2017考研英语基础知识

考研基础知识必备,目录,点击添加标题,点击添加标题,英语句子及成分,英语句子结构类型,复合句及要点,非谓语及特殊结构,一、关于句子的三大基本认识,1.主语与谓语动词是句子的必须成分（祈使句除外） 。They didnt promise him anything.2.只要具备了主语和谓语，且能表达完整的意思的便是句子，与字数的多少没有关系。In other words, whatever inborn differences two people may exist in their abilities to memorize, those differences are swamped by how well each person encodes the information.,3.同一个主语不可有两个谓语，除非有连词和引导词连接或者非谓语化。I go there have lunch . I go there and have lunch. Those (who) smokes too much will easily get a cough.,一、句子的成分,主语Short skirts are in fashion now.To know myself is difficult.Doing is better than saying.That man came to me.What we need is good rest.I love you is often heard on Valentines day.,一、句子的成分,表语：总位于系动词后面。Her skin went brown in the sun.All I could do was to wait.The dog is frightening.The proof of the pudding is in the eating.This is where our basic interest lies.,一、句子的成分,宾语：跟在及物动词和介词后面。Mist clothed the hills.They didnt promise him anything.I shall do my possible.A rabbit ran out from under the table.Did you write down what she said?,一、句子的成分,双宾语：跟在某些动词（表示“给予”、“告知”、“拒绝”等类似意义的动词后面）Please show me your passport.The arrangement saved a lot of time for us.On the bus, he often gives his seat to an old person.,补语：用来弥补主语或者宾语 意义之不足。They considered that a downright lie.Adversity makes a man wise, not rich.I found everything in good condition.Im sorry to keep you up so late.Our teacher encourages us to air our view.Do you smell something burning?We are determined to make our voice heard.,一、句子的成分,状语：修饰动词、形容词、副词以及整个句子Ten years ago, she began to live in Canada.They are playing football on the playground.She did it out of curiosity.Spray the area regularly to kill bugs.It rained heavily, causing severe flooding.Taken out of context, the sentence is ambiguous.Despite all her effort to control it, her voice was shaking.She said goodbye with tears in her eyes.To a great extent, it is unfair.,句子的成分,定语：修饰名词或者代词The ground was covered with fallen leaves.Thats the way to do it.The tree in the backyard was blown down.He who is diligent is sure to succeed.passenger trainup-to-date equipment,句子的成分,同位语The theory was advanced by the great scientist Einstein.“Leave it to me” said Johnson, the man on night duty.We demanded a guarantee that no similar incident would occur again.Your last question, “why didnt he speak to us?”can best be answered by you.,一、句子的成分,二、句子类型,简单句：只包含一个主谓结构并列句：由并列连词连接两个或者更多简单句而成的句子。复合句（主从句）：包含两个以上主谓结构，其中一个主谓结构是句子的主体，称为主句；其他主谓结构只能充当句子其他成分，为充当主语的为主语从句，充当宾语的为宾语从句，充当定语的为定语从句。,二、句子结构类型实例分析,Confidence in yourself is the first step on the road to success. Fields have eyes, and woods have ears.Honey is sweet but the bee stings.We should never pretend to know what we dont know.The policeman looked at me suspiciously, and he asked me what I wanted.,简单句,并列句,并列句,复合句：宾语从句,并列复合句：简单句+宾语从句,主语从句,三、复合句及实例分析,宾语从句,表语从句,同位语从句,名词性从句的三类引导词,1. 不充当句子成分的连接词That, whether, if2. 连接代词That, who/whom, whose, whatever, which3. 连接副词 when, why, how, where.从句引导词的选择取决于其在从句中的句子成分。,实例分析,1. I dont know whether they will attend the meeting. 2. Whoever fails to comply with the rules will make a big mistake.3. Im curious as to what he will do next.4. When the result will be released hasnt been made public.,宾语从句,主语从句,宾语从句,主语从句,主语从句,用作主语的叫做主语从句，主语从句一般出现在句首，谓语动词之前。但很多情况下，为了平衡句子结构，常用it代替主语从句，讲主语从句移到后面，it只是形式主语，没有任何实际语义。