summary to students.ppt

paragraphwritingandsummarywriting week4 teachingobjectives reviewofweek3topicsentence topicinatopicsentenceandcontrollingidea paragraphwritingsummarywriting reviewofweek3 1 comparisonoflogicandrhetoricsystemsofdifferentculturesandlanguages parisonofenglishandchineselogic sentencesandvocabulary 2 typicalenglishparagraphpattern3 whatisstyle 4 differentlevelsofformalityofwords5 formalandinformalverbs6 basicelementsofwriting choiceofwords typesofwords generalwordsvs specificwords collocations rewritethefollowingsentences replacingtheinformaltwo wordverbwithamoreformalequivalent 1 aprimaryeducationsystemwassetupthroughoutirelandasearlyas1831 2 thiswillcutdowntheamountofdrugrequiredandsothecostoftreatment 3 thematerialamenitiesoflifehavegoneupinwesternsociety 4 thepressreflectedthelivingcultureofthepeople itcouldinfluenceopinionandreinforceexistingattitudesbutitdidnotcomeupwithnewformsofentertainment 5 thus heshouldhavelookedintohowthepatienthascopedpreviously 6 theaggregateofoutstandingbalanceswentupanddownquiteviolently 7 in1947thetreasurybroughtupthequestionofexcludingsouthafrica andindia fromthesterlingarea 8 dietersoftenfeelthattheyshouldtotallygetridofhigh fatandhigh sugarfoods 9 thuswhenagallicbishopin576convertedthelocaljewishcommunitytochristianity thosewhoturneddownbaptismwereexpelledfromthecity 10 westernscholarsgraduallyturnedoutacorpusoftranslationsfromthearabicandstudiesofislam modelanswer stylereview avoidtwo wordverbs 1 aprimaryeducationsystemwassetupthroughoutirelandasearlyas1831 2 thiswillcutdowntheamountofdrugrequiredandsothecostoftreatment 3 thematerialamenitiesoflifehavegoneupinwesternsociety 4 thepressreflectedthelivingcultureofthepeople itcouldinfluenceopinionandreinforceexistingattitudesbutitdidnotcomeupwithnewformsofentertainment 5 thus heshouldhavelookedintohowthepatienthascopedpreviously established reduce increased create investigated 6 theaggregateofoutstandingbalanceswentupanddownquiteviolently 7 in1947thetreasurybroughtupthequestionofexcludingsouthafrica andindia fromthesterlingarea 8 dietersoftenfeelthattheyshouldtotallygetridofhigh fatandhigh sugarfoods 9 thuswhenagallicbishopin576convertedthelocaljewishcommunitytochristianity thosewhoturneddownbaptismwereexpelledfromthecity 10 westernscholarsgraduallyturnedoutacorpusoftranslationsfromthearabicandstudiesofislam fluctuated raised eliminate refused produced 2 paragraphwriting featuresofaparagraphtopicoridea oneortwo functions toinform toexplain toexemplifyorillustrate etcstructure atopicsentence supportingsentences aconcludingsentence whatisthetopicsentenceoftheparagraphbelow whetheryoudoordonotopenagiftinthepresenceofthegiver whetheryoushouldorshouldnotturntheplateovertolookatthemaker ssymbolontheback whetheryouputyourcoatonbeforeorafteryouleavethehost shouse whetheryoueatasquietlyorasnoisilyaspossible whetheryoucarryonaconversationduringameal whetheryouwalkinfrontoforbehindaseatedperson whetheritisafriendlyoranoffensivegesturetoputyourhandonthearmofthepersonwithwhomyouaretalking theseandathousandotherquestionsaremattersofculturaldefinition noneofthemisinherently 固有地 rightorwrong andnoneisgoodorbadmannersexceptasasocietydefinesitso whatisatopicsentence atopicsentencestatesthemainideaofaparagraph itisthemostgeneralsentenceoftheparagraph alltheothersentencesservetoexplain describe extend orsupportthismain ideasentence thefunctionofthetopicsentenceisto 1 identifywhattheparagraphisabout 2 makeapointaboutthetopic 3 connecttothepreviousparagraphinanessay topicsentenceisusuallyfoundatthebeginningoftheparagraph butcancomeattheendoreveninthemiddleoftheparagraph