only a high price means a good product. A: But the market prices for other similar products are much lower. Buyers will notice the flexibility in the price structure, and buy from other companies. B: I dont think so. I think the others will have to raise their price ceiling to make customers believe that their products are as good as ours. A: 我真的认为这个价钱太高。价钱是要根据成本和你所想要的利润而定。B: 我知道。但是定价也须以顾客的需要为基础,而这种需要是会因时因地而异的。A: 没错。根据经验,相同产品在不同的市场会订出不同的价钱。但为什么在这个市场要订这么高?B: 这个地区多的是有钱人,所以最高利润价行得通,甚至可以说是必要的。因为他们认为只有高价位才能代表好产品。A: 但其它同类产品的市价就低了很多,购买者会注意到价格上的差异,转而购买其它公司的产品。B: 我可不认为。我倒觉得其它同行得提高价格的上限,让顾客相信他们产品和我们的一样好。 skimming price 最高利益获取价;吸脂价格skim,当动词,有撇取液体表面浮物的解释。而skimming在商业上则有其引申之意,指获取最高利益的定价策略。这种策略通常用在一项新产品刚上市时,因产物本身的特殊性吸引消费者,再加上尚无竞争对手,使得制造商哄抬价格,赚取最大可能之利润。skimming price即指厂家最高获利之价格。 market price 市价商品在市场上由供给与需求情形所决定的价格。 flexibility in the price structure 价位伸缩性flexibility,弹性。price structure则可解为价格幅度。flexibility in the price structure乃指某产品之既定最高至最低价钱的伸缩空间。structure,结构。 price ceiling 价位上限,最高价ceiling,原指天花板;引申为上限,经常用来指财经商业方面的最高幅度限制。相反词则为price floor最低价位、下限;floor原意为地板。 根据经验显示 1. Experience shows that. 2. Its well-known that. 3. Its common knowledge that. 用这样的句子开头语通常是为了强调自己的论点是依客观的观察和实际经验而来,并非个人主观的想法或臆测。因此这说法听起来就比I think我个人认为.有说服力得多。商务英语 / 洽谈国际贸易 / 1B价钱 Price一位供货商支持他的中盘商对市面上价格的波动抱着以不变应万变的态度;但这样的价格策略真的最好吗?有没有隐忧呢? A: You know, I think its smart to stay with the same low price. Your customers will be pleased. B: We think that the basis price should stay low. Its wrong to raise prices just because market demand is going up fast. A: Right. With such competitive prices, your regular customers will buy only from you, and Im sure youll get a lot of new customers. B: Im just afraid we might start a price war. The bigger companies might lower their prices to try to take our customers away, and close us down. A: If later they try to compete with you by lowering their prices, I think the consumers would know they had loaded prices before, and would feel cheated. B: Well, I dont think the consumers would know unless someone tells them. A: 我认为把价格维持在低价位真是明智之举。你的顾客群会满意的。B: 我们认为基本价应该维持在低价位,不能因为市场的需求攀升就哄抬价钱。A: 嗯,有这样的竞争价格,你的老主顾还是会向你们买,而且我确信你们还会吸引更多的新顾客。B: 只怕我们会展开一场价格战。大公司可能会降低价格,把我们的顾客拉走,甚至让我们倒闭。A: 如果他们过一阵子为了和你们竞争而降价,那消费者就会知道这些公司原来的定价高得不合理,而觉得受骗上当。B: 唉,但我可不相信消费者会明白这种事实,除非有人指出来。 basis price 基本价basis,基础。basis price是指未含其它附带或额外服务的价格。 competitive price 竞争的价格competitive, 原是竞争性的,在此暗示有竞争潜力的。一个能够在市场上与其它同类产品较劲的产品,其价格通常是属于较低或中等。 price war 价格战当各厂商销售商为促销产品,不计后果,竞相削价,而使得市价大乱,此乃为价格战。消费者在这场战争中通常扮演赢家,但如不懂看紧荷包,可能也会遭受损失。war,战争。 loaded price 附加费用价格loaded,有负荷的。这个名词是指过度超出产品成本的价格。通常是因为提供某种额外的服务(如特别包装、急件等),或者受销售策略影响,而把产品售价提高得极不合理。 我担心 1. Im just afraid that. 2. My fear is that. 3. My only hesitation is that. afraid,害怕、不安。