,主语从句举例,1. what you need is more practice.2. whatever was said here must be kept secret.3. how this happened is not ye clear.4. It doesnt concern me whether he will support us.5. Its a pity that you missed such a fine talk.6.It is appropriate that this tax should be abolished.,表语从句,在句子中充当表语的从句叫表语从句，一般跟在系动词后面。1. what is troubling me is that I dont have much experience in this kind of work.2. fame and personal gain is what theyre after.3. The difficulty was how he could prove his ideas to other scientists.4. This may be because some people do not have the genes necessary to generate particular smell receptors in the nose,宾语从句,宾语从句在句中 的位置：1) 及物动词或介词做宾语；2）在双宾语后面做直接宾语；3）用形式宾语it 替代宾语从句，而将宾语从句后置。,宾语从句举例,Have you decided whom you are to nominate as your candidate?Whether you will succeed or not depends on what you do and how you do it.She assured us that everything would turn out all right.We consider it necessary that you have a clear understanding of the situation.,同位语从句,同位语一般跟在某些特定的名词后面，用以说明该名词的具体内容，that 是同位语从句中最常见的引导词，不能省略。可以跟同位语的名词通常有：hope, fact, news, agreement, belief, concept, idea, suggestion, doubt, decision, possibility, evidence,同位语从句举例,1.He referred to Copernicus statement that the earth moves round the sun.2. Nobody can explain the mystery why he suddenly disappeared.3. There is a popular saying that family stability causes social instability.,定语从句,定语从句修饰名词或者代词，相当于形容词，它所修饰的名词或代词叫先行词。定语从句的引导词也叫关系词，包括1）关系代词：that, which, who, whom, whose.2) 关系副词：when, where, why关系词在从句中充当的成分：关系代词在定语从句中可用作主语、宾语、定语等。关系副词在从句中只能用作状语。,定语从句举例,1. A letter which / that is written in pencil is difficult to read. 2. Fortune favors those who use their judgment.3. A driver that/who has knocked someone down must stop.4. This is the girl who I referred to.5. A child whose parents are dead becomes an orphanage.,6. Bamboo grows best in places where it is warm.7. That is the reason why I am not in favor of the plan.8. Do you remember the day when you joined our club?,介词+关系代词,1. Humans have the ability to modify the environment in which they live.2. The documents for which they were searching have been recovered.3. There are occasion on which=when one must yield.,限制性定语从句&非限制性定语从句,限制性定语从句：对先行词加以限制，去掉定语从句后会造成句意不完整，与先行词之间没有逗号。People who take physical exercises regularly stay healthier.,限制性定语从句&非限制性定语从句,非限制性定语从句：对先行词起补充说明作用，如果省略，句意仍然完整，在书面语中用逗号分开。He will put off the outing until next Monday, when the weather will be fine.The heavenly lake, which is one of the world famous scenic spots, is on Tian Shan Mounntain.,非限制性定语从句替代的成分 He made great contribution to the science of physics, for which he was awarded the Nobel Prize.He turned a deaf ear to my demands, which enraged me.,特殊定语从句,1.as 引导的非限制性定语从句，可以置于句首、句中和句末，多用于固定搭配，如：as was discussed, as is pointed out, as is often the case, as was expected, suchasLets discuss only such questions as concern every one of usHe opposed the idea, as could be expected.,Children, as is always the case, love their mother.As代表children love their mother的含义，在从句中做主语He drank more wine than was good for health.Than 与比较级more呼应，than代替wine，做从句主语,Children are likely to have less supervision at home than was common in the traditional family structure.Than与less呼应，than代替supervision,作从句主语。There are more demands than can be satisfied.,状语从句,状语从句相当于副词，修饰动词、形容词和整个句子。