findingatopicinatopicsentence whenyoureadatopicsentence trytofigureoutwhatsubjectthewriterisgoingtodiscuss ex 1 backpackinginthemountainslastyearwasanexhaustingexperience 2 collegeregistrationcanbestressful atopicsentencemayhaveatwo parttopic ex thedifferencesbetweensoftballandbaseballmaynotbereadilyapparenttothepersonwhoisunfamiliarwiththegames whatisacontrollingidea atopicsentenceshouldcontainnotonlythetopicbutalsoacontrollingidea thecontrollingideaofatopicsentenceisthepointthewritermakesaboutthetopic ex backpackingtripsareexhausting aparticulartopiccouldhaveanynumberofpossiblecontrollingideas dependingonthewriter sfocus onthesametopicofbackpacking threewritersmightmakedifferentpoints afamilybackpackingtripcanbemuchmoresatisfyingthanatriptoanamusementpark orourrecentbackpackingtripwasadisaster orabackpackingtripshouldbeapartofeveryteenager sexperience findingthecontrollingidea 1 vigorousexerciseisagoodwaytoreducetheeffectsofstressonthebody 2 buffaloandtorontodifferinfourmajorways 3 televisionviolencecausesaggressivebehaviorinchildren writeastrongtopicsentence traditionalfunctionofuniversitycannothavearightplacewithdevelopmentofsociety whatshouldbetherealfunctionofauniversity inmyopinion universityisaplacetogiveaccessforacknowledge notjusttotrainstudentswithskillsforworkplace inmyopinion ithinkthattheuniversityshouldprovidegraduateswiththeknowledgeandskillsneededintheworkplace writeastrongtopicsentence introducethetopicimmediatelylimitthetopic nottoogeneral giveanopinion anattitude areaction animpressionthatthewriterhasaboutthetopic nottoodescriptive findoutstrongtopicsentences thereisamanworkingthere bigcitiesoffermoreadvantagesthandosmalltowns peoplelikeusingcomputersverymuch peoplemakeuseofcomputersinalotofways theymovedtoanotherprovincelastyear diligenceisoneoftheessentialsofsuccess supportingsentences unified specificsupportingsentencessupportingsentencesdevelopthetopicsentence theyexplainthetopicsentencebygivingreasons examples facts personalexperience definitions statistics andquotations theygenerallyexpandsthethemecontainedinthemainsentence andeachidearoundthemainthemeissupportedbyevidenceandargument concludingsentences thefunctionofconcludingsentencesistosignaltheendoftheparagraphandleavesthereaderwithimportantpointstoremember suggestionsforwritingeffectiveconclusions 1 summarizethekeypointsinyouressay 2 useaquotation 3 expressyourpredictions 4 issueacallforaction5 useaquestion waysofdevelopingparagraphs developmentbyexemplificationdevelopmentbydefinitiondevelopmentbyclassificationdevelopmentbycomparisonandcontrastdevelopmentbytimeandprocessdevelopmentbyargumentationdevelopmentbycauseandeffect exemplification identifythemethodofdevelopmentinthefollowingparagraph vitaminsandmineralscanbeaddedtoenrich replacenutrientslostinprocessing orfortify addnutrientsnotnormallypresent foodstoimprovetheirnutritionalquality breadsandcerealsareusuallyenrichedwithsomebvitaminsandiron commonexamplesoffortificationincludetheadditionofvitamindtomilk vitaminatomargarine 人工黄油 vitaminctofruitdrinks calcium 钙 toorangejuice andiodide 碘化物 totablesalt identifythemethodofdevelopmentinthefollowingparagraph janeandkarenhavemanythingsincommon tobeginwith bothgirlshavethesamebackground janewasbornandraisedinthewest andsowaskaren next bothgirlsareinterestedinthesamekindsofsubjectsinschool janelikesfrench history andenglish inthesameway karenlikesspanish history andenglish furthermore bothgirlswanttobeteachers janeplanstobecomeanelementaryschoolteacher butkarenwantstobeahighschoolteacher asyoucansee thetwogirlsarealmostliketwins comparisonandcontrast