考研英语信息搭配题.doc

信息搭配之根据内容选标题（概括大意）（一）解题指导该类型的试题一般以议论文的形式出现，考查的是考生对于文章各个段落的主旨的把握，即总结归纳段落大意的能力。试题要求考生阅读一篇500字左右的文章，该文章由若干段落组成。选项是对各个段落主旨的概括，而且选项数量通常多于段落数量。考生在宏观理解各个段落的基础上，为其选出合适的选项，相当于为各个段落选出小标题。（二）解题步骤（1）阅读选项。这类题型的选项通常是67个以小标题形式出现的简短的句子，尽管有一两个干扰项，但是不会浪费考生过多的时间和精力。考生首先浏览一下各个选项，便可以初步推测出文章的大概内容，了解到文章主要描述的对象或者主要谈论的话题。而且这些选项句子简短，也方便考生记忆。必要时，考生可以做些笔记，略去修饰词语记下关键词汇，诸如疑问词，动词，名词等。（2）段落阅读。在步骤一中，考生已经初步推测出了文章的内容，现在在这一基础上迅速地通读全文，确定文章的话题和主旨。因为考试时间有限，所以不考的段落可以略去不看。对于所考段落的阅读应异常仔细认真，切忌瞻前顾后，因为这种题型侧重考查考生总结各个段落中心大意的能力，与上下文并没有太多关联，考生可以逐段完成。在阅读各个段落时，应注意不要抓住某一段落逐字逐句的分析阅读，以勉浪费时间。正确的做法是先看首尾两句。英文写作的主要方法有两种，一种是演绎法，即在段落或文章的开始提出主旨，接下来进行分析阐释。另一种是归纳法，基本结构是，先给出一系列的现象、例子，然后分析归纳，总结出大意。而在这两种主要的写作方法中，演绎法又更受青睐。因此，考生应该重点看第一句，捎带阅读一下紧跟其后的内容，这样就能够看出首句与下文的关系，从而确定是否第一句就是段落的主旨句。如果不是，再看最后一句。如果首尾都得不出结论，再考虑阅读整个段落。找出段落大意之后，再与选项做比较，确定正确答案。（三）解题技巧以及应该注意的问题技巧（1）找出三个关键。三个关键的具体内容是：段落的关键部分，关键部分的关键句子，关键句子中的关键词语。找出三个关键的过程也就是缩小阅读范围，找出段落主旨的过程。英语文章中的主题部分通常由比较复杂的句子体现出来，考生在阅读时应该看句子的主干成分，以及主干成分中的关键词语。（2）辨认主题句。大量的研究发现，主题句也是有一定规律的。第一，一般疑问句不能做主题句。因为一般疑问句有肯定和否定两种答案，而主题只能有一个，所以考生遇到一般疑问句可以跳过去，把注意力转移到相关答案上。第二，举例子的句子不是主题句。一般情况下，文中的例子都是用来说明阐释文章主旨的，他们本身不能做主题。第三，特殊疑问句可能是主题句。特殊疑问句，尤其是How，What，Why等几个特殊疑问词引导的特殊疑问句作为主题句有很大的可能性。如果段落中出现这样的句子，其他内容大多是围绕这个问题的回答或者评论。（3）熟悉几种句型。第一，递进关系。在阅读包含not only，but also这类连词的句子时，重点放在but also 后面。第二，让步、转折关系。考生在阅读含有表让步（如even if，although， despite that）的词的句子时，应该把注意力放在主句上；而含有表转折关系的连词（如however，but）的词的句子时，则注意力放在转折之后的部分。第三，宾语从句。在宾语从句中，表达观点和态度的从句往往是重点。（4）重点词汇。在任何一个段落或者一篇文章中，反复出现的词汇都是重点词汇，应该予以重视。除了出现频率较多的词汇之外，以特殊形式出现的词汇，诸如黑体字，斜体字，括号里，引号里的字也不容忽视。其他应该注意的问题包括：（1）个个突破。考生要明确考查目标，这类题型考查的是归纳总结能力，并非逻辑推理能力，所以重点应该放在各个小的考查点上，不要反复阅读全文。（2）顺序问题。先将有把握的选项填好，不要在拿不准的地方浪费时间。（3）避免重复，转移为佳。选项不会是对原文的简单重复，大多是对原文的转译。考生应该避开反复的简单重复原文的选项。（四）大纲样题分析（Sample 4）Directions:You are going to read a list of headings and a text about plagiarism in the academic community. Choose the most suitable heading from the list A-F for each numbered paragraph (41-45). The first and last paragraphs of the text are not numbered. There is one extra heading which you do not need to use. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)A What to do as a student?B Various definitions of plagiarismC Ideas should always be sourcedD Ignorance can be forgivenE Plagiarism is equivalent to theftF The consequences of plagiarismScholars, writers and teachers in the modern academic community have strong feelings about acknowledging the use of another persons ideas. In the English-speaking world, the term plagiarism is used to label the practice of not giving credit for the source of ones ideas. Simply stated, plagiarism is “the wrongful appropriation or purloinning, and publication as ones own of the ideas, or the expression of ideas of another.”41. The penalties for plagiarism vary from situation to situation. In many universities, the punishment may range from failure in a particular course to expulsion from the university. In the literary world, where writers are protected from plagiarism by international copyright laws, the penalty may range from a small fine to imprisonment and a ruined career. Protection of scholars and writers, through the copyright laws and through the social pressures of the academic and literary communities, is a relatively recent concept. Such social pressures and copyright laws require writers to give scrupulous attention to documentation of their sources.42. Students, as inexperienced scholars themselves, must avoid various types of plagiarism by being self-critical in their use of other scholars ideas and by giving appropriate credit for the source of borrowed ideas and words, otherwise dire consequences may occur. There are at least three classifications of plagiarism as