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就这么写,大家写完按顺序粘到这篇文档中互相发。题库8、111、149 In any field- business, politics, education, government- those in power should be required to step down after five years.(2012/8/19 周日)思路:要分情况考虑。有的领导人是公司的支柱(main stay; head),是创新的源泉(spring; source),适合长期在位(to be on the throne; to reign; to be in power; to be in power; to rule; to be in office; to come into power; to hold the reins of government);有的领导人没有能力,应该让他们及早下台(to step down from the stage or platform; to get off stage; to exit from the stage; to fall out of power; to leave office; to be relieved from office; to quit the scene; to get out of a predicament or an embarrassing situation; abdicate)最后综述,频繁的(frequent)换届 会造成政策的不连续,长期的在位会导致僵化(to become rigid; to head toward a deadlock; to harden into stone; to ossify; stiffen)、腐败。一:有的公司领导人,是公司的建立者(creator; founder; initiator),是公司的灵魂、支柱,他们的长期存在,会激励下属;他们的长远目光会使公司更有效率,朝着正确的方向发展,这样的领导人适合长期在位。罗斯福总统(Roosevelt),美国连任(re-election)次数最多的总统,在位长达12年,他带领人民走出经济危机、打赢了第二次世界大战。可以说,是他的领导才能和个人魅力引领者美国走向伟大。这样的总统,不应该让他有任期的限制。Steve Jobs, 苹果公司的创始人,凭借超乎常人的远见、对伟大产品的狂热(enthusiastic, fanatic, crazy, impassioned)追求,引领苹果公司取得了一系列辉煌成就。1997年他重返苹果,削减(to sharply reduce; to cut down; to cut back; to whittle away (or down); to curtail; to prune off (or away); to trim down; to make a dent in)冗余的项目。而苹果之后专注的产品都取得了巨大成功,such as mac, ipad, ipod and iphone.他在苹果留任直至健康状况不允许他再这么做了。他的存在,使下属找到了正确的方向,他的品味、远见、苛刻使苹果的产品保持了一贯的高水准,这样的领导人不应该让他有任期的限制。二:没有能力的领导应该让他们赶快退位。如果一个在任的领导人没有能力掌握大局,那么他就是浪费权利、浪费人们给他的信任和资源。罗斯福的前任胡佛(Herbert Hoover)总统,由于应对经济危机不力,渐渐失去民心,只当了一届总统就退位了。当这种情况发生,就应该让更有才能的人来接替领导职位,以充分调动(deploy, maneuver, distribute)社会资源应对危机。一个领导人只有拥有足够的能力才可以有充分的理由连任大于5年的任期。再举一例:苹果前CEO John Sculley,就是他把Steve Jobs赶出(banish, ostracize)了苹果公司,但是他的政策与苹果公司的企业文化不兼容,苹果的利润不断下降.于是他也被董事会解除了CEO的职位。所以不称职的领导人不仅会给公司带来经济损失,还会浪费人才。应该让他们及早退位。三、论述段。也存在问题。A) 过度频繁的换届会产生政绩工程(vanity projects)。不顾(to disregard; to ignore; to override, in spite of; without giving any thought to; without respect to; despite; in contempt of; regardless of)后来在位者的利益,不考虑长远目标(long-term goal; long-term design)。B) 有的职位要求的是稳定性,而且是靠经累积起来的,如:商业或学术权威,不是每个人都能干的。C)造成政策的不连续性,前任领导说要致力于A,后任领导却反其道而行之(to do exactly the opposite; to act in a diametrically opposite way),这样下属会产生误解(misconstrue, misinterpret, misapprehend, misconceive, misunderstand)和观望态度,对办事效率、经济利益会有损伤。IS13,135,32,129,98,136,20,39,140(段) 话题:大学生应当选择有利于就业的学习领域还是选择兴趣相关的领域15. Educational institutions should actively encourage their students to choose fields of study that will prepare them for lucrative careers.Write a response in which you discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the claim. In developing and supporting your position, be sure to address the most compelling reasons and/or examples that could be used to challenge your position.135. Educational