有色金属职业(含冶金).doc

1Steel is everywhere in your lifeSteel touches every aspect of our lives. No other material has the same unique combination of strength, formability and versatility.Almost 200 billion cans of food are produced each year. Steel cans mean saving energy as refrigeration is not needed. Steel used for double-hulled capsize vessels delivering raw materials, finished goods and energy must have the highest impact toughness (to withstand constant wave motion), corrosion resistance (from sea water) and walkability (for manufacturing reasons). Skyscrapers are made possible by steel. The housing and construction sector is the largest consumer of steel today, using around 50% of world steel production. Approximately 25% of an average computer is made of steel. Over 320 million PCs were sold in 2010. Steel looks after our health. Steel surfaces are hygienic and easy to clean. Surgical and safety equipment and commercial kitchens Brussels The World Steel Association (has released its 2010 global steel life cycle inventory (LCI). The datasets provide the most accurate and comprehensive data on the environmental profile of 16 key products, representative of the spectrum of steel production. The LCI datasets are used for material selection and product design. They are available free of charge to everyone, from world steel members and customers to researchers, life cycle assessment (LCA) practitioners and policymakers.The data enables a full life cycle approach to be utilized when determining the environmental impact of steel-containing products, including their carbon footprints. It is used in LCA studies that guide the development of environmental standards and regulations, and aids manufacturers in compliance and voluntary improvement initiatives.注释：vessel 容器，器皿.：There is a little water in the vessel. Raw 生的 ：The row meat makes me sick. Sector 部门 ：The sector is dedicated to the food. Utilize 利用：The tool utilized new technology. Profile 侧面，外形：The profile of the states is beautiful. Corrosion 腐烂：The meat is corrosion. Compliance :遵守 原则：The compliance of our company is strict. Initiatives 首创：He takes the initiatives of computer. 作者不详： 钢铁时代，冶金工业出版社，2012年8月2Basic Oxygen Steelmaking: IntroductionThe purpose of the Basic Oxygen Steelmaking (BOS) process is to refine the hot metal produced in the blast furnace into raw liquid steel, which may be subsequently refined in the secondary steelmaking shop. The main functions of the Basic Oxygen Furnace (BOF) are to decarburize and remove phosphorus from the hot metal, and to optimize the steel temperature so that any further treatments The exothermic oxidation reactions that occur during BOS generate a lot of heat energy - more than is necessary to attain the target steel temperature. This extra heat is used to melt scrap and/or iron ore additions. In general, C is not analyzed in the hot metal provided from the Blast Furnace. Instead, the Castration value is assumed for hot metal: Slags commonly used in Basic Oxygen Steelmaking are usually close to the ternary oxide system CaO-SiO2-FeO. Since real-life slags are not strictly ternary, consisting of more than 3 components, certain properties can be estimated to a good degree by using multi-phase property diagrams. An example of such a diagram can be seen here, in this case the diagram shows of the liquids region changes with slag composition with regards to three oxides; CA, SiO2 and Foe. The data can be obtained through world steels LCA/LCI contact form on . For any questions, please contact the world steel LCA Manager, . The 16 key steel products are used in a broad spectrum of industries from construction, automotive and shipbuilding to home appliances, machinery and packaging. The data represents the different steelmaking technologies from around the world.The steel industry recognizes the importance of life cycle assessment studies because increasingly they serve as the basis for environmental legislation and voluntary initiatives. Consequently, it has never been more important to have true representations of the environmental impact of a product or material, and the release of the 2010 LCI data continues our commitment to provide a major tool for society to design and use products with a lower carbon footprint, said Ian Christmas, Director General of the World Steel Association. 注释：Blast:爆炸： There took place a blast Furnace: 火炉 :The temperature of the furnace is high.Subsequently :随后的： Subsequently, I woke up.Phosphorus:？?Decarburize: ？Optimize： 乐观：He optimized me.Scrap：碎片： The scraps are sharp.Slags: 固态的Ternary: 极限：When he is in ternary, he will feel tired.