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社会道德/问题克隆人的争论This idea of human cloning has fueled debate not just in the United States, but also with countries all over the world. I believe that it is not morally and ethically right to clone humans. Even though technology is constantly advancing, it is not reasonable to believe that human cloning is morally and ethically correct, due to the killing of human embryos, the unsafe process of cloning, and the resulting consequences of having deformed clones.An ethical issue of great importance on cloning is what will be the consequences of it if it was actually successful.Another argument in parallel to the idea above is that human cloning is unethical and immoral because it will devalue human life.政府对社会道德 In addition to the human cloning debate, there is also a congressional battle brewing over whether the government should provide funds for stem cell research in which human embryos are killed.社会问题的堆砌排比：I think the three major problems in the society today are: unemployment, violence, and pollution. 青少年问题/道德建设：自杀I think the two most recognized problems are Teenage Drinking and Driving, and Teen Suicide.Every year thousands of teens die in the United States, not from cancer or car accidents, but by their own hand; they make the choice that they want to die, and they take their life. Suicide is the fastest growing killer of youth in America (), and if left unaddressed, it will help bring about disastrous consequences for the United States. Teenage suicide is indeed a great plight in the United States.环境污染Many things these days cause pollution such as cars, air conditioners, refrigerators, factories, CFC cans, etc.（氟氯化碳）The CFC cans used to be a serious problem to the ozone layer, but luckily it was taken off the market.This would cause the air to be bad, cause global warming, which would cause the earth to have longer summers or vice versa, longer winters, and would also cause acid rain. 科技进步基因工程的好啊，科技的进步带来的好处！Genetic engineering can be used to make many aspects of human life better, including saving lives.The rapid development of humanitys ability to control the gene will eventually lead to a promising future for the entire planet as a whole.Therefore, it is necessary to weigh the benefits and consequences of this relatively recent breakthrough and determine in which ways it can be used to humanitys best advantage.The first one will be the improvement of the worlds agricultural techniques.The second one investigated will be in the field of medical development and study.Therefore a proposed alternative is the use of genetic engineering or more specifically, gene therapy, to cure diseases at the DNA level. This method is known as biotechnology and can aid in the treatment of diseases like a hormone defiency.If genetic engineering becomes unrestricted the world would become a better place. Worldwide famine and starvation could possibly end through the use of technology in the agriculture field. The death rate would go down and very dramatically in Third World countries. We could see the end of diseases like AIDS and conditions like hemophilia.艺术Perhaps the oldest definition of the function of the arts is that they provide pleasureAnother is that they present us with insight into what is eternal and universal. Traditionally, this has been called the theory of imitation.A Renaissance painting of a Madonna and child, for many viewers, is somehow a revelation of transcendent spirituality; a Beethoven symphony is the last word on human enduranceBeauty, many would insist, is the very hallmark of what is truly art.Shakespeares Macbeth, for instance, teaches us that inordinate ambition is perniciousAll the narrative arts, in fact, instruct us to some extent. When we watch a play that is deeply moral, we see ourselves in the characters, we recognize our own destinies in the plot, and we find the moral dilemma of the action to be representative of problems in all human relationships.Artists clamored to attract the notice of potential patrons, setting themselves apart as distinctive individual creators. The pianist Franz Liszt, for instance, in the 1830s and 40s created a public personality as the great piano virtuoso of the era艺术的资助Artists clamored to attract the notice of potential patrons, setting themselves apart as distinctive individual creators. The pianist Franz Liszt, for instance, in the 1830s and 40s created a public personality as the great piano virtuoso of the eraThis function of the arts can be denoted as expressionism - the artists use of a medium to express unique passion and insight. Poets such as Emily Dickinson and Theodore Roethke, painters such as the American sea painter Winslow Homer, the black folk artist Horace Pipkin, and musicians like blues artist Clarence Leadbelly used the arts to express their deepest private feelings and their vision of the universe. What they created were not works that expressed an official or institutional point of view. They elevated the personal to a level of all-consuming importance.A second kind of expressionism also developed in the 19th century. This one was much more offensive. In societies undergoing tremendous change, artists began to use art to agitate for social change.The French painter Honore Daumier, for instance, in the 1830s used his brush and pencil to protest political oppression. In early 20th-century America, Theodore Dreiser used the novel to point out the devastating loss of place experienced by workers who fled the rural for the opportunities of the city. Photographer Sherry Levine has used grotesque images of women to protest the oppression of the female gender by American advertising, law, and social custom. This form of expressionism we can call cultural criticism. That is, artists take a stand against certain practices in the society that they consider to be unjust.