时间状语从句：when/whenever, while, as, till/until, since, after原因状语从句：because, since, as, for the reason that, in that, due to, on account of让步状语从句：although/though, even if, whereas, while, even though条件状语从句：if, unless, suppose, in case that, as long as,目的状语从句：so that, in order that, in case, lest结果状语从句：that, sothat, suchthat, with the result that, 比较状语从句：asas, the same as, suchas, than方式状语从句：as, as if, as though, the way, how地点状语从句：wherever, everywhere, anwhere,状语从句举例,Strike while the iron is hot.Since the weather is so bad, we have to delay our journey.Even though he knows it, hell not let out the secret.As long as you dont lose heart, you will surely succeed.Production is going up much faster than we expected.Do in the way (that) you were taught.,并列平行结构,Everyone should know where the nearest alarm box is located and where exists and fire escapes are.Todays immigration is neither at unprecedented levels nor resistant to assimilation.New forms of thought as well as new subjects for thought must arise in the future as they have in the past, giving rise to new standards of elegance.,This wont do any good; on the contrary, it will make things even worse.Artists only job is to explore emotions, and yet they choose to focus on the ones that feel bad.,doing,非谓语动词结构,done,to do,正在进行+主动,已经完成+被动,尚未进行,非谓语动词结构举例,过去分词Where are the reserved seat?We must get everything straightened out.He soon fell asleep, exhausted by the journey.All things considered, your paper is of great value.,不定式To be content with little is true happiness.It feels good to be out there for a while.He promises to stop smoking.Worries made it impossible for her to concentrate on the work.The most important thing is to put theory into practice.The topic to be discussed at the meeting is still unknown.,Working under such conditions is no easy job.Denying this will be shutting ones eyes to facts.He avoided giving us a definite answer.His method of organizing work is efficient.Barking dogs seldom bite.I felt the house shaking.The man fired, killing one of the passers-by.Weather permitting, well have an outing.,分隔结构,1. 主谓分隔Devoted concertgoers who reply that recordings are no substitute for live performance are missing the point.,动宾分隔/ 搭配分隔 They saw in the preceding hundred years from 1650 to 1750, when England was still a completely agricultural country, a period of great abundance and prosperity.,The procedures of disinfection are varied and depend to a great degree upon the biologic characteristics of the organisms.,定语从句/同位语从句与先行词的分隔Word came to us that our suggestions had been adopted.He did not accept the charge made by some critics that he had no power of reasoning.It can be predicted that from time to time questions will arise which require specific scientific answers.,插入语Tourism, frankly, may promote mutual understanding among nations.Intelligence, it turns out, is a high-priced option.Expert performers whether in memory or surgery, ballet or computer programming are nearly always made, not born.,倒装结构1.完全倒装a. 以here, there, then, now开头的句子；b. 地点状语置于句首且主语为名词时；c. 句首为表示方向的副词，如from, out, down, in, up, aways等，且谓语动词为go, come等表示移动的词；d. 表语至于句首，且有时主语较长，在这种情况下，为了使句子平衡、避免头重脚轻，主语和谓语要完全倒装。,完全倒装句举例There goes the bell.Under the tree sat an old wrinkled man.From the distance came occasional shots.Less important than ever is developing a meaningful philosophy of life.Implicit within Taylors definition is the concept that culture is learned, shared, and patterned behavior.,部分倒装,将助动词（do, did, have, has, had, be动词）;情态动词（will, can, should, must等)置于主语前，谓语的其余部分置于主语后。1）否定副词或含否定意义的短语作状语位于句首；2）only+ 状语位于句首；3）hardlywhen, no soonerthan, not only.