园林施工中的苗木管理.doc

/ 园林施工中的苗木管理摘要：随着我国城市化进程的加快，园林绿化施工已经成为城市建设的重要内容，园林绿化具有美化环境、改善城市生态状况、满足城市居民的审美需要等作用。在园林绿化中苗木管理是其中的重要内容。苗木管理知识的匮乏会降低苗木的成活率，达不到绿化设计造型、艺术表现的效果，制约着园林施工的质量和发展。Pick to: along with the speeding up of urbanization in our country, the botanical garden afforestation construction has become an important content of urban construction, landscape with beautify the environment, improve the urban ecological situation, meet the aesthetic need of urban residents, and so on. In landscaping nursery stock management is one of the important content. Nursery stock management the lack of knowledge can reduce the survival rate of seedlings, short of greening design modelling, art performance, the effect of restricting the quality and the development of gardens construction. 关键词：园林施工;苗木管理;绿化;特点Keywords: the botanical garden construction; Nursery stock management; Greening; Characteristics of the 随着人民生活水平的提高和人们对环境质量的要求越来越高，对城市中的园林绿化要求亦多样化，施工的规模和内容也越来越大，施工中所涉及的面广泛，高科技已深入到施工的各个领域，如光-机-电一体的大型喷泉、新型的铺装材料、新型的施工方法以及施工过程中的计算机管理等等，无不给从事此项事业的人带来新的挑战。1 苗木管理的物料要求（1）绿化苗木的选购在园林绿化当中，选择株型好、根系发达的苗木有利于苗木的栽植以及后期的管理，为此在苗木管理中应该注意一下几点。第一，选购乔木的时候应该尽量选择生长健壮、树冠开展、根系发达、无病虫害的树苗，胸径应该大于2m，树高一般不低于1.5m，树干上不能有伤痕或截枝。第二，购置灌木的时候应该选择常绿、根蔓、梳打、植株茂盛的树苗，要根据本地区的气候特点和土壤要求，不破坏周围的自然环境。第三，所选择的草本竹屋应该具有耐旱、耐涝、生长快、根部发达、多年生的植物，并且应该具备一定的观赏性。（2）苗木管理的土质要求苗木生长对土质一般没有太高的要求，但是应该保证提让中盐、碱、酸形状符合种植要求，一般来说粘性较大、贫瘠、盐碱地、受工业污染的土地是不适合苗木种植的，在这种情况下可以通过土壤置换、形状改良的等多种方法使土壤达到苗木成长的要求。对于比较贫瘠的土地还可以通过牲畜肥料改良或有机肥改良的方法，提高土壤营养成分。（3）苗木管理的水质要求苗木管理中要按照苗木的生长期，正确的给他们浇水，一般情况下对水质没有太多的要求，但是酸、碱、盐等成分较多的水源，并不适合苗木浇水，污染严重的水源也不能用于苗木灌溉。2 苗木管理中的重要环节（1）苗木病害与苗木虫害病虫害防治是夏季苗木管理中最重要的工作之一，对苗木生长影响极大，特别是大苗移栽苗，如连续二次新叶被虫食光，就会致死。夏季苗木的病虫害主要有根腐病、立枯病、食芽害虫、食叶害虫、地下害虫等。因此应经常检查，及时及早防治。（2）日灼和霜冻今年新种的芽苗或大田直播苗，一般夏季最好适当遮荫，如无条件应做好松土除草工作，以防高温高湿而灼伤苗木，最常见的是引起叶片枯萎及接近地面的苗干萎缩，但对于松类苗木不应遮荫，遮荫反而生长不良。对于冬季容易冻害的苗木，一般在夏秋季就应停施氮肥、控制灌溉，增施磷钾肥，促使苗木充分木质化。易发生冻害的苗木主要有：醉香含笑、山杜英、天竺桂、浙江楠、无患子、重阳木等。（3）适当遮荫对于耐阴的茶花、南方红豆杉、竹柏等树种，苗木若移栽过迟，应选择在生长的初期进行降温，以防止高温热害。有条件的可进行适当遮荫，如搭荫棚、覆盖遮阳网等。可根据树木的生活习性、种类及树体本身情况确定遮阳程度。为了保证苗木正常地进行光合作用，不可选择遮阳率过高的遮阳伞，以让树体接受一定的散射光，一般可选用遮阳率在40%60的遮阳网。遮阳不仅可以降低树冠温度，还可以减少树体水分的蒸发，避免日灼危害苗木。若温度过高，可对幼苗的生长产生不利的影响。一般遮阳后可使地表温度降低约10 ，因此，为了给苗木的生长创造有利的条件，有条件的地方应对苗木进行遮阳。（4）灌溉和排水灌溉和排水也是夏季苗木管理中的一个重要环节。对于苗圃地来说必须要做到能灌能排，特别是当年播种或移栽的苗木更应重视做好此项工作。大部份苗木在夏季少雨干旱时最好十天灌水一次，时间最好在早晚进行，对于银杏、松类苗木抗旱性强，一般不用灌水，而对于杨树、垂柳、水杉等苗木灌水次数可适当增加。对于苗地排水须做到雨后苗地无积水，一般苗床沟深最好在25厘米以上。（5）合理追肥苗木施肥的肥料种类一般采用速效肥或腐熟的人粪尿。施肥应勤施、薄施，次数宜多但每次用量宜少。施肥一般选择在苗木生长稳定后开始，施肥应注意以下几个方面：必须待苗木生长稳定后才可以开始施肥。小苗、营养杯苗生根快、生长稳定快，种植当年夏季可开始施肥；大苗、大树在种植当年夏季一般不进行施肥。圃地苗木应以施水肥为主，山地种植的苗木可在雨后离苗木10 cm处进行圈施尿素10 g/株左右。（6 ）松土除草夏季每次灌溉或降雨后应及时进行松土。为利于苗木的生长，松土的深度宜浅，以促使表土的疏松。中耕松土应逐次加深，切记不可伤苗和压苗。据试验，晴天的中午，松土后的地表温度高8 左右，因此，在高温、干旱的晴天中午不宜松土、除草，最好选在阴天早、晚或雨后进行。清除杂草是减少苗木病虫害、促进苗木旺盛生长的必要措施，除草宜“除早、除小、除了”。主要方法有人工除草和化学除草。人工除草是通过人工铲除地表杂草，对不便除草和松土的小苗，可将苗间杂草拔掉，再在苗床上撒盖1层细土，防止露根透风。如果利用化学除草则应注意保护好苗木，防止伤苗。总之，在园林绿化施工苗木管理中，要根据栽种苗木的种类和特点，确定最佳的栽种方案，注重苗木管理的各个环节，只有这样才能保证苗木栽种的质量和成活率。