为艺术付出代价/不被理解/对抗权威Henrik Ibsen was almost run out of town for a play that showed the willingness of a resort community to poison its visitors with contaminated water so long as the tourist dollars kept pouring in. Daumier was imprisoned for his caricatures of the King.One can well understand that these most recent functions of art - the expression of private feelings and the criticism of society - are seen as grave threats by citizens who want entertainment, or beauty, or peace.艺术最初不被理解句子Yet, an ever-lengthening honor roll distinguishes works first received as unacceptable by resistant audiences. 例子Beethovens early listeners, accustomed to the predictable harmonies and melodic lengths of Haydn, dismissed his symphonies as literally causing their ears to hurt.2 The paintings of Thomas Eakins, now recognized as among the greatest in the American tradition, were rejected as intolerable by his sitters.3 Van Gogh, two of whose still life paintings have recently broken all records in selling for $50 million, sold only one of his paintings in his entire career. 4 Thoreaus Walden was an economic failure, and Melvilles Moby Dick was so poorly received that he went into seclusion for years. 5 When the French gave the Statue of Liberty to our nation in 1886, the Augusta Chronicle - in Georgia - condemned it as a pagan image unsuitable to our country.艺术被资助为什么要资助？Much of the mass audience seemed to wish merely to be pleased. What was being produced for the audiences who wished to be instructed, or to come face to face with the personal expression, or to be challenged, provoked, and even angered?The National Endowments for the Arts and for the Humanities were chartered to meet some of these concerns. As the result of a substantial groundswell, in the early 1960s, of the conviction that the arts were crucial to the preservation of a lively, thoughtful society, Congress chartered the National Endowments in 1965. The NEA was given the responsibility to make possible individual artists creativity as well as exhibitions that would bring art to large numbers of viewers across the country. The NEH was given the responsibility to encourage the interpretation of the arts, and more broadly, of the humanities. Scholars were to carry out this interpretation in formats accessible to large numbers of American readers, viewers, and museum-goers.At the heart of the work of the Endowments was the conviction that the market forces in our society would not by themselves sustain a challenging artistic cultureThe establishment of the Endowments attempted to guarantee American audiences that viewing or consuming would not be controlled by the marketplace.资助的论述很好One idea is that culture makes us a better society; Federal support is needed to prevent our decline into cultural barbarism. Another idea is that the free market fails to provide outlets for the higher forms of art.There is also the myth of the starving artist - if we neglect to support the arts, we will be condemning another van Gogh or Mozart to a wretched existence. It is also generally recognized that many highly talented artists lack commercial aptitude, and this leads to an argument that the public has a responsibility to support them.但是有些现实问题要注意：1政府资助有政治色彩Government support of the arts must always be politicized and bureaucratized.One of the curious contradictions of those who demand government support is that they also demand absolute freedom of expression for the artist.例子 for example, government support of the arts in the U. S. is supposed to favor groups considered to be disadvantaged. Laudable as this aim seems to be, it is a political response, not an objective artistic one.例子 Soviet leaders have been denounced for their heavy-handed control of artists in the past, but it has been entirely logical and proper from their point of view. The Soviet government is criticized for expecting artists and writers to follow the party line in their work.例子的论述 But even elected governments must impose party lines on artists who receive government support. This control in a democratic society may be hidden and indirect, but it is control nevertheless.政府的特点：支持有利，压制有害Any government, whether communist or democratic, represents political and coercive forces. All the resources and powers of the government tend to be deployed to serve the interests of the political group in control and also to deal with things that threaten the very survival of the state.2实际上公共的钱只资助了一个小群体所谓的”high-art”原因可以读读：One reason country singers and romance writers are popular is that they try harder to please their audiences. But creative and performing people in the so-called higher forms of art often convey the idea that nothing can be good if it is popular. Their work is of such high quality and meaning, they feel, that only a few people have the good sense and taste to appreciate it. 有力的驳论：The result is that the general public eventually is drawn to support the cultural aims and values of a small group of people.3谁是艺人无法定义Government programs must define who is an artist.论述 But under government systems, judgments have to be made.In making these judgments, we quickly discover that it is no easy task to define who is an artist, and whose talents or potential merit aid.The truth is, we have people in every society who are capable of artistic expressions.4市场应该起主导作用，艺术家可以自谋生路。Does the market ignore fine artists? The fact is, there are always markets for many talented people at various pay levels.Highly trained and talented though we may be, the value of our services is finally decided by what people will pay for them.We should keep in mind, however, that conditions of liberty are most likely to bring the greatest advances in art and artistic expressions. Artists also are more likely to thrive and produce in a society where free-market conditions are active. Though some artists resent the demands and requirements of the marketplace, the best opportunities for real improvements in the arts are provided by a wholly free market. 