it is revealed in students inexactness in identifying sources properly. They are plagiarism by accident, by ignorance, and by intention.43. Plagiarism by accident, or oversight, sometimes is the result of the writers inability to decide or remember where the idea came from. He may have read it long ago, heard it in a lecture since forgotten, or acquired it second-hand or third-hand from discussions with colleagues. He may also have difficulty in deciding whether the idea is such common knowledge that no reference to the original source is needed. Although this type of plagiarism must be guarded against, it is the least serious and, if lessons learned, can be exempt from being severely punished.44. Plagiarism through ignorance is simply a way of saying that inexperienced writers often do not know how or when to acknowledge their sources. The techniques for documentation-note-taking, quoting, footnoting, listing bibliographyare easily learned and can prevent the writer from making unknowing mistakes or omissions in his references. Although there is no copyright in news, or in ideas, only in the expression of them, the writer cannot plead ignorance when his sources for ideas are challenged.45. The most serious kind of academic thievery is plagiarism by intention. The writer, limited by his laziness and dullness, copies the thoughts and language of others and claims them for his own. He not only steals, he tries to deceive the reader into believing the ideas are original. Such words as immoral, dishonest, offensive, and despicable are used to describe the practice of plagiarism by intention.The opposite of plagiarism is acknowledgement. All mature and trustworthy writers make use of the ideas of others but they are careful to acknowledge their indebtedness to their sources. Students, as developing scholars, writers, teachers, and professional leaders, should recognize and assume their responsibility to document all sources from which language and thoughts are borrowed. Other members of the profession will not only respect the scholarship, they will admire the humility and honesty.一、文章总体分析本文是关于学术抄袭的说明文。该文章层次分明，先介绍什么是抄袭，包括给它下定义；接着说明对抄袭的惩罚，以及学生抄袭的三种类型；最后指出学术界人士应该避免抄袭。第一段：给抄袭下定义。第二段：介绍对抄袭的不同处罚。第三至六段：用分类法说明学生抄袭的三种情况。第七段：指出学术界人士应该尊重知识，避免抄袭。二、试题具体分析（一）迅速阅读选项，了解选项及文章大意。这种题型的选项一般置于文章前面，表达简洁明了，容易理解。迅速浏览一下其大意后，可以推测出该文章的主要话题是抄袭。（选项翻译见全文翻译） (二) 阅读所考段落，概括段落大意接下来的主要工作是概括所考查段落的主旨，可通过寻找段落主题句完成。第一段给学术抄袭下定义。（1）第41题所在段落即第二段说明了抄袭在不同情况下所受到的处罚。段首句是主题句。段中出现了penalty，punishment，fine，imprisonment，a ruined career等关键词表明了关于惩罚的各种形式。F项中consequences（后果）虽然是个中性词，但它可以概括所有的处罚类型，此外没有更合适的选项。（2）第三段的首句指出，学生必须严格要求自己，注明借用观点或者词语的出处，以避免各种形式的抄袭。这显然是A项概括的内容。但这里考生匆忙之中也可能会选择B项，因为该段的末尾作者提到了抄袭的三种形式，即by accident, by ignorance, and by intention（偶然抄袭，无知抄袭，有意抄袭）。但是因为该段只是提到这三种抄袭形式，对它们做出确切完整的定义和分析的内容出现在下面三段中，因此B项放在这里并不恰当。（3）第四段解释了造成了偶然抄袭的原因。该段前面部分用两个he may. 平行结构的句子说明了抄袭者抄袭的种种原因。考生应该注意的是这段段尾有一个表示让步转折关系的连词although，转折后的内容才是作者真正想表达的。最后一句作者指出，如果吸取教训，这类抄袭行为可以免受严重的惩罚。只有D项概括了这句话的内容。其中can be forgiven对应原文中的can be exempt from being severely punished。（4）第五段作者主要讨论的是无知抄袭，以及如何避免此类行为。同样这一段落也以一个转折关系的句子结尾。同理，该句才是段落主题句。它提到，尽管除了信息、观点的表达之外，信息和观点本身并没有版权可言，但是当观点来源受到置疑时，作者仍无法为自己的无知辩护。换言之，也就是说仍应该注意观点的来源。选项为C。该段虽然出现了ignorance一词，但不能因此就选择D项。因为整个段落强调的是应该学会标注引用的来源。由此可见，考生不能因为出现个别词语而做出判断，而应该以各段主旨为依据。（5）第六段中作者换用thievery，steal，deceive等多个表示盗窃的词语来说明抄袭这一行径，而且段落开始的时候，有这样一句话：最严重的学术盗窃是有意抄袭。因此E项最能概括这一段的中心内容。三、全文翻译现代学术界的学者、作家和教师对于承认引用另外一人的观点反应强烈。在讲英语的国家中，抄袭一词被用来指那些不指明所引用观点的来源的行为。简言之，抄袭就是不道德地剽窃或盗用他人想法或者想法的表达，并将其据为己有公之于众的行径。抄袭的后果（F）对抄袭的惩罚视情形严重而定。在许多大学，轻则某一门课程不及格，重则被学校开除学籍。在有国际版权法保护作家不受版权侵犯的文艺界，处罚小至小笔数额的罚款，大到监禁，甚至整个事业都会付诸东流。目前，通过版权法和来自学术界、文艺界的社会压力保护学者和作家是一个相当新的概念。这些社会压力和版权法要求作者在引用他人的原始