With the improvement of peoples living standard and people is higher and higher requirement for the quality of environment, landscaping requirements also diversified in cities, construction scale and content of also more and more big, face is widely involved in the construction, high-tech has been deep into the construction of various fields, such as optical - mechanical - electrical integration large fountain, a new type of pavement materials and new construction methods and construction in the process of computer management, and so on, which brings new challenges for people engaged in the business. 1 material requirements (1) managing the choose and buy of greening seedlings in landscaping, choose good plant type, the root system developed seedling is advantageous to the late seedling planting and management, therefore should pay attention to the points in the management of nursery stock. First, trees of choose and buy should choose as far as possible when growth robust, crown, root developed, no plant diseases and insect pests of trees, diameter at breast height should be greater than 2 m, tree height is generally not less than 1.5 m, not a wound, or trunk branches. Second, purchase shrubs should choose evergreen and tendril, soda, plant roots, lush trees, according to the regional climate characteristics and soil requirements, do not damage the surrounding natural environment. Third, the choice of the herb bamboo house should have tolerance to drought, waterlogging, fast growth, root developed, perennial plant, and should have a certain appreciation. (2) soil requirements of managing growth of soil is generally not too high requirements, but should make sure to mention the shape of salt, alkali, acid conform to the requirements of the plant, generally larger viscous and saline-alkali land barren, and the industrial pollution of the land is not suitable for tree planting, in this situation can be improved through soil displacement, shape of a variety of methods, such as soil reached the requirements of seedling growth. For comparison, barren land can be improved through livestock manure or fertilizer improved methods, increase soil nutrients. (3) in the management of water quality requirements of managing according to seedling growth period, the right to water, they generally dont have much water quality requirements, but more acid, alkali, salt and other components of water sources, water is not suitable for nursery stock, polluted water is not used for seedling irrigation. 2 (1) the important procedures in managing diseases and pests and seedling diseases and insect pests prevention and control is one of the most important work in summer seedling management, have a powerful effect on seedling growth, especially went transplanting seedlings, such as the leaves grow in 2 consecutive be worm eat light, will be death. Summer seedling diseases and insect pests are root rot, damping off and eat bud, defoliator pest, the underground pests and so on. So should be regularly check and timely prevention and treatment as early as possible. (2) burning and frost this year new species seedlings or field broadcast seedlings, general appropriate best summer shade, such as unconditional should do a good job in cultivating weed control in case of high temperature