institutions should actively encourage their students to choose fields of study that will prepare them for lucrative careers.Write a response in which you discuss your views on the policy and explain your reasoning for the position you take. In developing and supporting your position, you should consider the possible consequences of implementing the policy and explain how these consequences shape your position.32. College students should base their choice of a field of study on the availability of jobs in that field.Write a response in which you discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the claim. In developing and supporting your position, be sure to address the most compelling reasons and/or examples that could be used to challenge your position.98. Educational institutions should actively encourage their students to choose fields of study in which jobs are plentiful.Write a response in which you discuss your views on the policy and explain your reasoning for the position you take. In developing and supporting your position, you should consider the possible consequences of implementing the policy and explain how these consequences shape your position.129. College students should base their choice of a field of study on the availability of jobs in that field.Write a response in which you discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the recommendation and explain your reasoning for the position you take. In developing and supporting your position, describe specific circumstances in which adopting the recommendation would or would not be advantageous and explain how these examples shape your position.136. Educational institutions should actively encourage their students to choose fields of study in which jobs are plentiful.Write a response in which you discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the claim. In developing and supporting your position, be sure to address the most compelling reasons and/or examples that could be used to challenge your position.20. Some people believe that college students should consider only their own talents and interests when choosing a field of study. Others believe that college students should base their choice of a field of study on the availability of jobs in that field.Write a response in which you discuss which view more closely aligns with your own position and explain your reasoning for the position you take. In developing and supporting your position, you should address both of the views presented.39. College students should be encouraged to pursue subjects that interest them rather than the courses that seem most likely to lead to jobs.Write a response in which you discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the recommendation and explain your