3.天津812爆炸事件的反思(第三部分).doc

1.坚持预防为主1.Sticking to the principle of prevention first凡事预则立，有备则无患。2007年11月，国家层面的突发事件应对法正式颁布实施，同时也要求各地政府制定与之相配套的具体实施办法。天津市实施中华人民共和国突发事件应对法办法颁布实施的时间是2015年7月1日，正好是天津特大火灾爆炸事故发生前一个月，这个时间已经是国家突发事件应对法颁布实施近8年，8年时间研究制定出一部具体的实施办法本应该更具体、更有效，但实际检验来看，天津市政府在应急管理方面还有诸多要加强，依然需要完善，正如2016年1月24日天津市市长黄兴国在做政府工作报告时说，安全是发展的基础，是最大的民生。天津港“812”瑞海公司危险品仓库火灾爆炸事故造成重大人员伤亡和财产损失，这起事故反映出天津市安全生产存在的突出问题，深入实施安全天津建设纲要，全面落实主体责任、制度规范、设施建设、全员安全、信息管理和专家检查“5+1”安全监管措施，以坚决的态度严守安全红线。 As the saying goes:“Preparedness ensures success, unpreparedness spells failure, and preparedness also prevents calamity.”In November 2007,the national level of “Measures Dealing with Emergencies Law”was formally promulgated and implemented, and also required local governments to develop and implement the similarly specific measures. Tianjin city, “the implementation of the peoples Republic of Chinas Methods Dealing with Emergency Law”promulgated the implementation in July 1, 2015, which is just the moment that Tianjin extra large fire and explosion accident occurred a month before, this time is already national “The Measures Dealing with Emergencies Law” promulgated and implemented in recent 8 years, 8 years of research develop a specific measures for the implementation of this should be more specific, more effective, according to the actual testing, Tianjin municipal government in emergency management there are many aspects to strengthen, still need to improve,just as on January 24, 2016, Tianjin mayor Huang Xingguo said in the government work report, “safety is the foundation of development and the largest livelihood. Tianjin port “812 ”Ruihai company, the warehouse where stored the dangerous goods took place the fire explosion accident caused heavy casualties and property losses, the accident reflects the outstanding problems existing in the production safety in Tianjin city, in-depth implementation of “Safety Construction of Tianjin outline”, fully implement the main responsibility, normative system, infrastructure construction, full security, information management and experts to inspect the “5+1”safety supervision measures, with a resolute attitude to keep strict security red line.2. 坚持以人为本 2.Upholding people as foundation发生突发事件往往必然会造成财物损失、设备损坏或人员伤亡，特别是像天津港812发生危险化学品特大火灾爆炸事故，对人财物构成的威胁更大，破坏力更强，往往会发生次生灾害。政府在应急管理当中，面对已经发生的损失，该舍弃的要舍弃，对正在发生的损害，要有选择地施救，首要原则是先救人，坚持以人为本，把人的生命安全放在第一位。具体在事故现场，首先，要在保障救援队伍自身具有安全保护的前提下开展救灾工作，充分保障救援人员的生命安全，对救援者的生命同样给予尊重。其次，紧急疏散事故现场周边居民群众，避免次生灾害造成更多居民伤亡。第三，做好医疗、卫生、生活等基本后勤保障，保障受伤群众得到及时救治，受影响群众得到妥善安置。最后，加强对受灾人群的灾后心理救助。 The occurrence of unexpected events are bound to cause property damage, equipment damage or personnel casualties, especially like Tianjin Port 812 occurrence of dangerous chemicals catastrophic fire explosion and property on the greater threat, more destructive, often secondary disasters. Government in emergency management, facing the loss has occurred, the abandoned to give up, to ongoing damage to selectively rescue. The first principle is to save lives,to adhere to the people-oriented, put peoples life safety in the first place.Specifically at the scene of the accident, first of all, to guarantee the rescue team has its own security protection under the premise to carry out relief work, to fully protect the rescue personnel life safety, to give respect to the life of the rescuers also. Secondly, to evacuated the surrounding residents at the scene of the accident , to avoid secondary disasters causing more casualties among residents. Thirdly, to do a good job in the medical, health, life and other basic logistical support to protect the injured people get timely treatment, the affected people are properly placed. Finally, it is necessary to strengthen the affected population of post disaster psychological assistance. 3. 坚持科学施救3.Adhering to the scientific rescue 盲目施救往往会导致次生灾害，造成二次或多次伤亡，越是发生重大灾难性事故，越要求政府管理应急冷静处置，要科学判断潜在风险，科学决策、科学施救、安全施救，做到时间服从进度、进度服从质量与安全，全力以赴打好抢险救援攻坚战。首先，要发挥科技专家的智囊作用，为科学施救提供智力支持，指定科学的救援办法。其次，注重发挥专业队伍的救灾作用。第三、充分利用现代信息网络技术，配备和使用科技先进救灾仪器和设备，提高救灾效率。 Blindly rescue often leads to secondary disasters, which results in secondary or multiple casualties, the more disastrous accident, the more calm disposition requirements of government emergency management. To scientifically determine the potential risk, scientific decision-making, scientific rescue, the safety of rescue and do follow the progress in obedience to the quality and safety, and go all out to play a good rescue battle. First of all, let the science and technology experts think tank play their roles, provide intellectual support for the scientific rescue, scientific measures to rescue the specified. Secondly, focusing on the role of the professional team of disaster relief role. Third, make full use of modern information network technology, equipment and technology advanced rescue equipment and equipment use and improve the efficiency of disaster relief.4.