2015考研英语语法基础班讲义—何威威.doc

2015 考研英语语法基础班讲义一、基本词性及其用法二、基本句型1._例：_2._例：_3._例：_4._例：_例：_例：_例：_例：_5._例：_6._例：_【注意】12015 考研英语语法基础班讲义（何威威老师主讲）2015 考研英语语法基础班讲义（何威威老师主讲）三、时态（一）一般现在时【用法】表示经常性或习惯性的动作、现在的特征和状态、普遍真理等。【谓语形式】do 或 does例：My father gets up at six everyday.He loves sports.Knowledge is power.（二）一般过去时【用法】表示过去某个时间发生的动作或情况，包括过去的习惯性动作。常与表示过去的时间状语连用。如：a minuteago, yesterday, last week, in 1990, during the night, in those days.【谓语形式】did例：John suddenly fell ill yesterday.(fall-fell-fallen)He went out just now.（三）一般将来时【用法】一般将来时主要表示准备做的事、将要发生的动作情况、按计划安排要发生的事。【谓语形式】1be going to do 2will / shall do 3be to do4.be about to例：I shall/will call you tomorrow.We are going to the zoo tomorrow.The factory is to go into production.He is about to leave.（四）现在进行时【用法】表示现在或现阶段正在进行的动作。可与 now=at present=at this moment=at the moment ；these days、recently等时间状语连用。【谓语形式】be doing例：What are you doing？.2【注意】动词 go, come, leave, start, arrive, die 等瞬间动词用于进行时态中，表示将来含义。考研英语语法基础班讲义（何威威老师主讲）例：The bus is leaving, please hurry up.My uncle is coming to see us this weekend.The boy is leaving for Beijing tomorrow.（leave for +目的地：动身去某地）（五）过去进行时【用法】表示过去某个时刻或一段时间内正在进行的动作。【谓语形式】was / were + doing例：He was practicing the piano this time yesterday evening.When I called him, he was having his breakfast.（六）将来进行时【用法】表示在未来的某个时刻或一段时间内正在进行的动作。【谓语动词】will/shall be doing例：What will you be doing this time tomorrow?（七）现在完成时【用法】1、表示发生在过去对现在有影响的动作（动作已完成）；2、从过去某个时间开始一直持续到现在，可能还会持续下去的动作或状态。【谓语形式】have / has +done。例：The car has arrived.She has been ill for a week.【注意】1come, go , leave, arrive, begin, start, become, join, get up 等短暂动词，不能与表示一段时间的状语连用，这些动作需用表示状态的词替代。例：My uncle has come back for two days._The train has left for an hour._The twin brothers have joined the army for three years._The film has begun for ten minutes._We have got up for two hours._2have been to 与 have gone to 的区别have been to 表示去过某地或去干过某事，人现在已经回来了；have gone to 表示去某地了或去干某事了，人还没有回来。例：He has been to the library.He has gone to the library.（八）过去完成时【用法】表示以过去某个时间为基点在这个时间基点之前进行的动作（即过去的过去，必须有一个过去的时间为基点）【谓语形式】had done例：When we got to the theatre, the play had already started.By the end of that year we had trained more than 1,000 employees.32015（九）将来完成时2015 考研英语语法基础班讲义（何威威老师主讲）【用法】表示在将来某一时间点之前完成的动作，并往往对将来某一时间产生影响。【谓语形式:】will/shall have done例：I shall have finished reading the book by the end of this week.Before long, he will have forgotten all about the matter.(before long 不久)When we get there theyll probably have left.（十）现在完成进行时【用法】比现在完成时更加强调动作的不间断进行，该动作可能仍在进行，也可能已经完成。【谓语形式】have / has been doing例：Weve just been talking about you.Ive been sitting here all afternoon.How long has it been snowing?（十一）过去完成进行时【用法】比过去完成时更加强调动作的不间断进行，必须有一个过去的时间为基点。【谓语形式】had been doing例：I had been looking for it for four days before I found it.The telephone had been ringing for three minutes before it was answered.At last we got the letter we had been expecting.(十二)将来完成进行时【用法】比将来完成时更加强调动作的不间断进行。【谓语形式】shall/will have been doing例：I shall have been working as a teacher for ten years by the end of this year.（十三）过去将来时【用法】表示在过去某个时间打算要做的事，或从过去某个时间看来将要发生的事(站在过去看未来)【谓语形式】1was / were going to do2would / should do 3was / were to do 4.was/were about to do例：He said he would come back the next day.He informed us the train was to leave at six .I didnt know when they were going to come again.He was about to get there when it began to rain.四、被动语态被动语态的构成：be+过去分词一般现在时一般过去时一般将来时现在进行时过去进行时将来进行时am / is / are donewas / were doneshall / will be doneam / is / are being donewas / were being doneshall/will be being done4现在完成时过去完成时将来完成时过去将来时情态动词have / has been donehad been doneshall/will have been doneshould / would be done情态动词+ be done2015 考研英语语法基础班讲义（何威威老师主讲）有些动词，如 let, make, hear, see, watch, notice, have（让，使）, feel 等，在主动语态中，其后面的不定式作宾语补足语时 to 被省略，但在被动语态中需将 to 表达出来。例 1：I saw him turn round the corner. He was seen to turn round the corner.例 2：The teacher made the students copy the sentences many times .The students were made to copy the sentences many times_五、主从复合句（一）名词性从句1主语从句【位置】_【连词】1)_2) _3) _例：What she said is right.How the prisoner escaped is a mystery.It is certain that we will win the match.或 That we will win the match is certain.Whether he is coming or not doesnt matter.5【真题链接】2015 考研英语语法基础班讲义（何威威老师主讲）1. What researchers such as Ransom Myers and Boris Worm have shown is just how fast things are changing.