identifythemethodofdevelopmentinthefollowingparagraph yesterdaywasoneoftheworstdaysofmylife iforgottosetmyalarmclocksoiwaslateforschool intherushtoleavemyhome iforgotanimportantpaperonmydesk too myteacherwasveryupsetwithmeoverthat mypenranoutofinkinenglishclass andwhenitriedtoborrowapenfromoneofmyclassmates myteacheryelledatmefordisturbingothers asifallthatwasnotbadenough abig meandogchasedmehomeafterigotoffthebus maybeishouldhavejuststayedinbed timeandprocess identifythemethodofdevelopmentinthefollowingparagraph mydecisiontoliveinanapartmentduringmyfirstyearofcollegehadseveralnegativeeffects first ilivedwiththreegirlsfrommycountry soididn timprovemyenglishbecauseispokemalay 马来语 mostofthetime moreover wetookexactlythesameclasses soididn thaveachancetomeetorstudywithmyotherclassmates instead itendedtospendmoretimestudyingwithmyroommates furthermore sinceididn thavemanyamericanfriends ididnotlearnverymuchaboutamericanculture ididnotcelebratehalloweenorthanksgivingorchristmas finally ididnotshareexperiencewithpeople ididnotattendpartiesorgoskiingorevenspendleisuretimeinthestudentcenter soalthoughmylifeduringmyfirstyearofcollegewassecureandpleasant ificouldchangeonethingaboutmyfirstyearincollege iwouldchoosetoliveinthedormitory ithinkmylifewouldhavebeenmoreinterestingandfun causeandeffect in classanalysisofthereadingmaterial 1 scanthearticle whenmenstopseekingbeautyandwomencarelessaboutwealth andidentifyhoweachparagraphisdevelopedinthisarticle developmentbyexemplificationdevelopmentbydefinitiondevelopmentbyclassificationdevelopmentbycomparisonandcontrastdevelopmentbytimeandprocessdevelopmentbyargumentationdevelopmentbycauseandeffect in classanalysisofthereadingmaterial 2 scanthearticle whenmenstopseekingbeautyandwomencarelessaboutwealth andtrytofindlessthan5keywordsinit howaboutlessthan10keywords lessthan20 writeaone sentencesummaryforthewholearticle reviewofweek4 topicsentence topicinatopicsentenceandcontrollingidea whatsubjectthewriterisgoingtodiscuss ex backpackinginthemountainslastyearwasanexhaustingexperience thepointthewritermakesaboutthetopic paragraphwriting 3 howtowriteasummary summarywriting definitionofasummaryasummaryisashortenedpassagewhichretainstheessentialinformationoftheoriginalwithoutdistortingthemeaning characteristicsitfocusesonthecentralideaofthepassage itshouldindicateallthemainpoints theirrelationshipsandtheirorder itshouldindicatetheslant 个人的观点或见解 bias andpossiblyeventhetoneofthepiece advantages 1 itallowsthewritertopickoutandfocusonlyonthoseaspectsoftheoriginalthataremostrelevanttothenewpointsbeingmade 2 theflexibilityofwordingallowsthewritertofitsmoothlytohisorheroriginal ongoingstatements lengthofasummarygenerallyone thirdorone quarterthelengthoftheoriginalpassage ashorteroneforanentirechapterorevenanentirebook inshort asummaryis abriefrestatement inyourownwords ofthecontentofapassage anarticle achapterorabookkeypointsofasummary asummaryshouldbebrief complete accurate coherentandobjective keypointsofasummary brief omitunnecessarydetailslikeexamples explanationsandotherunimportantinformation length 1 4 1 3oftheoriginaltextcomplete toincludeallthemainandsupportingpointsinacondensedmanner accurate togivethesameattentionandstresstothepointsastheauthordoes keypointsofasummary coherent ratherthananoutlinelistedaskeywordsandphrases asummaryisaparagraphwithnecessarytransitionsandfunctionstructurestomakeitflow e g first inthefirstpart intheintroductorypart second next inthesecondpart then afterwards afterthat inadditiontothat also furthermore finally atlast intheend asaconclusion onthewhole inaword tosumup lastbutnotleast asaresult