在此型中引申为我恐怕.,而that后面所引述的事情通常有否定意味。这也是经常表示不能完全同意的实用句型,尤其在商业谈判中很少有人会直接说No,而用此开头语表达心中疑虑。商务英语 / 洽谈国际贸易 / 1C价钱 Price买卖双方为了一批产品的价码磋商多回;这一次再晤面,都决定应该互让一步,也好顺利结束长期的谈判。 A: Cant we find a price thats within my companys reach? Negotiations have been going on too long. B: Agreed. But we need to find a price that is good for both sides. A: To be honest, if you keep holding off for a lower price we wont be able to make a deal, because we wont be able to make a profit. B: OK. You say your cost price is 100 for each unit, and you want a 20% profit. Thats 120 per unit. Would you accept a 7% profit if we doubled the order? A: That would mean a price of 107 per unit, which I think is still too low. If you can accept 110 per unit, we have a deal. B: An invoice price of 110? Ill have to check it with my boss, but I think we can accept those terms. A: 应该谈出个敝公司能接受的价码了吧?!这次的谈判进行得够久了!B: 没错。但我们总要定一个对双方都有利的价钱!A: 说真的,您如果还想压低价钱,我们是很难谈出结果的,因为这样我们公司会一毛钱也赚不到!B: 好吧!您说贵公司成本价是每单项100元,还要维持20%的利润,那就是单价120元。如果我们订货量加一倍,您能接受7%的利润吗?A: 那就是每单项降低为107元。这价钱我认为还是太低。如果您可以接受110元,那就成交。B: 指发票价格吗?我得和老板商量一下,不过,我想这个条件可以接受。 cost price 生产价格、成本价格cost,成本、花费。这个说法即指产品在未附加任何其它费用之前的生产成本价格。另外,cost price也可解释为买下一批货时的进货价格,又称成本价格。 invoice price 发票价格invoice,发票、收据。发票价格即是针对一商品登记在供货商发票上的价格。 老实说 1. To be honest,. 2. To tell you the truth,. 3. To be frank,. honest, 诚实的。这样子的句子开头语,经常可见于一般会话当中;就等于中文的:老实说,凭良心讲.。若要说明是对某人说真话,即直接用介词with。在商业谈判中,To be honest with you,.是常常听到的用语。商务英语 / 洽谈国际贸易 / 2A询价 Inquiry某零售商想向制造商打探新型计算机的详情。第一次接触时,买方应如何得到初步的数据呢? Our contacts in the computer industry speak highly of your new computer, the SuperWang. We would like to make an inquiry about it. Thats fine. We have some catalogs that give full details of the SuperWang computer. Ill send them to you today. If you dont mind, could you also send us some information about your other products? We might be interested in them as well. Certainly. And if you have any other questions, please feel free to contact me anytime. Thank you. As soon as we have any further inquiries, Ill give you a call. Thank you for phoning, Mr. Smith. I hope we can do business together, and look forward to hearing from you soon. 我们计算机界的朋友,对你们的新型计算机超级霸王评价很高。所以我想问一下这个产品的情形。太好了。我们有些超级霸王详细的目录数据,我今天就给您寄过去。如果您不介意的话,能不能也寄给我们一些贵公司其它产品的数据;我们可能也会有兴趣。当然可以。如果有任何问题,请不要客气,随时跟我联络。谢谢。只要我们想做进一步的查询,我会打电话通知您。Smith先生,谢谢您来电话。希望我们有机会合作,我就静候您的回音。 make an inquiry about 针对(产品)询价inquiry查询、询问,商用上为询价之意。指买方在采购前,为了对商品有更进一步之了解,而向卖方查询货物价格及其它交易条件(如品质、数量、付款方式等)的行动。inquiry也可拼为enquiry。 full details of 全部(交易)细节detail,详情、细节;在商业上另指交易细节,为特殊用法。交易细节是指买卖双方进行交易时必备的一些数据,包括品质、数量、价格、付款方式、交货时间、保险购买等项目。因此full details of.有两种含意:一为有关的全部详情;二为全部交易细节。解释凭上下文而定。 further inquiries 进一步的询价买方在询价之初,通常只要求卖方提供有关货物之一般性资料。经过评估比较后,若仍感兴趣则会提出进一步的询价。此时之询价已较具体,次数亦频繁,交易成功的可能性亦随之增加。