高中英语定语从句全面详细讲解.doc

定语从句一 定义及相关术语1定语从句：修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。定语从句一般紧跟在它所修饰的词之后。2先行词：被定语从句修饰的词叫先行词。3关系词：引导定语从句的词叫关系词。关系词有关系代词和关系副词。 关系代词有that, which, who, whom, whose, as等；关系副词有when, where, why等 The man who is shaking hands with my father is a policeman. 注意：弄清楚关系词在定语从句中充当什么成分，是掌握定语从句、选择好关系词的关键。二 关系代词引导的定语从句1. who指人，在定语从句中作主语。TheboyswhoareplayingfootballarefromClassOne.正在踢足球的男孩是一班的。YesterdayIhelpedanoldmanwhohadlosthisway.昨天我帮助了一位迷路的老人。Thatistheteacherwhoteachesusphysics. 那就是教我们物理的老师。2. whom指人，在定语从句中做宾语，常可省略，在口语或非正式文体中常可用who来代替。LiMingisjusttheboy (whom) Iwanttosee.李明正是我想要见的男孩。Theprofessor (whom) youarewaitingforhascome.你正在等的教授已经来了。Thegirl (whom) theteacheroftenpraisesisourmonitor.老师经常表扬的那个女孩是我们的班长。3. which指物，在定语从句中做主语或宾语，做宾语时常可省略。Footballisagamewhichislikedbymostboys.足球是大多数男孩所喜欢的运动。Helikestoreadbookswhicharewrittenbyforeignwriters.他喜欢外国作家写的书。Thisisthepen (which) heboughtyesterday.这是他昨天买的钢笔。Thefilm(which)theywenttoseelastnightwasnotinterestingatall.他们昨晚看的电影一点意思也没有。4. that指人时，相当于who或whom；指物时，相当于which.。在定语从句中作主语或宾语，作宾语时常可省略。He is the man that/who lives next door. 他就是住在隔壁的那个人。Whereistheman (that/whom) Isawthismorning?我今天早上看到的那个人在哪儿？Theperson (that/whom) youintroducedtomeisverykind.你介绍给我的那个人很友好。Theseasonthat/whichcomesafterspringissummer.春天之后的季节是夏季。I dont like stories that/which have unhappy endings. 我不喜欢结尾悲伤的故事。The dress (that/which) Ann bought doesnt fit her very well. 安买的衣服不太合身。5. whose指人、物皆可，与后面的名词有所属关系，在定语从句中做定语。Ivisitedascientistwhosenameisknownalloverthecountry.我拜访了一个全国知名的科学家。Hehasafriendwhosefatherisadoctor.他有一个爸爸当医生的朋友。Ioncelivedinthehousewhoseroofhasfallenin.我曾经住在那幢屋顶已经倒塌了的房子里。注意：指物时，常用以下结构来代替：The house whose windows are broken is empty.The house the windows of which are broken is empty.Doyoulikethebookwhosecoverisyellow?Doyoulikethebookthecoverofwhichisyellow?三 “介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句Theschool(which/that)heoncestudiedinisveryfamous.Theschoolinwhichheoncestudiedisveryfamous.他曾经就读过的学校很出名。TomorrowIllbringherethemagazine(which/that)youaskedfor.TomorrowIll bringherethemagazineforwhichyouasked.明天我将把你要的杂志带来。Thisistheboy(whom/who/that)Iplayedtenniswithyesterday.ThisistheboywithwhomIplayedtennisyesterday.这是我昨天跟他打台球的男孩。注意：不能拆开的词组： look for / look after /take care of / put on / take offThisisthewatch(which/that)Iamlookingfor.这是我正在找的手表。Thebabies(whom/who/that)thenurseislookingafterareveryhealthy.那个保姆照看的小宝宝们都很健康。3. “介词+关系代词”前还可有some,any,none,all,both,neither,many,most,each,few等代词或者数词。如：Heloveshisparentsdeeply,bothofwhomareverykindtohim.他深深地爱着他的父母，他们俩待他都很好。Inthebaskettherearequitemanyapples,someofwhichhavegonebad.篮子里有好些苹果，有些已经坏了。Therearefortystudentsinourclassinall,mostofwhomarefrombigcities.我们班总共有40个学生，大多数来自大城市。Uptonow,hehaswrittentenstories,threeofwhichareaboutcountrylife.迄今为止，他写了10部小说，其中3部是关于农村生活的。四 关系副词引导的定语从句1. when指时间，在定语从句中作时间状语。IstillrememberthedaywhenIfirstcametothisschool.我仍然记得我第一次来到这所学校的那一天。Thetimewhenwegottogetherfinallyarrived.我们团聚的时刻终于到了。October1,1949wasthedaywhenthePeoplesRepublicofChinawasfounded.1949年10月1日是中华人民共和国成立的日子。Doyouremembertheyearswhenhelivedinthecountrysidewithhisgrandparents.你还记得在农村和你祖父母一起生活的那些年吗？2. where指地点，在定语从句中作地点状语。ShanghaiisthecitywhereIwasborn.上海是我出生的城市。ThehousewhereIlivedtenyearsagohasbeenpulleddown.我十年前住的房子已经被拆掉了。Ivisitedthefarmwherealotofcowswereraised.我参观了那个饲养了许多奶牛的农场。Isthistheplacewheretheyfoughttheenemy?这是他们当初打敌人的地方吗？3. why指原因，在定语从句中作原因状语。Pleasetellmethereasonwhyyoumissedtheplane.请告诉我你误机的原因。Thereasonwhyhewaspunishedisunknowntous.他受惩罚的原因我们都不知道。Idontknowthereasonwhyhelooksunhappytoday.我不知道他今天为什么看上去不愉快。五 限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句限制性定语从句 形式上：不用逗号“，”与主句隔开。关系词的使用上：A作宾语时可省略 B可用that C可用who代替whom非限制性定语从句形式上：用逗号“，”与主句隔开。关系词的使用上：A不可省略 B不用that C不可用who代替whom限制性定语从句举例：TheteachertoldmethatTomwastheonlypersonthatIcoulddependon.老师告诉我说汤姆是我唯一的可以依靠的人。Chinaisacountrywhichhasalonghistory.中国是一个历史悠久的国家。InthestreetIsawamanwhowasfromAfrica.在街上我看到一个来自非洲的人。非限制性定语从句举例：Hismother,wholoveshimverymuch,isstrictwithhim.他妈妈十分地爱他，对他要求很严格。China,whichwasfoundedin1949,isbecomingmoreandmorepowerful.中国是1949年成立的，现在正变得越来越强大。