soobjective donotincludeyourownideasoremotionsonthetopic reflectthecontentoftheoriginalpassageonly stepstowriteasummary 1 readthearticle rereadthearticle dividethearticleintosegmentsorsectionsofideas eachsegmentdealswithoneaspectofthecentraltheme asegmentcancompriseoneormoreparagraphs highlightorunderlinethemainpointsandkeyphrases writeone sentencesummaries writeaone sentencesummaryforeachsegmentofthought orparagraph onaseparatesheetofpaper 2 formulateasinglesentencethatsummarizesthewholetext formulateacentralthemethatweavestheone sentencesegmentsummariestogether thisisyourthesisstatement inmanyarticles theauthorwillstatethisdirectly youmaywishtotakehisdirectstatementofthethesisandrestateitinyourownwords inotherarticles youmayhavetowriteyourownone sentencethesisstatementthatsummarizesthiscentraltheme 3 writeyourfirstdraft beginwithapropercitationofthetitle author source anddateofpublicationofthearticlesummarized combinethethesisstatementandyourone sentencesegmentsummariesintoaone to two paragraphsummary beginwiththeoverallsummarysentenceandfollowitwiththeparagraphsummarysentences eliminateallunnecessarywordsandrepetitions eliminateallpersonalideasandinferences usetransitionsforasmoothandlogicalflowofideas concludewitha summingup sentencebystatingwhatcanbelearnedfromreadingthearticle edityourdraft checkyoursummarybyaskingthefollowingquestions haveiansweredthewho what when why andhowquestions ismygrammar punctuation andspellingcorrect haveileftoutmypersonalviewsandideas doesmysummary hangtogether doesitflowwhenireaditaloud havesomeoneelsereadit doesthesummarygivethemthecentralideasofthearticle writeyourfinaldraft note techniquesofcompression omitthedetails reducetheexamples simplifythesentences eliminateallrepetitions compresswordysentences changephrasesintowords usegeneralwordsinsteadofspecificwords usetheshortestsimpletransitions putthemainpointsofadialogueinindirectspeech 3 revisioncompareitcarefullywiththeoriginal furthercompressit correctmistakes sample original theconceptionofpovertyandwhattodoaboutithavechangedoverthedecades undersocialdarwinismthelazyandtheinefficientweresupposedtobeatthebottomoftheeconomicladderasaconsequenceofthe lawofsurvivalofthefittest societywasconceivedasanetworkofself sufficientfamilieswhichprovidedfortheirown needypersonsoutsideahousehold orphans childlesselderly andthecrippled wereprovidedoutdoorreliefgrudginglyandasatemporaryexpedient althoughitwasagreedthe poorwillalwaysbewithus theindividualwasexpectedtoimprovehimselfthroughactsofhisownwill charitywasthoughttobeencouragedtoworkharder atabouttheturnofthecentury theclosingofthefrontierandthebeginningofconcernaboutnaturalresourcesbroughtuneasinessaboutthepossiblespreadofbeggary thepoorwereapotentiallydangerousclassintermsofdiseaseanddisorder the poor wereseenasdifferentfrom paupers pauperswereindividualswelladjustedtobeingonthelowendofthesocioeconomicscale withoutshameorbitterness theywouldnotseekindependenceanda betterlife forthemountaineers subsistencedwellers andsomeslumdweller thelackofwealth ithasbeenargued reflectsapreferencenottopaythepsychologicalcostsofthestruggleforrichesorofadoptingthemiddle classworkethicofstriving incontrast theworthypoorstruggledtoimprovetheirlotagainstcircumstancesbeyondtheircontrol lowwages sickness industrialaccidents widowhood andsoon 254words task1supplyashorttitleforthispassage task2markthekeywordsintheoriginal task1 changedconceptionofpovertytask2 theconceptionofpovertyandwhattodoaboutithavechangedoverthedecades undersocialdarwinismthelazyandtheinefficientweresupposedtobeatthebottomoftheeconomicladderasaconsequenceof