further,进一步的。 如果您不介意 1. If you dont mind. 2. If its acceptable to you. 3. If it is no trouble (to you). mind,介意。这是句客套话,说完这句话之后就可以接着提出本身希望的条件或将要执行的动作。这个句型的用意是在礼貌性的询问对方是否同意你的提议。商务英语 / 洽谈国际贸易 / 2B询价 Inquiry零售商以电子邮件发了一封询价信给供货商之后,第二天即与对方联络。以下就是供货商在电话中向他报价的情形: A: Good morning. We e-mailed an inquiry to you yesterday about the SuperWang computer. B: Oh yes! Thanks. I was told that our salesman, Mr. Chen, had solicited your inquiry. A: Yes. Mr. Chen. I met him at a trade show last month, and he gave me full particulars on the SuperWang. B: In your e-mail you asked for a quotation. We can quote you U.S. $800 for the item. A: That sounds good. When would be the earliest delivery date for an order of 2000 units? B: Thats not a difficult matter, but Ill need to check. I think 20 days from the day the order is made would be the earliest date possible. A: 您早。昨天我们发了一封有关超级霸王计算机的电子询价信给您。B: 噢!有,有。谢谢。听说是我们业务员陈先生主动请你们来询价的。A: 是啊!上个月在贸易展览上我和他见了一面,他给我超级霸王所有的详细数据。B: 您在信中要求我们报价,我现在就可报给您,是美金800元。A: 很好。那如果订2000台,最快在什么时候可以交货?B: 这不难,可是我还要查一下。我想最快也要下订单后20天! solicit your inquiry 促请您询价solicit,恳求、请求之意。solicit your inquiry是欢迎买者前来询问产品的商业客套话。一般询价通常由买方提出,但卖方为推广产品,亦可主动提供商品数据给买方,以期引起买方的与趣。这在销售上是一种反守为攻的主动作法。 quote 报价;开估价单quote为动词,名词为quotation。这是指买卖其中一方(大多数为卖方)将价格及条件报给对方。这个字的用法与offer虽可交替使用,但实务上,用offer时,通常已决定了交易数量及其它交易条件,而用quote或quotation时,却尚未敲定交易数量。 earliest delivery date 尽快送达;最早交货日期delivery原意为运送、交付;delivery date;即交货日期,在国际贸易实务的习惯上,这其实是指装运日期-date of shipment(由于国际贸易多采海上运输)但交货日期又分为两种:即期交货和定期交货。即期交货并未载明确切日期,因此容易发生纠纷,在实务应用上远不如约好交货日子的定期交货来得普遍,而earliest delivery date最早交货日期,属于未限定日期的即期交货。 何时会 1. When would be.? 2. Can you advise me as to when.? 3. May I inquire as to when.? 这个句型主要是很客气地询问对方什么时候可以做某件事。would be与will be意义相同,将会是.之意,但口气上would比will要客气得多。所以在请别帮忙某事时是多用Would you please.,而较少用Will you please.。商务英语 / 洽谈国际贸易 / 2C询价 Inquiry一家服饰店在订货前,想向供货商谈谈折扣的条件。前者在以下这封信中很客气地提出自己的要求,充分显示欲建立商业关系的诚意: We are a group of stores that sell clothes, and on enquiry have learned you are a supplier with a wide range of clothes at competitive prices. We would like to inquire about making large orders, and place under negotiation a discount of 20% off your quoted list prices if we place large orders. If these conditions are acceptable, and you can meet orders of over 2000 pieces at the earliest delivery dates, we would like to make an inquiry for full particulars - a catalog and price list. We look forward to hearing from you soon, and invite any inquiries you may have. 我们是销售成衣的商店群,经询价后获悉贵公司以平价供应多种成衣。我们想询问有关下大订单,经过双方的协商,是否可按你们报价单上的价钱打八折?如果我们下大订单的话。如果贵公司可接受上述条件,而且能在最早交货期限内完成2000件,我们希望贵公司能提供详细的数据,如目录价目表等。盼能很快收到回音,并非常欢迎你们前来询问。 on enquiry 经询问,询问后on在此应解释为在.时,在之后,表示一个动作发生之后,另一个动作即随之产生。因此on enquiry.是说经由询问之后.。 