I have been to Hangzhou, which is a very beautiful city. 我去过杭州，它是一个非常美丽的城市。补充：（一）限制性定语从句中只能用that引导定语从句的情况1 当先行词为all, much, little, something, everything, anything, nothing, none, few, the one等词时。Everything that he said was true. 他所说的一切都是真的。Thereseemstobenothingthatisimpossibletohimintheworld.对他来说似乎世界上没有什么不可能的事。Is there anything that I can do for you? 有我能为你效劳的事吗？Thats all that I know. 我知道的就这么多。2.当先行词被the very（恰恰，正好）, the only，any，few，little，no，all修饰时。This is the very grammar book (that) I want to buy. 这正是我要买的语法书。The only thing that is constant is change. 唯一不变的是变化。There was little that we could do to help her. 我们没有什么能帮助她的。3 当先行词是形容词最高级或被形容词最高级修饰时。This is the best that has been used against pollution.这是曾经用过的最好的抗污染的办法。This is the most interesting film that Ive ever seen. 这是我看过的最有趣的电影。4. 当先行词是序数词或被序数词修饰时。ThefirstplacethattheyvisitedinLondonwastheBigBen.在伦敦他们参观的第一个地方是大本钟。What is the first American film that you have seen? 你看过的第一部美国电影是什么？ 5 当主句的主语是疑问词who或which时。Who that has common sense will believe such nonsense?有常识的人谁会相信这种无聊的事情？Which is the T-shirt that fits me most? 哪件T恤衫最合我的身？6当先行词既有人又有物时。Do you know the things and persons that they are talking about? 你知道他们谈论的人和事吗？（四）关系代词与关系副词的选择用关系代词还是关系副词引导定语从句主要看关系词在定语从句中的作用（即所担当的成分）。试比较：A.Iknowaplace_wecanhaveapicnic.我知道一个我们可以野炊的地方。Iknowaplace_isfamousforitsbeautifulnaturalscenery.我知道一个以自然景色优美而闻名的地方。B.Iwillneverforgetthedays_wespentourholidaystogether.我永远忘不了我们一起 度假的日子。Iwillneverforgetthedays_wespenttogether.我永远忘不了我们一起度过的日子。C.Thisisthereason_hewasdismissed.这就是他被解雇的原因。Thisisthereason_heexplainedtomeforhisnotattendingthemeeting.这就是他向我解释的他没有参加会议的原因。as 作为关系代词，习惯上用于下列词组：the same.as such .as as . as， soas1. Take as many books as you want.2. Here is so big a stone as no man can lift.3. He read such books as will make him wiser.4. The town is about the same distance from Nanjing as Yangzhou is.As 用于非限制性定语从句，常见以下句型：as you know, as we have seen, as is known to all, as anybody can see, as was expected, as we can imagine, as has been pointed out习题演练1. Everything _ I know will be taught to the students.2. This is the best film _ I have ever seen.3. The manager walked toward the gate _ the workers are waiting.4. You cant go into this room _ they are having a meeting.5. I still remember the days _ we studied together.6. The picture _ has a house and flowers is the one I like best.7. Dont make the same mistake _ you did last time.8. He failed in the exam, _ surprised us all .9. He did all _ was necessary to be done. 10. Her parents wouldnt let she marry anyone _ family was poor.11. Tom, _ parents are poor workers, always goes hungry.12. She is the old woman_ I saw this morning.13. Do you know Mr.Zhang_ we like very much.【模拟试题】定语从句练习 一. 用适当的关系词填空1. We are learning English, a language _ is used in many places in the world.2. Most Americans love Chinese food, _ is cooked in a different way from western food.3. This magazine belongs to the teacher _ teaches us history.4. Anyone _ comes to China will surely visit the Great Wall near Beijing.5. Anyone _ has a cold should have a good rest.6. The house _ stands on the top of the hill was built last month.7. The medicine _ he bought is good for your health.8. He is the only person _ saw the accident yesterday.9. Tom is trying to read in the room _ the others are watching TV. 10. We wont forget the day _the hero was killed.11. The student _ the teachers are talking about has won the first prize in the English contest.12. The newspaper _ you are reading is two days old.13. Do you remember the time _ we got lost in the park?14. Ill never forget the time _ we spent together in the army camp.15. They are building a hospital on the street _we used to live.16. The present _ he gave her yesterday evening is still unopened.17. Happiness is one of the things _ money cannot buy.18. This is the hospital _ her mother works.19. Ill never forget the day _ I joined the League.20. The house _ was pulled down last week is being rebuilt.21. The man _ wife died last year has gone to Japan.22. Tell me the reason _ the American lady left.23. Do you know the boy _