reasoning for the position you take. In developing and supporting your position, describe specific circumstances in which adopting the recommendation would or would not be advantageous and explain how these examples shape your position.140. Some people believe that universities should require every student to take a variety of courses outside the students field of study. Others believe that universities should not force students to take any courses other than those that will help prepare them for jobs in their chosen fields.Write a response in which you discuss which view more closely aligns with your own position and explain your reasoning for the position you take. In developing and supporting your position, you should address both of the views presented.PS:这一堆题说来说去无非就是大学上课应该是以学生兴趣为主还是以就业导向为主,分割线前面的题目是针对找工作的,后面的题目是兴趣的以及二选一的。思路是一致的,不过还是在遇到具体的题目的时候要针对这道题的题目要求进行具体写作。中心观点:大学应该培养全面发展的人才,最重要的是教给equip学生如何学习的能力、独立思考和独立做出决定的能力,大学作为一个学术机构,不应当有所偏向,应该给予学生必要的指导和帮助,比如开设相关的课程又或者是regular lecture(常规讲座)又或者是设立专门的咨询办公室,总之尽可能给学生提供充分的发展空间,但把选择权留给学生,鼓励学生发现认识自我,根据自己的实际情况来选择研究的领域。关于职业:1. 肯定题目观点的出发点,即大学鼓励学生选择容易就业的领域/或开设帮助学生就业的课程,有一定的道理。大学教育如今不再是精英教育elite education,而日益地大众化平民化become popular/ popularized/ plebificationalized。在高校毕业生平等地参与就业竞争的情况下,竞争日益激烈fierce,大学希望自己的学生能够在毕业时具备更强的竞争力,而毕业生们也希望自己能够在众多竞争者中胜出。大学已经很难与社会隔绝开来,必须考虑为学生提供足够的准备equip them with better preparation。鼓励选择容易就业的领域能够减轻学生的就业压力/开设一些将学术内容与实际应用相结合的课程,或者是教授相关工作技能的课程,是希望学生为将来走上工作岗位做好准备,能够训练学生提高自身的综合能力,起较好的过渡作用,帮助学生走向社会enable students to enter the society with better preparation。2. 大学在本质上是一个学术机构而不是培养就业人员的training school,应该着眼于提高学生的学习能力,丰富学生的知识素养intellectual equipment,教授自然学科能够让学生了解世界的运行规律,培养学生的科学精神scientific spirit和合理的研究方法,教授人文学科,如历史能够培养学生的价值观,传承人类的美德和民族的优秀传统文化splendid/ precious traditional culture而哲学有助于训练学生的批判性思维能力,教授艺术类学科则能够提高学生的审美ability to appreciate the beauty丰富学生的心灵enrich thir soul,最终目标是培养能够融入社会的全面发展all-round development的合格公民。3. 并且,每个学生自身的兴趣和能力是不同的,他们对于未来职业的发展规划也不尽相同。有些人决定毕业就工作,有些人决定献身学术,有些人毕业之后最终从事的工作与大学期间学习的课程没有直接的联系。如果仅着眼于职业需求而进行教学的话,大学会丧失其纯洁性并且很容易变得盲目,无论是对其本身还是对学生个体来说都是不利于学术的发展的。并且,学校是否有能力capable/ able预测社会需求发展变化的方向,确定什么领域是好找工作的或是高薪的,这一点尚存疑问。所以对于大学来说,最好的办法是给学生提供充分的条件去认识自我,鼓励学生做好对未来的规划,并根据自己的实际情况选择学习的领域/或课程等。结论:复述中心观点关于兴趣:同意兴趣是最好的老师,能够在个人的层面上激发学生的学习潜能,举例德布罗意 de Broglie,放弃了对历史的学习,而选择了献身理论物理theoretical physics,创立了波动力学wave mechanics,成为量子力学一位重要的奠基人important founder of quantum mechanics,但不能只考虑兴趣而不考虑实际情况继续讨论职业的问题关于专业外学科:参见Is13,46,70,102,11216,50,86,114,115,139(可参考老题库24,45,202)Government officials should rely on their own judgment rather than unquestioningly carry out the will of the people they serve.思路:同意+反对Beginning:政府官员应该有自己的判断(estimation, judgment, opinion, verdict),但是也不能忽视(ignore, neglect, overlook)人民的意愿(desire, inclination, will, wish)。