invite (any) inquiries 欢迎询问(询价)invite意思是邀请、请求,invite any inquiries即表示很欢迎、很鼓励对方来询问任何有閞产品本身买卖条件等的问题,与solicit inquiries的意思接近。 我们想要 1. We would like to. 2. Would it be possible for us to.? 3. May we.? would like to这个词组意思是想做某事,等于want to,但语气较want to客气,这是商业、正式场合中做请求的实用句型。可写做:Wed like to.。商务英语 / 洽谈国际贸易 / 3A报价 Offer买方接到供货商的购货报价后,对价格有些意见,于是向供货商还价。但买方表现得相当坚决,我们可以从以下会话得知: A: Your selling offer sounds good, but wed like to place some of the details under negotiation. B: We understand that our selling offer was simply to open the negotiations. Can you give us the details of your counter offer? A: Well, in our buying offer we would like to ask for 10 percent off your prices if we place orders over 5000 units per month. B: Well, that sounds reasonable, but I cant make a decision yet. I must discuss it with my boss. A: Thats fine. But I must point out that the offer is only valid until the end of the month. B: I understand fully. I promise to get back to you as soon as possible with a counter offer. A: I must make it clear that there can be no counter offer. The answer must be either yes or no. If no, well look for another supplier. A: 您的售货报价看起来不错,但有些细节我们想提出来和你们商量。B: 我们知道报价只是协调的开始。能不能详细说明贵公司的反报价?A: 我们的购买价是,希望能照价打九折。如果每月订货超过5000件。B: 嗯!算是合理。不过,我现在还不能决定,我必须和我的老板谈谈。A: 可以,但我必须声明,这个报价只到月底有效。B: 我完全了解。我一定尽快给贵公司我们的发还价。A: 这里我要说清楚,你们不能再还价。行就行,不行就算了。如果不行,我们就找其它供货商了。 selling offer 售货报价,销货要约offer,报价;selling offer,又称offer to sell,是指卖方为销售货物,主动发给买方的报价。一般报价,大多是如此。 counter offer 反报价;还价counter,形容词,意思是相反的、相对的。反报价是指被报价人不能完全接受报价人的条件,但尚有交易意愿,乃将原报价修改,或附加新条件,再反过来向原报价人是出新报价。法律上视为新约;贸易实务上则视为新报价,此时原报价则失效。 buying offer 购货报价这是买方为购买货物,主动向卖方发出的报价。又称purchasing offer或bid(出价)。与selling offer正好相反。 the offer is valid until. 报价有效期限到.valid,有效的、正当的;until,直到,后面按时间日期。这是报价时常用的句型,意在提醒对方尽快回复,以免延误时效。关键词为valid。 我必须说明. 1. I must point out. 2. I must make it clear. 3. I must tell you. must,必须;point out,指出,特别说明;这个句型之后可接that子句。must这个助动词使说话者的语气变得十分坚决,比have to与should都强烈,用于要求对方绝对遵守约定时。商务英语 / 洽谈国际贸易 / 3B报价 Offer买卖双方正在商议一宗买卖的条件。以下的对话中,报价人打算在短时间内,促使对方接受报价。 A: Im thrilled that your company wants to do business with us. Id like to submit an offer right now. B: You certainly do work fast. Can I tell my company this is a firm offer? A: Yes. However, it is subject to your reply being given within one week. Im sorry, but I have to give you a short time limit. B: One week is not a long time, if you think of all the hardware and software details that we will have to talk about. A: I understand that, and Im sorry. But we must be sure we can get those supplies soon. B: Well, Ill do my best to give you a call within two days at the latest. A: I appreciate that. I know I dont really need to say this, but well have to withdraw our offer if we dont hear from you by Friday. A: 很高兴贵公司要和我们做生意。