精读第5册.doc

精读第5册Lesson OneWhere Do We Go from Here?Part 1 (Paras. 12 ) In the first sentence of paragraph 1, the speaker raises the question of “ Where we are now”. He links this up with the theme of the speechWhere do we go from here? It is highly logical. In order to know where we go from here we must first recognize where we are now. without knowing our present situation, how can we design a policy for the future?1. When the Constitution was written, a strange formula to determine taxes and representation declared that the Negro was sixty percent of a person. ( 1 ) When the Constitution was written, a strange formula regarding taxes and representation stated officially and publicly that the Negro could pay sixty percent of the taxes that the white were obliged to pay and have sixty percent of the right that the white had in voting, which reduced the Negro to sixty percent of a person.2.Today another curious formula seems to declare that he is fifty percent of a person. ( 1 ) When the Constitution was written, the Negro was considered as only sixty percent of a person; but now he is even less, only fifty percent of a person. In other words, his status has deteriorated.3.there are twice as many Negroes dying in Vietnam as whites in proportion to their size in the population. ( 1 ) Considering the percentage of Negroes in the total population, the death rate of Negro soldiers in Vietnam doubled that of white soldiers. For example, according to the 1990 census, the Blacks made up 12.1 percent of the population. So if the death toll in Vietnam was 10,000, only 1,210should be black soldiers. But the figure was 2,420, which was twice in proportion to their size in the population. in proportion to: relative to sth.4.Negroes lag one to three years behind whites( 2 ) In terms of learning, the kind of knowledge which a white kid would master in Grade 3 would be grasped by a black kid sometime between Grade 4 and Grade 6.5. One twentieth as many Negroes as whites attend college. ( 2 ) The number of white college students is twenty times that of black students or for every black student in college there are twenty whites.Part II (Paras. 35 ) The 3th paragraph is a transitional paragraph. The fist sentence “This is where we are” sums up the first two paragraphs, linking this paragraph with the previous ones. The main idea of this part is the African-American must rise up with an affirmation of his own Olympian manhood. That is to say, he /she must rid himself/herself of any inferiority complex. This is considered by Dr. king as the first task in the struggle for genuine freedom.6. First, we must massively assert our dignity and worth. ( 3 ) First, we must state clearly and in an impressive way that we should be treated with respect and our value should be recognized. massive: unusually large, powerful, or damaging7.and develop an unassailable and majestic sense of values. ( 3 ) and the Negroes should cultivate a confidence that they possess some valuable qualities which no one can deny and thus they should be given due respect.8. The job of arousing manhood within a people that have been taught for so many centuries that they are nobody is not easy.(3) It is no easy job to educate a people who have been told over centuries that they were inferior and of no importance to see that they are humans, the same as any other people. 9. A white lie is better than a black lie. ( 4 ) A lie concerning a trivial matter used for good intention is certainly better than a sinister one. White lie is a set phrase, but black lie is coined by the speaker playing on the earlier mentioned definition of black by Rogets Thesaurus. The speaker skillfully turns a set phrase into a comparison of color to illustrate his argument that the English language is not color blind.10. The tendency to ignore the Negros contribution to American life and to strip him of his personhood is as old as the earliest history books and as contemporary as the mornings newspaper. ( 5 ) The tendency is two-fold: the first is not acknowledging that the Negroes have made great contributions to the development of the Unites States; the second is spreading and sustaining the fallacy that the Negroes, as an ethnic group, are inferior to the Whites. It is both old and new in that you can find this tendency in the earliest history books and in the everyday newspapers you read. to strip him of his personhood: to cultivate in him a sense of inferiority, which echoes the statements in Para 1.11. To upset this cultural homicide, the Negro must rise up with an affirmation of his own Olympian manhood. ( 5 ) In order to defeat the practice of conditioning the Negro must stand upright and declare to the world that He is a Man, in the full sense of the world. culture homicide: the killing of the minds of an ethnic group by training, cultivation. If the Negro was subject to the fallacy, from childhood to adulthood, that he/she was born inferior, it would amount to conditioning him/her to a sense of inferiority. That is why the author considers this as cultural homicide.12. Any movement for the Negros freedom that overlooks this necessity is only waiting to be buried. ( 5 ) If the Negro thinks that he/she is inferior to the white, then all the discrimination would become justifiable. How can he/she fight for freedom and equality with such mentality ? Only when the Negro is convinced that he /she is equal to all others in the world can he/she join the struggle for freedom and equality. Therefore, without the liberation of the mind, there can be no victory for the Negros struggle. this necessity: the necessity to rise up with an affirmation of his own worth and value as a Man.13. Psychological freedom, a firm sense of self-esteem, is the most powerful weapon against the long night of physical slavery.