Agree:政府官员通常都是杰出的个人(standouts; the outstanding, splendid, palmary, crackerjack individuals in the society),他们拥有更高水平的学识(high wisdom),更敏锐的判断力(acute, acuminous, keen, penetrating judgment) 和更长远的眼光(long, long-term, long-range view),这决定了他们不可取代的(irreplaceable)决策能力,有利于将问题的解决(account for, figure out, ravel out, resolve, settle, solve, sopite, untie) 带入更正确的方向(aspect, direction, exposure, heading, orientation, way) 。如:罗斯福(F. D. Roosevelt)实行新政(New deal), 美国走出了二战后的经济萧条(recovery from the depression and World War II),杜鲁门(Harry S Truman)消除军方种族差别待遇(military race distinctions),将私刑(lynch)列入联邦罪行。Disagree:然而个人的能力(ability, capability, competence, faculty, giftie, headship) 总是有限的(finite, limited, narrow, restricted),集思广益(brainstorming)能够避免漏洞。领导者需要多方了解群众的意愿,以群众的需求作为决策的标杆(criterion, standard)才能不失偏颇(with no bias);再者群众能够起到监督(monitor, oversee, superintend, supervise, surveillance)作用。当然参考群众的意见并不等于被左右,决策的最终还是领导者。Addition:然而有时对于争议性(argumentative, controversial, contestable, eristic)的问题,领导者和人民难以达成共识(get consensus, come to/ make terms, come to an agreement )。这在改革(reformation, innovation)中尤为明显,因为在其中一些人的利益(benefit, advantage, interest, profit) 被动摇,冲突(conflict, clash, collision)就会加剧(come forth, exacerbate)。这时领导者需要顶住一些压力(pressure,tension),有将改革进行到底的主见和勇气,经过一段时间之后,人民会理解领导者决策的正确性。如:林肯(Abraham Lincoln)在美国早起废除农奴制(serfdom)的同时,遭到了农场主的强烈反对,甚至迫害,但是林肯没有后退,他相信自己的判断与追求,坚信人生来是平等的。最终历史记住了伟大的林肯,这位自由战士。题库2 To understand the most important characteristics of a society, one must study its major cities.思路+提纲:(2012年8月13日星期一)开头:有道理,但不全面。(concession)大城市尽管展现了社会的先进(advanced)生产力(productive power、yield capacity)、容纳了数以百万计的人口,但不足以展现社会的各个特征:传统习俗、民俗文化、社会道德、精神风貌之类的。所以要全面分析,要看看中小城市,因为它们包含了社会的各个阶层(stratum、 hierarchy、class、caste)、保留了最本质(intrinsic、ingenuous、basic)的社会特征。一:关于美国,美国梦。Entrepreneurial spirit、hardly pioneering work、starting from scratch。这些特征只在小城市,不像大城市那么well-developed、垄断,才能最好的体现。硅谷(silicon valley),位于Santa Clara,狭长的带状区域,是创业精神的体现。最早是military研发基地,导弹、航天技术(space technology),但随着半导体科技的迅速发展,许多拥有前沿知识的人到此创业。第一批走出实验室的scholar,开创了半导体产业。仙童 (Fairchild) 半导体公司,英特尔 (Intel) 公司的前身。Xerox,Graphical User Interface(GUI)的开创者,其idea被微软、苹果采用。还有苹果公司也在硅谷,在车库中建立的公司,steve jobs、stephen wozniak,高中生极客。总结:没有垄断、没有束缚、从头开始,只有小城市才可以,是美国精神的体现。二:关于美国人愿意亲自动手的DIY精神。小城市才是体现,因为发展不像大城市那么完善,许多事要自己做。Hardware store,各种工具。Mechanic,自己修车、修房子什么的。Heath kit 广受欢迎的用于制作无线电(radio; wireless)装备的工具组件(Tool Kit),通过各种零部件和说明书可以组装成各种设备。广受欢迎,jobs回忆:它能让我做成任何东西。巨大的点子器材商店haltek,新的、旧的回收的零件摆满了一条街,乔布斯和沃兹尼亚克就是在这里找到零件组装了它们的第一个profitable product:blue box(其实不是这样的)三(让步):当然,大城市也可以展现特征。悠久的城市:罗马、伦敦、北京,独立宣言的起草地:费城(Philadelphia, Pennsylvania。The Declaration of Independence from Britain was signed in Philadelphia in 1776, and the city was the first capital of the new United States)。体现了社会的传承、悠久。纽约Paradise of adventurers,经济、文化中心(Wall street、Broadway)题库22、122:The best way to understand the character of a society is to examine the character of men and women that the society chooses as its heroes and its role models.