我现在就可以报价。B: 你的动作真快!我回去可以跟公司说这是确定报价吗?A: 可以。不过您要在一星期内答复才算有效。很抱歉,但我只能给你这么短的期限。B: 一个星期实在不算长,想想有关硬件及软件的所有细节,我们必须讨论的。A: 我了解,也觉得抱歉。但是我们一定要在这几天内确定是否能获得货源。B: 好吧!我尽量最迟在两天内就回你电话。A: 谢谢。我实在不需要再说这些,但是,如果星期五以前,仍未接到您的回音,我们就得撤回报价。 submit an offer 提出报价submit,提出;提出报价可由买卖任何一方向对方提出表示愿意依自己所开的条件,与对方共定法律上有效的买卖契约,方式则以电报、传真或函寄为主。 firm offer 确定报价,稳固报价firm,稳定的、确定的。firm offer即平常所谓的offer,是目前国际上通用的报价方式。稳固报价在报价单上载明了接受期限,并规定在期限内,所报出的各项条件都不得改变。因此被报价人只要在期限内接受,契约即告成立。而一旦对方有效地接受之后,报价之不得拒绝订立合约。 subject to your reply being given. 在(某时)subject,在此为形容词;subject to,依照,视.而定。reply,回答。此句后面加上时间,用于规定接受报价的期限,例如:subject to your reply being given within one week(一星期内答复即视为确定报价)。 withdraw ones offer 撤回报价withdraw撤回。报价在被接受前,报价人得随时撤回。撤回的通知,须在对方发出接受通知之前抵达到对方。如在对方接受报价通知发出之后,则撤回无效。撤销(cancellation)则不同,它是指报价生效后撤销报价,使之无效的行为。 我不得不说. 1. I know I dont (really) need to say this, but. 2. I realize you understand this, but. 3. I know I dont need to remind you, but. need to,必需。I know.but这句型表示自己不得不,事实上强调的是but之后所连接的子句,用意在提醒对方的注意。因为若直接提出可能发生的不利的情况,威胁意味明显;以此句开头,可以缓和语气。 商务英语 / 洽谈国际贸易 / 3C报价 Offer某制造商发函给进口商,主要是更正上次报价的条件。信函是这么写的:We would like to modify the offer given to you in our fax last week. We have discovered that the material to be used to make each unit will be NT$1500, not NT$1000. Thus, we regret to inform you that the offer must be raised from NT$4000 to NT$4500 per unit. We are very sorry for the error; no extra costs will be passed on to you. As we stated in the last fax, this offer remains in force until the end of the month. Again, we remind you that this is an offer without engagement. 我们想修改上星期传真给您的报价,因为我们发现制造每单项产品的原料价格应为新台币1500元,而不是1000元。因此我们很抱歉通知您,原报价格必须从每单项4000元提高到4500元。我们对这个错误感到十分抱歉,我们不会对您加收额外的费用了。和上一封传真提过的一样,这个报价到月底有效。此外,我们要再次提醒您,这是可变更报价。 modify the offer 修正报价modify 修正、变更。报价之后,如经对方同意,亦可做修正,例如变更报价之展期等。 offer remains in force until. 报价至.为止有remain维持不变。in force,这个词组是说有效、实行中;force在此意指效力。until之后加日期,这个表达语等于offer is valid until.。 offer without engagement 不受约束之报价;可变更engagement 约束。此类报价方式之报价人有权变更原条件,即使已收到对方的确认函(电),仍可变更原报价。 很抱歉通知您 1. We regret to inform you that. 2. We are sorry to have to tell you that. 3. It is with (sincere) apologies that. regret遗憾、抱歉之意。inform 通知、告诉之意,比tell正式严肃。此说法通常用于告诉对方坏消息时,一开始应先表示己方之遗憾或抱歉,让对方先有心理准备,再进一步解说问题所在,要求对方的谅解或认同。商务英语 / 洽谈国际贸易 / 4A市场 Market卖方欲向买方推销产品,但由于经济不景气,买方精打细算,处处小心。而卖方也是如此.A: It is my opinion that this is not a good time to put this new product on the market. B: Why not? Our market report shows that theres a demand for this product. A: I think the report is incomplete; I agree the product is good, but what the report doesnt show is that the market is on a downward trend. B: A good product will sell well whether the market is up or down - it creates its own market. A: I dont think so. When the market slumps, theres no chance for a new product to sell in large numbers. B: But now it seems that unfavorable market conditions may get better soon. A: Thats only a guess. We cant take the chance. A: 依我之见,现在并不是把这项新产品推上市场的适当时机。