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词 word词素 morpheme自由词素 free morpheme粘附词素 bound morpheme简单词 simple word ， morpheme word（单词素词） 词根 root派生词 derivative屈折词缀 inflectional affix派生词缀 derivational affix前缀 prefix后缀 suffix粘附词根 bound root词素变体 allomorph原始派生词 primitive derivative复合词 compound word compounding form新古典复合词 neo-classical compound复合连词 compound conjunction封闭词类 closed class开放词类 open class功能词 function word实义词 content word调核 nucleus（语调核心，是一个调组中显示音调抑扬变化(降、升、降升或升降)的强重读音节。与调组中其它音节相对而言,调核的音调最高,音幅最阔,动态变化最大,因而是语流中听觉效果最显著的音段。一个调组可以没有调冠、调头或调尾,但不能没有调核。 分析性语言 analytic language强调词 emphasizer并列连词 coordinator近似并列连词 quasi-coordinator从属连词 subordinator简单从属连词 simple subordinator 即单词从属连词 one-word subordinator复杂从属连词 complex subordinator关联从属连词 correlative subordinator边际从属连词 marginal subordinator关系词 relative word副词性指代词 coreference pro-form句子成分 members of sentences主语 subject实义主语 notional subject真主语 real subject谓语 predicate宾语 object 双宾语 dual object直接宾语 direct object间接宾语 indirect object复合宾语 complex object同源宾语 cognate object补语 complement主补 subject complement宾补 object complement表语 predicative定语 attribute同位语 appositive状语 adverbial补足成分 complementation （如宾语，补语，状语等）并列谓语 compound predicate双重谓语 double predicate操作词 operator述谓成分 predication动词 verb主动词 main verb及物动词 transitive verb不及物动词 intransitive verb连系动词 linking verb助动词 auxiliary verb基本助动词 primary auxiliary情态助动词 modal auxiliary半助动词 semi- auxiliary情态动词 modal verb规则动词 regular verb不规则动词 irregular verb短语动词 phrasal verb限定动词 finite verb非限定动词 infinite verb使役动词 causative verb感官动词 verb of senses动态动词 dynamic verb静态动词 stative verb感叹词 exclamation单宾语及物动词 monotransitive verb双宾语及物动词 ditransitive verb复杂宾语及物动词 complex transitive verb实义动词 notional verb单词动词 single-word verb词组动词 phrasal verb复合动词 compound verb一致 agreement ，concord主谓一致 subject-predicate（verb） agreement（concord）语法一致 grammatical agreement（concord）概念一致 notional agreement（concord）就近原则 principle of proximity名词 noun专有名词 proper noun普通名词 common noun可数名词 countable noun不可数名词 uncountable noun抽象名词 abstract noun具体名词 concret moun物质名词 material noun集体名词 collective noun个体名词 individual noun 简单名词 simple noun复合名词 compound noun派生名词 derivative noun连词 conjunction单位词 partitive 又叫单位名词 （unit noun）通性名词 noun of common gender等级名词 gradable noun词组 phrase名词词组 noun phrase动词词组 verb phrase形容词词组 adjective phrase副词词组 adverb phrase介词词组 prepositional phrase简单动词词组 simple verb phrase复杂动词词组 complex verb phrase限定动词词组 finite verb phrase非限定动词词组 non-finite verb phrase分句 clause名词性分句 nominal clause关系分句 relative clause 即定语从句 attributive clause先行项 antecedent分裂句 cleft sentence分裂句中心成分 focus element ，focal element存在句 existential sentence并列结构 coordinate construction并列成分 coordinate element独立分句 independent clause从属分句 dependent/subordinate clause简单分句 simple clause复杂分句 complex clause限定分句 finite clause非限定分句 non-finite clause无动词分句 verbless clause主句 main clause从句 subordinate clause分句成分 clause element限定从属分句 finite subordinate clause限制性关系分句 restrictive relative clause非限制性关系分句 non- restrictive relative clause双重关系分句 double relative clause嵌入式关系分句 embedded relative clause数 number单数 singular number复数 plural number规则复数 regular plural不规则复数 irregular plural确定数量 definite quantity非确定数量 indefinite quantity格 case普通格（通格） common case所有格 possessive case主格 nominative case宾格 objective case属格 genitive case独立属格 independent genitive双重属格 double genitive句子 sentence简单句 simple sentence并列句 compound sentence复合句 complex sentence并列复合句 compound complex sentence陈述句 declarative sentence ，又叫statement疑问句 interrogative sentence 又叫question一般疑问句 general question特殊疑问句 special question选择疑问句 alternative question附加疑问句 tag question反义疑问句 disjunctive question修辞疑问句 rhetorical question感叹疑问句 exclamatory question存在句 existential sentence肯定句 positive sentence否定句 negative sentence祈使句 imperative sentence ，又叫 command省略句 elliptical sentence感叹句 exclamatory sentence 又叫 exclamation是非问句 yes-no queationWh- 问句 wh-question附加问句 question tag基本句型 basic sentence patern完全句 full sentence不完全句 minor sentence主动句 active sentence被动句 passive sentence条件句 conditional含蓄条件句 implied conditional真实条件句 real conditional非真实条件句 unreal conditional拖沓句 trailing sentence排比结构 parallel construction深层结构 deep structure比较结构 comparative construction独立结构 absolute construction从句 clause 从属句 subordinate clause并列句 coordinate clause名词从句 nominal clause定语从句 attributive clause状语从句 adverbial clause宾语从句 object clause主语从句 subject clause同位语从句 appositive clause时间状语从句 adverbial clause of time地点状语从句 adverbial clause of place方式状语从句 adverbial clause of