(2006 Text 3)2. Whether such a sense of fairness evolved independently in capuchins and humans, or whether it stems form the commonancestor that the species had 35 million years ago, is, as yet, an unanswered question.(2005 Text 1)3. It turns out that the peculiar way of conducting the experiments may have led to misleading interpretations of whathappened.(2010 Use of English)2宾语从句【位置】_【连词】1) _2) _3) _例：They told us again that the situation was serious.I dont know if /whether you could help me tomorrow.I worry about whether I hurt her feelings.We are not sure whether we can persuade him out of smoking.We all thought it a pity that you had failed the exam.Can you tell me what you want？【真题链接】1. To filter out what is unique from what is shared might enable us to understand how complex cultural behavior arose andwhat guides it in evolutionary or cognitive terms.(2012 翻译)2. This may also explain why we are not usually sensitive to our own smells we simply do not need to be.(2005 Use ofEnglish)3. Do we really want railroads to be the arbiters of who wins and who loses in the marketplace?(2003 Text3)4. Darwin was convinced that the loss of these tastes was not only a loss of happiness, but might possibly be injurious to theintellect, and more probably to the moral character.(2008 翻译)5. That kind of activity makes it less likely that the courts decisions will be accepted as impartial judgments.（2012 Use ofEnglish）3表语从句【位置】_【连词】1) _2) _3) _例：My idea is that we should go home early.The problem is whether they are willing to help us.6Thats why we had to put off the meeting.2015 考研英语语法基础班讲义（何威威老师主讲）【真题链接】1. That whispered message, half invitation and half forcing, is what most of us think of when we hear the words peerpressure.(2012 Text1)2. Most of all, these new adults must feel that they are respected and supported by a family that appreciates them.(2007 Part B)【注意】_例：It looks / seems as if you have got no experience .That he didnt turn up was because he had to accompany his mother.【真题链接】1. But its not as if earlier times didnt know perpetual war, disaster and the massacre of innocents.2. For a while it looked as though the making of semiconductors, which America had invented and which sat at the heart ofthe new computer age, was going to be the next casualty. (2000 Text 1)3. This may be because some people do not have the genes necessary to generate particular smell receptors in the nose.(2005 Use of English)4同位语从句【位置】_【连词】1) _2) _3) _例：There can be no doubt that my brother is qualified for the job.She asked the reason why there was a delay.The problem whether she will accept his invitation worries him .They have no idea at all where he has gone.I have no idea what has happen to him.【真题链接】1. Contrary to the descriptions on record, no systematic evidence was found that levels of productivity were related to changesin lighting. (2010 Use of English)2. Anyone who has toiled through SAT will testify that test-taking skill also matters, whether its knowing when to guess orwhat questions to skip.(2007 Text 2)3. One reason why it is hard to design and teach such courses is that they cut across the insistence by top American universitiesthat liberal-arts education and professional education should be kept separate, taught in different schools.(2011 Part B)4.Allens contribution was to take an assumption we all sharethat because we are not robots we therefore control ourthoughtsand reveal its erroneous nature.(2011 翻译)（二）定语从句 ：限定、非限定性定语从句71 限定性定语从句：是句子不可缺少的一部分，没有它，句子不能成立，或意思不清楚，不说明问题。【位置】先行词后【连词】who、whom、whose、that、which、when、where【注意】定语从句的连词有承上启下的作用。承上：连接并限定先行词。启下：连词在从句中充当一定的语法成分通常做主语、宾语、定语、时间状语、地点状语。【注意】 1 凡是在从句中作宾语的连词都可以省略；2 先行词受到 only、序数词、形容词最高级修饰时，且在从句中做主语或宾语，连词只用 that。3 当先行词是 everything、all、anything 等不定代词时，连词用 that。例 Ill never forget the days_ I spent in England.Do you know the day_ your mother was born?That is the house_ I lived 10 years ago.That is the house_ I lived in 10 years ago.That is the house in _ I lived 10years ago.The girl_ I spoke to just now is my sister.The girl to _ I spoke just now is my sister.This is the book_ you are looking for.The boy_ my mother takes care of is ill.I cant remember the age at _ he won the prize.The girls_ names were called stood up.Youre the only one_ advice he might listen to.Is there anything _ I can do for you?All_ you have to do is to close the door and wait for him.This is one of the easiest questions _ do not need answering.He came last night _I was going to bed.I know of a place _we can have lunch.The only games _I play are football and tennis.He is the only person _ knows the answer.