B: 为什么不是?根据市场报告,这种产品有它的需求量啊!A: 我想这份报告不太完整。我同意这是好产品,但报告没有指出的是,市场有下滑的趋势。B: 好的产品,不管市场下滑或上扬,还是会卖的好;它会创造出自己的市场。A: 我可不同意这一点。当市场暴跌时,新产品根本没有机会大量销售。B: 可是目前看来,市场情况可能不久就会好转。A: 那也只是猜测而已,我们可不能这么冒险。 market report 市况报告,市场调查report,报告。market report是指有关当地市场的生产量、交易量、存货量、成本价与市场走向的资料。此类数据通常可取自媒体报导,或者由买方或卖方聘请代理人提供。 market on a downward trend 市场有下滑的趋势downward 向下的;trend 趋势走向。这个表达语形容某个市场由盛而衰。downward之相反字为upward,因此市场有上扬的趋势可说成The market is on an upward trend.。 market slump 市场暴跌slump,重跌;不景气之意。这个字强调突然的下跌,而非平缓地下降。整个词组是指某类产品在市面上的需求量骤然剧减;另外,它也经常用来形容股票市场的重挫情形。 依我看 1. It is my opinion that. 2. In my view,. 3. I feel that. opinion,意见、看法之意;that之后接自己想表达的看法。这句型很清楚地表明这只是个人的意见,不涉及是非对错,因此并没有强烈驳斥他人的意味。语气虽直截了当,却不失和缓。商务英语 / 洽谈国际贸易 / 4B市场 Market买方预期景气即将复苏,打算抓住此一契机,与制造厂商联手出击,开创市场新天地。A: We feel the market will soon be on the upgrade, and its time to work together on this new product. B: I think we all agree that there will be a market boom soon. If we plan ahead, we shall beat our competitors. A: Yes. When people start spending the money they saved during the market slump, well do well. B: Were ready to put a lot of money into making the product. Are you going to invest in marketing to develop the market for it? A: Yes. Our company is not making much money now, but we know if we spend money to develop the market for this product, future profits will be good. B: Its a feature of the market that people start to buy things only when they are sure the market is getting better. A: 我们觉得市场的行情很快就会上扬。现在合作推出新产品,正是时候。B: 我想我们都同意,市场景气很快会好起来;如果我们提早计划,就可凌驾其它竞争者了。A: 没错。等到顾客开始花他们在不景气时所省下的钱时,我们就发了。B: 我们已经准备了一大笔钱来制造新产品。贵公司是否也要投资这个产品的行销,一起开发市场?A: 是的。我们公司现在虽然不是很赚钱,可是我们知道,如果我们投资开发这项产品的市场,未来的利润将会看好。B: 这是市场的特色:也就是说大家非得确定市场会好转,才会开始买东西。 the market is on the upgrade 市场看涨upgrade,上扬、提升;up在此有向上的意思。市场看涨表示经济复苏,市价逐渐向上扬升,而商品交易亦日趋活络。与之相反者为The market is off (down).(市场下滑)和The market is on a downward trend.。 market boom 市场繁荣;市场景气boom繁荣;兴盛之意。market boom是指因商品的需求增加,带动工业的生产,使得市场上的交易活动热烈。与strong market类似。 develop a market 开发新市场;拓展市场这个用语的基本意义是指,为一项全新推出或既有的产品寻求销售对象或通路。若针对全新产品,develop a market 是表示为此产品找到消费群,使之能顺利进入市场;若针对旧有产品,则表示为它开展不曾接触的贩卖领域,如增加不同的通路或销往国外。 我们都同意 1. (I think) we all agree that. 2. (I am sure) we all think that. 3. (I know) we all believe that. agree,赞成、同意之意。表示谈话双方共同赞成之事。说者在听完对方提出的意见后,若有同意感则可用此句拉拢彼此的距离。agree的相反词为disagree,大家都不同意可译为We all disagree with that-。商务英语 / 洽谈国际贸易 / 4C市场 Market正当景气低迷之际,某公司聘请一位顾问为产品的结构把把脉,试图挽回市场颓势。顾问的建议如下:
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