(5) If you break the mental shackles imposed on you by white supremacists, if you really respect yourself, thinking that you are a Man, equal to anyone else, you will be able to take part in the struggle against racial discrimination.14. No Lincolnian emancipation proclamation or Johnsonian civil rights bill can totally bring this kind of freedom. ( 5 ) Liberation of the mind cannot be achieved simply by such pure legal measure as Lincolns the Emancipation Proclamation and the Civil Rights Acts of 1964 and 1965 under President Lyndon Johnson.15.The Negro will only be free when he reaches down to the inner depths of his own being and signs with the pen and ink of assertive manhood his own emancipation proclamation.(5) The liberation of mind can only be achieved by the Negro himself/herself. Only when he /she is fully convinced that he /she is a Man/ Woman and is not inferior to anyone else, can he /she throw off the manacles of self-abnegation and become free.16. I was a slave through my foreparents and I am not ashamed of that. Im ashamed of the people who were so sinful to make me a slave. ( 5 ) The Negro should not be ashamed of the fact that his ancestors were slaves. In other words, being a slave is nothing to be ashamed of. Rather, those who willfully enslaved the black people were immoral and they should feel ashamed for them.Part III (Paras. 69 ) In this part the author puts forward the second task; how to organize the strength of the Negro in terms of economic and political power. Then the author goes on to define power and points out the consequence of the misinterpretation of power.17. Now power properly understood is nothing but the ability to achieve purpose. ( 6 ) Walter Reuthers definition and example is intended to show that when a trade union puts forward a demand, a most powerful corporation has to accept it however unwillingly, that is power.18.Now a lot of us are preachers, and all of us have our moral convictions and concerns, and so often have problems with power. ( 7 ) The connection of being preachers and having problems with power: Preachers are supported to spread Gods teaching, that is, peace on earth and love. The common concept of power is force, physical force. So these two things have been contrasted as polar opposites. That is why preachers have problems with power.19.so that love is identified with a resignation of power, and power with a denial of love. ( 7 ) as a result, love is considered identical with the giving up of power, and power with the absence of love.20. Power at its best is love implementing the demands of justice, and justice at its best is power correcting everything that stands against love.(8) Power in the best form of function is the carrying out of the demands of justice with love and justice in the best form of function is the overcoming of everything standing in the way of love with power.Part IV (Paras. 1015 ) This part deals with economic security for the Negro Americans. The speaker advocates guaranteed annual income which he thinks is possible and achievable. He also deals on the advantages of this security.21. At that time economic status was considered the measure of the individuals ability and talents.(10) At that time, the way to evaluate how capable and resourceful a person was to see how much money he had made.22.the absence of worldly goods indicated a want of industrious habits and moral fiber.(10) A person was poor because he was lazy and not hard-working and lacked a sense of right and wrong.23.Now we realize that dislocations in the market operations of our economy and the prevalence of discrimination thrust people into idleness and bind them in constant or frequent unemployment against their will. ( 10 ) We now understand that it is the disruptions in the market operations of our economy and the widespread discrimination against the blacks that force them to stay idle and out of work constantly and frequently, which is not what they want.24. It is not the work of slaves driven to their tasks either by the task, by the taskmaster, or by animal necessity.(12) This kind of work can not be done by slaves who work because the work has to be done, because they are forced to work by slave-drivers or because they need to work in order to be fed and clothed.25. The poor transformed into purchasers will do a great deal on their own to alter housing decay. ( 13 ) When the poor have money to buy worldly goods, they themselves will be able to do a lot to change the dilapidated state of their housing.26. Negroes who have a double disability will have a great effect on discrimination when they have the additional weapon of cash to use in their struggle. ( 13 ) Negroes are in a two-fold disadvantage, that is, they are poor and black, but when they have money in their hands, they will have an additional weapon to fight more effectively against discrimination.27.when the unjust measurement of human worth on the scale of dollars is eliminated.(14) when the unfair practice of judging human value by the amount of money a person has is done away with.Part V (Paras. 