manner让步状语从句 adverbial clause of concession原因状语从句 adverbial clause of cause结果状语从句 adverbial clause of result目的状语从句 adverbial clause of purpose条件状语从句 adverbial clause of condition真实条件状语从句 adverbial clause of real condition非真实条件状语从句 adverbial clause of unreal condition含蓄条件句 adverbial clause of implied condition错综条件句 adverbial clause of mixed condition句法关系 syntactic relationship并列 coordinate从属 subordination修饰 modification前置修饰 pre-modification后置修饰 post-modification限制 restriction双重限制 double-restriction非限制 non-restriction限定词 determiner物主限定词 possessive determiner指示限定词 demonstrative determiner关系限定词 relative determiner疑问限定词 interrogative determiner不定限定词 indefinite determiner中位限定词 central determiner前位限定词 predeterminer后位限定词 postdeterminer冠词 article定冠词 definite article不定冠词 indefinite article数词 numeral基数词 cardinal numeral序数词 ordinal numeral分数词 fractional numeral零冠词 zero article倍数词 multiplicative numeral量词 quantifier类指 generic reference特指 specific reference所指意义 referential meaning代词照应 pronoun reference确定特指 definite specific reference照应特指 anaphoric specific reference前照应特指 cataphoric specific reference语境特指 （照应） situational reference后照应 anaphoric reference人称照应 personal reference指示照应 demonstrative reference比较照应 comparative reference代词 pronoun人称代词 personal pronoun物主代词 possessive pronoun反身代词 reflexive pronoun相互代词 reciprocal pronoun指示代词 demonstrative pronoun疑问代词 interrogative pronoun关系代词 relative pronoun不定代词 indefinite pronoun物主代词possessive pronoun名词性属格代词 nominal genitive pronoun 在本书中仍叫物主代词限定性属格代词 determinative genitive pronoun形容词性物主代词 adjectival possessive pronoun名词性物主代词 nominal possessive pronoun复合代词 compound pronoun关系代词 relative pronoun性 gender阳性 masculine阴性 feminine通性 common中性 neuter 人称 person第一人称 first person第二人称 second person第三人称 third person形式 form单数形式 singular form复数形式 plural form限定动词 finite verb form非限定动词 non-finite verb form原形 base form反身形式 reflexive form缩略形式 contracted form综合形式 synthetic form分析形式 analytic form第二种条件句句式：1,、基本形式 basic form 2、变体形式 variant form 3、替换形式 alternative form用法 usage感情色彩 emotional coloring褒义 commendatory贬义 derogatory幽默 humorous 讽刺 sarcastic挖苦 ironic强调性用法 emphatic use非强调性用法 unemphatic use假设意义 hypothetical meaning非事实意义 non-factual meaning推测性 epistemic非推测性 non-epistemic时态 tense过去将来时 past future tense过去将来进行时 past future continuous tense过去将来完成时 past future perfect tense一般现在时 present simple tense一般过去时 past simple tense一般将来时 future simple tense现在完成时 past perfect tense过去完成时 present perfect tense将来完成时 future perfect tense现在进行时 present continuous tense过去进行时 past continuous tense将来进行时 future continuous tense过去将来进行时 past future continuous tense现在完成进行时 present perfect continuous tense过去完成进行时 past perfect continuous tense历史性现在时 historic present语法形式 grammatical form时 tense现在时 present tense过去时 past tense体 aspect进行体 progressive aspect完成体 perfective aspect态 voice主动态 active voice被动态 passive voice不定式被动态 passive infinitive式 mood陈述式 indicative mood祈使式 imperative mood虚拟式 subjunctive moodBe-型虚拟式 be-subjuctiveWere-型虚拟式 were-subjuctive不定式 infinitive带to 不定式 to-infinitive不带to 不定式 bare infinitive -Ing分词 -ing participle 现在分词 present participle 动名词 gerund-ed 分词 -ed participle过去分词 past participle悬垂分词 dangling participle 又叫无依着分词（unattached participle）依着法则 attachment rule形容词 adjective单词形容词 one-word adjective复合形容词 compound adjective中心形容词 central adjective外围形容词 peripheral adjective动态形容词 dynamic adjective静态形容词 stative adjective等级形容词 gradable adjective非等级形容词 non-gradable adjective原级 positive/absolute degree比较级 comparative degree最高级 superlative degree可等级的 gradable副词 adverb方式副词 adverb of manner程度副词 adverb of degree时间副词 adverb of time地点副词 adverb of place修饰性副词 adjunct连接性副词 conjunctive adverb疑问副词 Interrogative adverb关系副词 relative adverb简单副词 simple adverb派生副词 derivative频度副词 adverb of frequency解说副词 explanatory adverb复合副词 compound adverb状语adverbial地点状语 locative adverbial时间状语 temporal adverbial修饰性状语 adjunct评注性状语 disjunct连接性状语 conjunct同时性 same time先时性 earlier time后时性 later time介词 preposition复合介词 compound preposition简单介词 simple preposition复杂介词 complex preposition双词介词 two-word preposition三词介词 three-word preposition四词介词 four-word preposition否定 negation否定范围 scope of negation全部否定 full negation局部否定 partial negation转移否定 shift of negation双重否定 double negation直接引语 direct speech间接引语 indirect speech自由直接引语 free direct speech自由间接引语 free indirect speech引述动词 reporting verb修饰 modification前置修饰语 premodifier后置修饰语 postmodifier限制性修饰语 restrictive modifier非限制性修饰语 non- restrictive modifier偏斜修饰语 squinting modifier对比含义 contrastive m