等固定 结构中；4） 句首为so, nor, neither等副词；5）省略if的虚拟条件句中；6） as 引导让步状语,Under no circumstances should the witness lie to the court.Only in this way is it possible to explain his action.Not until the deadline did he send his application form.The senate did not approve the bill, nor did they explain the reason.Had I accepted his advice, I would have succeeded now.,比较结构,The+比较级，the +比较级结构The more people you know, the less time you have to see them.The older we grow, the sooner our memory will become.,比较结构,(not)as.as., mot so much as(与其不如)结构(否定前者，肯定后者)Success lies not so much in luck as in hard work.Youre nothing like as critical as you used to be.,Not so muchas长难句分析,Science moves forward, they say, not so much through the insights of great men of genius as because of more ordinary things like improved techniques and tools.句子主干： Science moves forward not so much through as because of （否定前者，肯定后者）参考译文：他们说，科学进步与其说是科技天才们的远见卓识，不如说是技术和工具等寻常事物改进的必然结果。,比较级长难句分析,Surely it should be obvious to the dimmest executive that trust, that most valuable of economic assets, is easily destroyed and hugely expensive to restore and that few things are more likely to destroy trust than a company letting sensitive personal data get into the wrong hands.,主语从句：Surely it should be obvious that trust is easily destroyed and hugely expensive to restore and that few things are more likely to destroy trust than a company letting sensitive personal data get into the wrong hands.,形式主语,trust的同位语,比较级长难句分析,Surely it should be obvious to the dimmest executive that trust, that most valuable of economic assets, is easily destroyed and hugely expensive to restore and that few things are more likely to destroy trust than a company letting sensitive personal data get into the wrong hands.分析】主句主干为 it should be obvious that.and that.。it 作形式主语，真正的主语是两个并列的 that 引导的主语从句。在第一个主语从句中，trust 是主语，that most.assets 是其同位语。破折号后的主语从句包含比较结构，其中分词短语 letting.作定语修饰a company。【译文】最迟钝的管理者也应该明白：信任作为经济资产中最有价值的部分是很容易被摧毁的，而且修复起来代价高昂，而没有什么比企业让个人机密数据落入别有用心的人之手更容易摧毁信任的。【点拨】1) economic assets 意为“经济资产，经济财富”。2) get into the wrong hands 意为“落入不妥当/别有用心之人之手”，与此相反的是 get into the right hands。,比较结构,A is to B what C is to D结构:what为连词，A之于B就如同C之于D一样。Air is to man what water is to fish.,否定结构,部分否定：表示“所有、通常”概念的代词或者副词all/both/every/always/completely+ not表示“并非所有都是”All that glitters is not gold.Not all writers are capable of journalistic writing.,双重否定:双重否定表示强烈肯定There exists no language or dialect in the world that cannot convey complex ideas.Nothing is impossible to a willing heart.,否定转移1) 宾语从句中的否定转移：主句谓语动词think, believe, suppose, consider, expect等为否定形式，实际上否定的是宾语从句肯定形式的谓语动词。I dont suppose he cares.我看他不在乎,否定转移2) because原因状语从句的否定转移。The engine didnt stop because the fuel was used up.发动机并不是因为油用完而停止运作的。,省略结构,1）并列结构中的省略：当并列连词后的句子同并列结构对象有相同成分时，为避免重复，常常将后面分句与前面相同成分省略。According to accounts of the experiments, their hourly output rose when lighting was increased, but also when it was dimmed.,their hourly output rose,It is said that in England death is pressing, in Canada inevitable and in California optional.据说在英国死亡迫在眉睫，在加拿大死亡不可避免，而在加利福尼亚死亡却是可以选择的。,death is,death is,省略结构,2）主从结构的省略：有些表示条件、方式或让步的从句中，从句主语和主句主语一致，且谓语包含有be动词，常可以把从句主语和be动词省略However, it has been found that even people insensitive to a certain smell at first can suddenly become sensitive to it when exposed to it often enough.然而，研究表明，即使人们起初对某种气味不敏感的人，如果经常闻这种气味，也会突然对这种气味敏感起来。,people are,虚拟语气,If he were here, everything would be all right.If you had followed my advice, you would not have got into trouble.If it should rain, the crops would be saved,宾语从句中的虚拟语气,表示“建议、命令、要求”等