例子 One of the best examples has been the high employment rate for talented people in the United States. The starving artist has been pitied, but the truth is that America offers much well-paid employment for people in various artistic professions.5技术的发达给艺术家很多自由表达的机会Another important point is that the technological advances of a market-driven economy also benefit the artist. Thanks to many developments, artists now have materials and processes that simply did not exist 100 years ago.The free market also gives artists the opportunity to follow their own aspirations in seeking full expression.很好的总结：应该由观众自愿，平静地支持。Who should support the arts? The arts should be supported by people using voluntary, peaceful means. All of us help support the arts when were seeking entertainment, buying well-designed products, attending a performance, or choosing a book. Its all part of our human existence - and the best expressions of art are yet to come. The highest and finest expressions will be produced by artists who have the freedom to develop their own gifts as they will. 历史的作用：总叙. History is indispensable to understanding why such changes occur. And in many ways historical analysis is a more challenging kind of exploration than genetic experimentation.解释 Once we determine when the trend began, we can try to identify which of the factors present at the time combined to set the trend in motion. Do the same factors sustain the trend still, or are there new ingredients that have contributed to it in more recent decades? A purely contemporary analysis may shed some light on the problem, but a historical assessment is clearly fundamentaland essential for anyone concerned about American political health today.明白社会 It also focuses attention on the complex processes of social change, including the factors that are causing change around us today.对个人 History as art and entertainment serves a real purpose, on aesthetic grounds but also on the level of human understanding. Stories well done are stories that reveal how people and societies have actually functioned, and they prompt thoughts about the human experience in other times and places. The same aesthetic and humanistic goals inspire people to immerse themselves in efforts to reconstruct quite remote pasts, far removed from immediate, present-day utility.involves a sense of beauty and excitement, and ultimately another perspective on human life and society.对道德思想 History also provides a terrain for moral contemplation. Studying the stories of individuals and situations in the past allows a student of history to test his or her own moral sense, to hone it against some of the real complexities individuals have faced in difficult settings.History teaching by example is one phrase that describes this use of a study of the pasta study not only of certifiable heroes, the great men and women of history who successfully worked through moral dilemmas, but also of more ordinary people who provide lessons in courage, diligence, or constructive protest. 这句好么对个人鉴定 History also helps provide identity, and this is unquestionably one of the reasons all modern nations encourage its teaching in some form.Merely defining the group in the present pales against the possibility of forming an identity based on a rich past. 挖塞！说话这么经典！对国家忠诚 Histories that tell the national story, emphasizing distinctive features of the national experience, are meant to drive home an understanding of national values and a commitment to national loyalty.还是作用的总结 studying history helps us understand how recent, current, and prospective changes that affect the lives of citizens are emerging or may emerge and what causes are involved.encourages habits of mind that are vital for responsible public behavior, whether as a national or community leader, an informed voter, a petitioner, or a simple observer.这句能用再用历史建筑的保护：1人看着舒服 it creates more attractive places to live and work. 好排比要记住A flat-faced modern office block or an elegantly detailed pre-war commercial building? A strip mall fronted by a parking lot or a pedestrian-friendly retail district? A McMansion with a huge garage or a Victorian with a wraparound porch?2维护比新建花少钱：例子 Recent projects prove that preservation is often cheaper. In Chicago, where the public school system is now spending $2.5 billion to upgrade facilities, bare-bones new construction is costing $155 per square foot - but renovation is costing just $130.排比论述毁坏历史建筑的坏处：Destroying our past has costs that extend far beyond money. Lost is the work of talented craftsmen who created beautiful, lasting buildings. Lost are the memories and pride that a community took in one of its landmarks. And lost is the opportunity for future generations to enjoy and to learn from the places that help us understand and appreciate where we came from.3促进旅游业例子 Destroying our past has costs that extend far beyond money. Lost is the work of talented craftsmen who created beautiful, lasting buildings. Lost are the memories and pride that a community took in one of its landmarks. And lost is the opportunity for future generations to enjoy and to learn from the places that help us understand and appreciate where we came from.4面向未来 AND 总结性发言Preservation does care about the past. It cares about honoring the achievements of previous generations, the places they lived and worked, and the history and achievements we now enjoy.But preservation also cares about the present and the future. By protecting our past, it helps us remember how we came to be where we are and what we ought to do now. And it cares about giving future generations the same opportunities to enjoy beautiful buildings and landscapes that we have today.法律法律的实质和作用Law, body of official rules and regulations, generally found in constitutions, legislation, j