【真题链接】1. At the very least, the court should make itself subject to the code of conduct that applies to the rest of the federaljudiciary. (2012 Use of English)82015 考研英语语法基础班讲义（何威威老师主讲）2. Fruit flies who were taught to be smarter than the average fruit fly tended2015live考研英语语法基础班讲义（何威威老师主讲）3. There is a marked difference between the education which every one gets from living with others and the deliberateeducation of the young.(2009 翻译)4. Its theory to which many economists subscribe, but in practice it often leaves railroads in the position of determiningwhich many companies will flourish and which will fail.(2003 Text 3)5. This is the credibility process, through which the individual researchers me, here, now becomes the communitysanyone, anywhere, anytime.(2012 Text 3)6. For example, changes in the economy that lead to fewer job opportunities for youth and rising unemployment in generalmake gainful employment increasingly difficult to obtain.7. As a linguist, he acknowledges that all varieties of human language, including non-standard ones like Black English, canbe powerfully expressivethere exists no language or dialect in the world that cannot convey complex ideas.(2005 Text 4)8. Children are likely to have less supervision at home than was common in the traditional family structure.(2004 Use of English)9. The definition also excludes the majority of teachers, despite the fact that teaching has traditionally been the methodwhereby many intellectuals earn their living. (2006 翻译)2、非限定性定语从句只对其修饰的部分作进一步的说明，没有它句子其他部分仍然可以成立。非限定性定语从句常用逗号与前面的部分隔开。【连词】不能用 that，其他连词用法与限定性定语从句中连词用法相同例：Water, which is a clear liquid, has many uses.Our guide, who is a Chinese , is an excellent cook.They will fly to Boston, where they can plan to stay for four days, and then go to New York.He picked up the book, the cover of which had been torn.(tear-tore-torn 撕裂、撕碎)He is our English teacher, whose wife is a manager in a big firm.非限定性定语从句还可以修饰整个句子，连词只能用 which 或 as；若将从句放在句首连词只能用 as。例：The activity was postponed, which was exactly what we wanted.As they soon discovered , disguise was too perfect.As any biographer knows, a persons early life and its conditions are often the greatest gift to an individual.(2011 翻译)（三）状语从句状语从句可以用来表示时间、地点、条件、原因、目的、结果、行为方式、比较、让步等。1）时间状语从句【连词】when、whenever、 before、 after、while、as、once（一旦）、until、(ever) since、as soon as、the minute/moment/instant、the day/year、each/every time、next time、by the time、the first/second/last time 等。（时间和条件状语从句中表示将来的情况通常用一般现在时，即“主将从现”）9to shorter lives. (2009 Use of English)例：When you cross a road, you must be careful.2015 考研英语语法基础班讲义（何威威老师主讲）It will not be long before we meet again.She comes here every month since she was a child to see her grandmother.As soon as I know it, Ill tell you.Once she is angry she is no respecter of persons.她一旦发怒就谁也不管了。The minute he saw her he fell in love.Every time I come, he is reading.Next time you come, please bring your composition.He was much better the last time I saw him.By the time he was taken to the hospital he was nearly dead.2）地点状语从句【连词】where、wherever、anywhere、everywhere 等例：Sit down wherever you like.Put it where you found it.Anywhere she goes, he goes too.Everywhere you go in America, you hear tales of corporate revival.3）条件状语从句【连词】if、unless、supposing (that)、provided/providing (that)、in the event (that)如果、as / so long as 只要、in case 万一、just so (that)只要、given (that)如果、in case (that)如果、on condition (that)只要、条件是例：As/So long as we dont give up, we are bound to succeed.In case I forget, please remind me of that.If it snows tomorrow, we will stay at home.I will do anything as long as it is interesting.Youll be sleepy tomorrow unless you have a good sleep.Supposing it rains, shall we go?Providing/Provided (that) you promise not to tell anyone else, Ill explain the secret.In the event that our team wins, there will be a celebration.He doesnt mind inconveniencing others just so hes comfortable.只要他自己舒服，他不管别人方不方便I will do it on condition that you help me.4）原因状语从句【连词】because, as（由于，因为）, since（由于，既然），now that（既然），that, inasmuch/insomuch as 既然、by reason that、for reason that、considering (that)、seeing that 既然、in that 因为、on the ground(s) that 由于、by