(问:同意的程度及支持的理由)(2012/8/14 周二)开头:完全赞同(英雄史观,哈哈,马克思他老人家该批判我了)正文(两个正面一个让步)一:勇于创业、开创新局面(单词参考上题)。模范人物之所以是模范,因为他们做出了不平凡(outstandingprominentpeerless)的业绩,在创业的过程中,体现了社会的特征。Transistor的发明人William Shockley没有意识到巨大的市场潜力,于是停止资助该项目。8位subordinate、inferior出走,创建了仙童 (Fairchild) 半导体公司,英特尔 (Intel) 公司的前身,半导体领域的领跑者,集成电路(Integrated circuit)的发明人。八位创始人,被称为The Traitorous Eight,是50年代的英雄,开创了新局面,体现了那个年代白手起家、艰苦创业、对科技孜孜不倦的追求的社会特征。再举一例:HP来源于惠普两位创始人的姓氏,通过抛硬币决定的公司名称。1939年,在美国加州(State of California)Palo Alto爱迪生大街367(367 Edison Main Street Palo Alto California)号的一间狭窄garage里,两位年轻的发明家比尔休利特(Bill Hewlett)和戴维帕卡德(David Packard),以手边仅有的538美元,怀着对未来技术发展的美好憧憬和发明创造的激情创建了HP公司,开始了硅谷的创新(innovate)之路。惠普创业的车库,如今已经被美国政府命名为硅谷的诞生地(birthplace)。也体现了社会特征。普通人之所以不是英雄,因为他们没体现出这个精神,没做出业绩。二、还是讲乔布斯的例子(最近在看他的传记),是英雄,体现的是DIY精神、自己动手、反对权威(Against authority)。DIY精神,参考上题“二”,为了打免费电话,和沃兹尼亚克搜罗各种零件(Component、part),在一篇文章的指导下做出了bluebox,可以用来接入ATT公司的电话网Telephone network中,打免费电话。再就是heath kit,自己组装无线电设备。乔布斯还将两人动手制作的产品出售,apple 1 只是Circuit board(沃兹尼亚克设计)和一些零部件的组合,但却奠定了苹果公司的创业基础,总共卖了1300美元。出走苹果后,创建了Next电脑公司,为大学等高等教育机构(institute)设计电脑,目的是促进设计自动化Design Automation(DA),使大学也可以自己动手设计,而不是去找公司。皮克斯Pixar Animation Studios,不仅仅是创作动画,还卖软件、硬件给用户让他们自己制作动画、渲染(Rendering)图片。Ipad一代推出的时候,被批评没有软、硬件的支持让用户自己创作音乐、图片、视频,乔布斯很是遗憾。在推出2代、各种mac电脑时额外注意。如今,iphoto、imovie是苹果的卖点,受众是设计人员、摄影师、艺术家(而不是各种炫富的人,who不明白苹果精神)。软件设计人员的应用程序(application),可以卖、创造财富、自己创造自己的程序,。这也体现了DIY精神。反对权威就不说了,可以看看Macintosh的1984广告。三(让步):历史的主体是民众。民俗文化体现了社会的精神风貌;传统习俗、节日的主体也是普通人,ritual,延续社会的特征。说说即可。结尾:尽管如此,还是模范有代表性,被时代选为英雄,说明他们体现了社会的特征。题库28、85、94、113、120、121、127、145、147 The surest indicator of a great nation is represented not by the achievements of its rulers, artists, scientists, but by the general welfare of its people.(2012/8/15 周三)思路:这次来个层层递进的论述方式,复杂点:国家的任务之一就是保证国民的welfare;但welfare和精英的贡献密不可分;“great country”不仅仅体现在国民的welfare上。开头:有人说一,有人说二,试图将“great county”与“welfare of people ”两分法(dichotomy)看待。句型:They set up a false dichotomy between working and raising a family, is wrongly claim that one cannot do both.或者说consider A and B separately.事实上,互相交织(intertwine, interplay, interconnected, interplay)的.一:一个伟大的国家首先要保障(guarantee, protect, ensure, safeguard, secure, assure)welfare. 民众(the people, the public, the democracy, the mass, throng)是一个国家的基础,构成了绝大多数人口,ruler、artist、scientist的重要责任就是促进welfare。也许我们接触不到精英们的生活,但民众的精神风貌、个人权利、幸福程度(Levels of happiness)是国家是否伟大的直接体现(Directly reflects the,Direct indication)。面对military invasion,伟大国家如美国、中国奋起反抗,保护了独立和民众的自由;当民众可以享受到优厚的福利(Munificent welfare,Generous welfare)、良好的医疗保障(Medical insurance,medical security),那么他所在的国家在国内事务(Domestic affairs、administrative matters)中算是伟大。中国三十年的改革开放(Reform and Opening-up)从整体上(On the whole,overall)提高了民众的收入(income; revenue, gaining)、提高了人均寿命(Average life expectancy)、民主权利(Democratic rights)有了极大提高,从这点上看,中国是个伟大的国家。