坚持统一指挥4.Persisting in the unified command条块分割、各自为政、缺乏协调统一的指挥是发生重大灾害事故后应急管理不能充分发挥应急救援效能的重要因素。应急管理存在跨界性，常常需要跨越地域边界和职能边界，在天津港特大火灾爆炸事故应急管理当中，就存在天津市、天津滨海新区、天津市交委、天津港及天津各有关部门之间的博弈，这导致很多职能部门并不能较好的协调配合，存在推卸责任的情形。瑞海公司所在的天津港在行政地理区划上属于天津市滨海新区，但作为中央直属企业，主管单位为交通运输部，因此，瑞海公司作为危险化学品仓储运输企业，其安全生产和管理既受天津港的监督，也受到天津市交通运输委员会、天津市安全生产监督管理局、滨海新区安全生产监督管理局、滨海新区规划和国土资源管理局的监管，因此，对于中央直属企业内所发生重大突发事故，需要在更高层次上设立指挥中心，打破条块分割，统一指挥和协调各职能部门开展紧急救援及事后原因调查。 The government organization is carved up, each of them does things separately. Lacking of coordination and unity of command is an important factor after a major disaster accident happened in which the emergency management cant play a role in emergency rescue efficiency. Emergency management is cross-border, which often across geographical boundaries and functional boundaries, in the emergency management of Tianjin port fire explosion accident, Tianjin City, Tianjin Binhai new area, Tianjin transportation committee, the game between the Tianjin port and the relevant departments of Tianjin resulted that many departments shirk responsibility and can not have a coordination relationship. The Ruihai company is located in Tianjin Ruihai port which belongs to Tianjin Binhai New Area in the administrative regionalization, but as the enterprises directly lead under the central government, the major department is The Ministry of Transport. Therefore, as the storage and transportation enterprises, Ruihai runs the hazardous chemicals, its safe production and management is under the supervision of the port of Tianjin, and also by Tianjin Municipal Transportation Commission Member, Tianjin Municipal Production Safety Supervision and Management Bureau, Binhai New Area of Production Safety Supervision and Management Bureau, coastal district planning and management of Land Resources Bureau of supervision. Consequently, for the enterprises directly lead under the central government in the event of a major emergency accident which needs to be set up command center in the higher level , to break the fragmentation, to unite of command and coordination , to carry out emergency rescue and subsequent investigation of the cause in all functional departments.5.坚持依法应对5.Insisting on lawfully reply针对突发事件，政府的应急管理和处置必须要依法。安全生产法、突发事件应对法和各地政府的具体实施办法是各地政府应对突发事件最根本的法律依据。事前要依法做好安全防范，按照安全生产法律法规进行监督、检查、审批。事中要依法紧急处置，依法封锁危险场所，划定警戒区，实行交通管制，依法从严惩处破坏、扰乱社会秩序的行为，维护社会治安；依法征用向单位和个人征用应急救援所需设备、设施、场地、交通工具和其他物资。事后要依法善后，对征用的物资要依法进行偿还或赔偿，对事故原因依法进行调查，对责任依法进行追究，对事故损失依据责任依法进行赔偿。天津港爆炸的善后处理中，滨海新区政府出面与房屋受损业主谈判，对受损房屋进行回购，这样的政府回购是否合理、合法，存在极大争议。 For emergencies, emergency management and disposal of government must be according to the law. “Safety Production Law” , “ Measures Dealing with Emergencies Law” and the specific methods of local governments is the legal basis for local governments to deal with emergencies. The most fundamental advance is to do a good job in security, in accordance with the laws and regulations of safety production supervision and inspection, examination and approval. According to the emergency disposal process and the blockade of dangerous places, designated warning area, the implementation of traffic control, severely punishing those who damage and disturb social order, maintain of public security; requisitioned units and individuals to sign with the necessary emergency rescue equipment, facilities, venues, transportation and other supplies. Afterwards to the aftermath of the law, the requisition of supplies, according to the law of payment or compensation, to investigate the cause of the accident in accordance with the law of accountability, the loss of the accident liability in accordance with the law for compensation. On the basis of Tianjin port explosion Bombing of the deal, the Binhai New District government need to negotiate with the owners of damaged houses, to buy back the damaged houses, whether the government buy back is reasonable or legitimate, there is a great controversy.6.消防队伍职业化6. Make the fire brigade professional我国当前消防力量的构成是以公安消防部队为主，专职消防队、志愿消防队为辅。消防队伍所实行的部队现役体制决定了其始终是一支年轻的队伍，这支队伍在重大突发事件及抗震救灾中当中确实发挥了重要作用，但是其毕竟是由现役军人组成，面临服役期的限制，消防队员服役期满后就将离开消防队伍，这决定了现行的消防力量始终处于新老交替的流动状态，这种流动状态决定了经过一定培训和锻炼实践获得了丰富实战经验的消防队员不能职业性地长期从事消防工作，在实际抢险中往往是消防经验不十分丰富的新的消防员，增加了消防员的安全风险。我国应借鉴发达国家经验，在消防队伍建设上应该朝职业化方向发展，走消防力量职业化道路。在英国，专门设有消防学院，从新入职的消防员到地方消防官员都需到学院接受培训；日本建有专门的消防学校，队员经过严格的职业教育训练，才能成为合格消防员；美国也有三分之一左右的消防员属于职业消防员。Chinas current fire power is mainly by the public security fire troops, full-time fire brigade, volunteer fire brigade forces system as a supplement. The fire team decides that it is always a young team, the team plays an important role in major emergencies and disaster relief, but it is after all composed of servicemen, facing the service