作者不详，国家钢铁总局，无出版社，2012年8月3 Steel processing overview Steel production involves several processing stages including iron making, primary and secondary steelmaking, casting and hot rolling. These are followed by some of the following fabrication processes: cold rolling, forming, forging, joining, machining, coating and/or heat treatment.Steels can be made either from raw materials (e.g. iron ore, coal and limestone) or by recycling steel scrap.In response to the requirements of society, steel processing is subject to significant innovation in order to reduce costs, improve quality and to minimize its environmental impacts.These complex processes produce a wide variety of steel compositions, in many different shapes and sizes, each tailored closely to the requirements of the use of the steel.The simulations included at allow you to tour and operate a virtual steel works. These are supported by e-learning activities to enable you to understand the chemical reactions and metallurgical principles underpinning these processes. You can choose one of 4 grades of steel to make and select an appropriate level of difficulty. The world steel database is the benchmark standard for life cycle information on steel because it is obtained directly from the steel producers worldwide and is based on a critically reviewed methodology. The procedures of LCA are part of the International Standards Organization (ISO) 14040 series. The new datasets have been developed with advanced modeling software and show the effects of the global recyclability of steel. As shown in the charts below, there has been a year-on-year increase in both the number of people taking part, and the overall number of individual attempts.注释：Methodology： 方法： The methodology of this question is heipful.Fabrication: 捏造 ：The fact cant be fabrication.Forging: 伪造： Forging money is difficult.Simulations 模仿：His simulations are good.Benchmark ? 无出版社，Image courtesy of Principle Power,2012,084. Key facts about the world steel industryThe industry directly employs about more than two million people worldwide, with a further two million contractors and four million people in the supporting industries. Considering steels position as the key product supplier to industries such as automotive, construction, transport, power and machine goods, and using a multiplier of 25:1, the steel industry is at the source of employment for more than 50 million people. In the Electric Arc Furnace (EAF), recycled steel scrap is melted and converted into high quality steel by using high-power electric arcs. The main task of most modern EAFs is to convert the solid raw materials to liquid crude steel as fast as possible and then refine further in subsequent secondary steelmaking processes. Nevertheless, if time is available, almost any metallurgical operation may be performed during flat bath operation period (after melting), which is usually performed as a pre-treatment to the secondary steelmaking operations.This module introduces the equipment, raw materials and processes used to produce steel in the EAF, finishing with a simulation, which allows you to put all this in practice and melt your own cast. Life cycle thinking is vital for the future. Environmental regulations which only regulate one phase (the use phase) of a products life cycle can create unintended consequences, such as One example of this is vehicle exhaust or tail pipe regulations which encourage the use of low density materials which are more CO2 intensive to produce. LCA considers production, manufacture, the use phase and end-of-life recycling and disposal. L In addition to CO2, LCA assesses other impacts such as resource consumption, energy demand an acidification. LCA is easy to implement, cost effective and produces affordable and beneficial solutions for material decision-making and product design. World steel developed one of the first global sector databases for life cycle inventory data and invests to keep it current. 注释：Multiplier：相乘：The multiplier is difficult.Intensive：加强： The defense needs to be intensive.Vital :重要的：The vital step is pressing the button.Exhaust: 用光：The food is going to be exhausted.Pipe:管子：The pipe is 3 meters long.张亮：当代冶金，冶金出版社，2012.085History of SteelmakingIn ancient times, steel was produced by hammering heated solid iron in air. Modern steelmaking started around 1850 with Bessemer who processed steel by blowing air through a bath of molten pig iron contained in a bottom-blown vessel lined with siliceous refractories. In 1879, Thomas introduced the use of basic (dolomitic) lining and a basic flux, making it possible to use the pneumatic method for refining pig iron smelted from the high phosphorus ores common to many parts of Europe. The next major development was the replacement of air by pure oxygen. This was developed in 1952-53 at Linz and Donitz in Austria, and involved the top-blowing of oxygen through a vertical lance, as the bottom refractories could not withstand pure oxygen. The corresponding process is known as LD, or BOP, and represents most of the installed capacities today. A successful bottom blown oxygen steelmaking process was developed in the 1970s, using tubers protected by a hydrocarbon gas (propane or natural gas) or fuel-oil. The cracking of this hydrocarbon cools the refractory in the tuner zone. The corresponding processes are known as OBM, Q-BOP and LWS. One of their advantages is a very efficient metal-slag stirring throughout the oxygen blow. Mixed blowing developed in the late 1970s is the latest step. A limited blowing of neutral gas (argon or nitrogen) or oxygen through the vessel bottom of top-blown converters provides an efficient stirring. The corresponding processes are known as LBE, LET, K-BOP, K-OBM etc. and these facilities now equips most of the top-blown converters. Hot metal dephosph ordination was developed in Japan in the early 1980s. In this pretreatment operation, most of the hot metal P is removed using oxidizing fluxes (mixtures of lime and iron