Therefore, the overall welfare of the general people of a nation is an important indicator of the greatness of a nation.二:welfare与精英们的工作密不可分(inseparable).科学家在科技领域的成就促进了welfare。Personal computer的普及(to popularize; to disseminate; to vulgarize),使人们可以打破技术上的垄断,在电脑上实现自己的想法。个人电脑的旗舰(flag ship)苹果(我又要说乔布斯了),宗旨(aim, tenet)就是要做大众化的(popular)电脑。从apple1到macintosh再到后来的mac,都是技术人员(technical personnel; technical staff)、leader with great 远见(foresight; vision; providence)such as Jobs、artist智慧(wisdom, knowledge)的融合(integration; fusion)。而艺术家可以用它们来制作音乐、图片、视频等艺术创作,developer可以足不出户(Remain within doors)编写application,赚钱。Mac的受益者(Beneficiary)更可以从艺术作品中、应用程序中的到极大的愉悦(joyful; cheerful; delighted,satisfied; content; contented)、便利(convenient; handy; easy)。政治方面,领导人的英明(wise,sagacious)、国家的伟大,make people proud、fully develop themselves. Enhance the general welfare. Roosevelt, new deal, financial crisis, win second world war.三:“great nation”不仅仅只体现在民众福利上。应该对人类(mankind、human race)的发展做出贡献(contribute,dedicate,devote)。从科技、政治两方面说。科技方面,拥有诺贝尔奖得主(Nobel Prize winner)最多的国家伟大,因为科技的进步使人们从繁重的体力劳动(physical (or manual) labor; physical (or manual) work)中解脱出来;更好地探索自然;使人们生活更加便利;治愈重大疾病(比如sars、pneumonia,smallpox)。一个国家为人类做出这样的贡献,就是伟大的。当世界遭受着法西斯的野蛮侵略,即将被暴政(tyranny)统治(rule)的时候,中、美、苏、英英勇(valiant; heroic; brave; courageous; gallant; plucky)抗争(.to resist; to rebel against; to react against; to stem the tide (of); to hit back; to be in revolt against),在亚洲、太平洋、欧洲作战,付出了巨大牺牲(price; cost; expense; terms,to sacrifice oneself; to lay down ones life for),为全人类的解放做出了巨大贡献,伟大!反观一些中立国(a neutral state; a neutral nation; a neutral),比如挪威(Norway)、瑞典(Sweden),国民welfare很munificent、generous,但谈不上伟大。结尾:综上所述,密不可分。题库89 Many problems of modern society cannot be solved by laws and the legal system because laws cannot change what is in peoples mind or hearts.(2012/8/16 周四)思路:大赞同,小反对。亲情关系没法通过力帆解决;宗教冲突没法通过立法解决;但是涉及到国家利益、外交争端的事物必须通过法律手段解决。开头:复述题目。下定义:a rule, usually made by a government, that is used to order the way in which a society behaves, or the whole system of such rules However mandatory it is, law cannot solve all kinds of problems including moral affairs. So I approve the claim, but at the same time do not neglect laws are effective under certain circumstances.一:laws are always intending to handle conflicts. 却不能解决家庭纠纷(family quarrels; domestic discord; family disputes; family (or domestic) dissension; domestic conflicts).现在的子女(descendant)越来越独立、叛逆(rebellious、treacherous、treasonable、 traitorous)成年以后离开家就不再管父母了。不孝顺(filial piety; filial duty)。不回家看父母。父母非常悲伤(grieved, sad, sorrowful)。这样的事就不可能用立法来解决。因为这是家务事,强制的命令会干涉隐私权。即使子女被迫关心老人,也会很reluctant,反而没什么改观(to improve; to better; to mend; to reform; to modify; to ameliorate; to pick up)。二:宗教冲突不可能被立法解决。下定义:

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