1620 ) In this part, Martin Luther King reaffirms his commitment to nonviolence. He explains why he thinks violence is no solution to racial discrimination. He refutes the idea of Black revolution.28. The futility of violence in the struggle for racial justice has been tragically etched in all the recent Negro riots. ( 16 ) All the recent Negro riots tragically proved that they could not get equal treatment and put an end to racial discrimination by violence. Violence would only breed greater violence.29. But those who express this view always end up with stumbling words when asked what concrete gains have been won as a result. ( 17 ) Those people cannot clearly show what they have gained as a result of the riots.30. At best, the riots have produced a little additional antipoverty money allotted by frightened government officials, and a few water-sprinklers to cool the children of the ghettos. ( 17 ) The Blacks may have got a little more money for poverty relief and minor improvements in the ghettos. at best: at most31.It is something like improving the food in the prison while the people remain securely incarcerated behind bars. ( 17 ) It was like locking people up in prison while improving food in the prison. In other words, these measures are minor changes while the basic situation remains unchanged; these measures only deal with the surface of the issue, not the fundamental cause of the issue.32. Nowhere have the riots won any concrete improvement such as have the organized protest demonstrations. ( 17 ) The riots, wherever they have taken place, have not won the kind of improvement that organized nonviolent struggles have won33. Without recognizing this we will end up with solutions that dont solve, answers that dont answer and explanations that dont explain. ( 18 ) If we dont recognize that we need a strategy and a program to bring us into the mainstream of American life, which only the nonviolent movement can offer, we will end up nowhere.34. And when one is concerned about these, he can never advocate violence. ( 19 ) When one is concerned about a better world, justice, brotherhood and truth, he knows very well that these cannot be achieved by force, by violence. Brotherhood, a better world, etc. are concepts one would find in Christian teachings. Christian teachings oppose the use of violence.35.Darkness cannot put out darkness. Only light can do that. ( 19 ) The implication is that you cannot eliminate violence by violence. You have to use love.36. Im not talking about emotional bosh when I talk about love, Im talking about a strong, demanding love. ( 20 ) When I talk about love, Im not talking about sentimental feelings, I am talking about love which requires ones resources, patience and energy.37. And I have seen too much hate.too great a burden to bear. ( 20 ) Ive seen such intense and twisted hate on the faces of many white supremacists in the South that I do not want to hate any more. Whenever I see hate on their faces I know that hate has changed their appearance and their characters and I tell myself that hate is such a heavy weight on them that they will be crushed someday.38. He who hates does not know God, but he who has love has the key that unlocks the door to the meaning of ultimate reality.(20) Those who harbor hate in their hearts cannot grasp the teachings of God. Only those who have love can enjoy the ultimate happiness in Heaven.Part VI (Paras. 2125 ) In this part Dr. King raises a fundamental questionthe restructuring of the whole of American society. He points out that the problems of racism, economic exploitation and war are tied together. They are the triple evils of the society. His analysis is sound. But how will the society be restructured? King does not state clearly in this section. But the implication of Paragraph 25 seems to tell people to restructure the society with love, linking the idea up with the idea in Paragraph 20. 39. I want to say to you as I move to my conclusion, as we talk about “where do we go from here”, that we honestly face the fact that the movement must address itself to the question of restructuring the whole of American society. ( 21) The implication is people used to avoid facing this fundamental issue. It is too big, too serious an issue and people want to shy away from it. By using the word “honestly”, Dr. King means we should not deceive ourselves, we should not comfort ourselves, but we should face the issue and get down to solving it. to address oneself to: to direct ones attention to; to tackle sth.40. We are called upon to help the discouraged beggars in lifes marketplace. ( 21) We are asked to help those who have been defeated and thus become disadvantaged in life.41.But one day we must come to see that an edifice which produces beggars needs restructuring. ( 21) Sometime in the future we will realize that when there are many poor people in a society, especially an affluent society, there must be something fundamentally wrong with the society which demands important change and remedy.42.If you will let me be a preacher just a little bit( 23) This statement indicates that Dr. King will quote a story from the Bible.43.A nation that will keep people in slavery for 244 years will “thingify” themmake them things. ( 24 ) A nation that clings to the practice of slavery for 244 years is bound to turn people into things, to treat them as things.44. “America, you must be born again!” ( 24 ) Dr. King means that there should be fundamental changes in America. He does not mean changes toward socialism but changes according to the teachings of the Gospel.45. Let us be dissatisfied until America will no longer have a high blood pressure of creeds and an anemia of deeds.(25) Let us be dissatisfied until America no longer only talk about racial equality but is unwilling or reluctant to take action to end such evil practice as racial discrimination.46.Let us be dissatisfied until the tragic walls that separate the outer city of wealth and comfort and the inner city of poverty and despair shall be crushed by the battering rams of the forces of justice. ( 25 ) Let us be dissatisfied until the walls that tragically separated the haves living in comfort in the outskirts of the city and the have-nots living hopelessly in the city shall be knocked down by forces of justice. the outer city of wealth and comfort and the inner city of poverty and despair: In the 1960s, there emerged another population movement in the united states: many