语法速补9-从句.doc

英语中的从句一、名词性从句主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句在复合句中起名词的作用，这四种从句合称名词性从句。它们在主句中充当主语、表语、宾语或同位语，都不能用逗号与主句分开。（一）主语从句1、定义：先找到句子的谓语，谓语前面的从句，叫做主语从句。/ Why he left wasnt important.(wasnt是主句的谓语动词，why he left做主语从句)/ That she became an artist may have been due to her fathers influence.(may have been due是主句的谓语动词，that she became an artist做主语从句)2、借助形式主语it，主语从句放在后面由that引导的主语从句可以放在主语的位置，这时that不可以省略。例如：That prices will go up is certain.that主语从句放在句首的情况不是很常见，绝大部分主语从句都借助形式主语it，主语从句放在后面。/ It is strange that he knows nothing about it./ It is a pity that he cant swim./ It happened that he wasnt in that day./ It is said that there has been an earthquake in India.在口语中，用it做形式主语时，主语从句的that可以省略。wh-疑问词引导的主语从句，可以放在句首，也可以借助形式主语it。/ When hell be back depends much on the weather./ How it was done was a mystery./ Whether well succeed remains to be seen./ It is uncertain whether the game will be held./ Its a puzzle how life began./ It doesnt matter much where we live./ Is it known where he went？（二）宾语从句1、定义：及物动词和介词的后面可以接从句做宾语，叫做宾语从句。/ I guess(that) well leave soon./ He asked when we would be in London./ She informed me (that) she was to send for it the next day.(that可以省略)/ Ill tell you what I read in todays paper./ Ill find out whether shes interested in going./ Can you give us a description of what has happened./ She was shocked by what she had seen.2、借助形式宾语it，that引导的宾语从句放在后面。/ Ive heard it said that you have won a scholarship.（三）表语从句1、定义：系动词的后面可以接句子做表语，叫做表语从句。/ The fact is that she never liked him./ That is not what I meant./ The question is who is responsible for what has happened./ She is no longer what she used to be.2、注意： the reason做主语时，表语从句用that引导。/ The reason Hollywood was a good place for making movies was that the sun shines there every day.引导表语从句的that一般不省略。（四）同位语从句1、定义：有些名词的后面可以跟that引导的从句，说明这个名词的内容，这样的从句叫做同位语从句。所以，只有可以有内容的名词才可以接同位语从句，例如：fact，message，idea，possibility，conclusion，thought，news，order，report，rumor等等。that在从句中不做成分，但是不能省略。/ He had the feeling that he would not see her again.Ive come to the conclusion that it wont be wise to do so.2、有时为了保持句子的平衡，同位语从句有时和前面的名词分开。/ The rumor spread that a new school would be built here.3、在少数情况下，名词性从句的其他关联词也可以引导同位语从句。但if不可以引导同位语从句。/ You have no idea how worried I was./ I have no idea why she left./ There is some doubt whether John will come on time.使用名词性从句时注意：1、名词性从句要用陈述语序。I dont know who broke the window.(宾语从句中关联词who做主语，broke是谓语动词)The little boy told his mother where he found the coin.(宾语从句中关联词where不做主语，where后面接主谓部分he found)2、感叹句做名词性从句时语序不做变化/ Dont you know how excited I was then？3、时态的呼应某些从句(特别是宾语从句)中的动词时态，常受主句谓语时态的制约。如果主句谓语动词为现在时或将来时，从句中的谓语可以不受影响。例如：/ Has he told you when he received the gift？/ Will you tell me how you two are getting along？如果主语谓语动词为过去时，从句谓语一般要跟着改为相关的过去时。/ I didnt know where they lived.但是，当宾语从句表示永恒真理时谓语可以不变：/ This proved that the earth is round.4、当and连接两个that引导的宾语从句时，and后面的that不可以省略。/ She promised (that) she would come and see him sometimes and that she would never forget him.二、定语从句 定语从句所修饰的先行词可以是名词或代词，也可以是一个句子。定语从句通常位于先行词之后，由关系代词或关系副词引导。 （一）限制性定语从句 限制性定语从句修饰先行词，对先行词起修饰作用，紧接先行词之后，无逗号，若省去则原句意思不完整。引导定语从句的关系代词有who,whom,whose,which,that等。who,whom,whose用于指人，whose有时也可指物，相当于ofwhich；which用于指物；that既可指人也可指物，但只用于限制性定语从句中。关系代词除了引导定语从句，替代先行词外，还在从句中担任主语、宾语、定语等。 / ThecomputersandcableswhichmakeuptheInternetareownedbypeopleandorganizations. / Thosewholivealoneorwhoaresickmayhavetroubleingettingclosetootherpeople./ Thegirlwhoseparentsdiedinanaccidentislivingwithhergrandmother. 1、当先行词是all,anything,everything,something,nothing等不定代词或先行词前有first,last,any,few,much,some,no,only以及形容词最高级修饰时，只能用关系代词that引导从句。ThatisallthatIveheardfromhim. HesthefirstpersonthatImgoingtointerviewthisafternoon. 2、关系代词的省略 在从句中作宾语的关系代词常可省略。关系代词紧跟介词，作介词宾语时不可用that，只可用which或whom引导从句，并且不可省略，但当介词位于宾语从句句末时，作为介词宾语的关系代词仍可用that，也可省略。 / Thisisoneofthosethingswithwhichwehavetoputup. / Thisisoneofthosethings(whichthat)wehavetoputupwith. 3、引导定语从句的关系副词有when,where,why等。关系副词在从句中作状语，意义上相当于一个“介词+which”的结构。 / Evenincomicbookswhere(=inwhich)therearenowords,thestoriesarefullyexpressedthroughthedrawings. / Nooneknowsthereasonwhy(=forwhich)hewassoangrythatday. （二）非限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句既可修饰先行词，也可修饰整个主句，起补充说明作用，与主句之间有逗号隔开，若省去原句意思不受影响。不可用that引导非限制性定语从句。关系词不可省略。/ He often comes to school late, which makes his teacher angry. / She eats too much, which makes her heavier and heavier.u 限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句的区别：限定性非限定性与先行词之间的关系非常密切（删掉后影响全句的意义）与先行词之间的关系不密切（是一种补充说明，删掉后不影响整个句子的基本意思。）不用逗号分开通常用逗号分开可用关系代词that不可用关系代词that可以省略（that,who,which在从句中担任宾语时可以省略）不可以省略可以替代（whom担任宾语时可用who或that替代）不可以替代读时不停顿读时停顿，用降调只可以修饰先行词，不可以修饰主句或主句的一部分。修饰整个主句或主句的一部分，此时定有逗号分开，只能由which或as引导。（三）“介词+whichwhomwhose”引导的定语从句 “介词+whichwhomwhose”可引导限制性定语从句，也可引导非限制性定语从句，该结构中介词的选择取决于从句谓语动词的固定搭配，或先行词的习惯搭配。 / Thisisthecomputeronwhichhespentallhissavings. / Itiswrittenbyapersonwithwhomweareallfamiliar. （四）as引导的定语从句 as引导的定语从句主要用于“such.as”及“thesame.as”的结构中，代替先行词是人或物的名词。as引导非限制性定语从句时，代替整个主句，从句可位于主句之前、之后或中间。 / Thesearenotsuchproblemsascanbeeasilysolved.(as代替先行词problems) / Asismentionedabove,nosinglecompanyorgroupcancontrolwhathappensontheInternet.(as代替主语)三、状语从句 （一）时间状语从句 引导时间状语从句的从属连词和词组有： 1、when,whenever,while,as,after,before,since,till,until,once等。 / Wehavelearntquitealotaboutitsincewecamehere. 2、assoonas, hardly(scarcely).when, nosooner.than, each(every)time, themoment, immediately(that)等。 / AssoonasIsentane-mailmessage, Ireceivedpositiveresponses. / Themomentheheardthegoodnews, hejumpedwithjoy. （二）地点状语从句 引导地点状语从句的连词是where, wherever. / Wherevershewent, shetookherlittledaughterwithher. （三）原因、结果和目的状语从句 1、引导原因状语从句的从属连词有：because, as, since, now(that), seeingthat, consideringthat, inthat等。/ Consideringthatheisafreshman, wemustsayheisdoingwell. 2、引导结果状语从句的连词有：so.that, such.that, sothat, that, so等。 / MickeyMouseissoattractivethatthechildrenarereluctanttoleave. 3、引导目的状语从句的连词有：sothat, inorderthat, forfearthat, lest等，从句常使用may, might, can, could, would等情态动词。 / Wegotupearlythismorningsothatwecouldcatchthefirstbustotherailwaystation. （四）条件和让步状语从句 1、引导条件状语从句的连词和词组有if, unless, as(so)longas, onconditionthat, incase, provided(providing)that, suppo