and high humidity and burn seedlings, is one of the most common cause of leaf blight and close to the ground of seedling dry contraction, but for the pine seedlings should not shade, shade poor instead of growth. For easy cold winter nursery stock, generally in the fall should stop nitrogen, control, irrigation, increasing under phosphorus application, prompting seedling lignification in full. Prone to frost damage of seedling mainly has: drunk sweet smiling, elaeocarpus decipiens, tianzhu mountain laurel, zhejiang nan, no child, chongyang wood, etc. (3) the appropriate shade for resistance to Yin camellia, stocking, bamboo, cypress tree species, such as if seedling transplanting too late, should choose to cool down in the early stages of the growth, in order to prevent the high temperature thermal pollution. Conditional shade can be appropriate, such as build YinPeng, covering the sun-shade net, etc. According to the habits of trees, species and the tree itself determine the degree of shading. In order to ensure normal for photosynthesis of the nursery stock, cannot choose sunshade shade rate is too high, some scattered light to let the tree body acceptance, generally can choose shading rate at 40% 40% of the sun-shade net. Shade can not only lower canopy temperature, can also reduce the tree body moisture evaporation, to avoid burning harm seedlings. If temperature is too high, but unfavorable influence on the growth of seedlings. Generally after shading can reduce surface temperature around 10 , so in order to create favorable conditions for the growth of seedlings, conditional place should make shade for the seedlings. (4) the irrigation and drainage, irrigation and drainage is an important part in the summer nursery stock management too. For viability must be to do can fill line, especially when sowing or transplanting seedling more should pay attention to do the job. Most seedling drought less rain in the summer the best irrigation time, ten days time in the morning and evening, best for ginkgo, pine seedling drought resistance is strong, generally dont need to infuse water, and for poplar, willow, metasequoia such as seedling irrigation frequency can be appropriately increased. There is little need to do it after the rain MiaoDe MiaoDe drainage without water, usually seedbed furrow best in more than 25 cm. (5) reasonable fertilizer seedling fertilizer fertilizer kinds commonly used organic fertilizer or rotten faecal matter. Fertilization should be diligent, and thin, the appropriate number but every time the dosage should be few more . Fertilization generally choose start after seedling growth stable, fertilizer should be paid attention to the following aspects: must stay stable seedling growth can start only after fertilization. Rootstocks, nutrition cup seedling roots fast and stable growth fast, summer can begin to fertilizing; Went, trees grow in that year the summer is generally not for fertilization. Nursery seedling should give priority to with sewage sludge, mountain planting seedling can be in after the rain of seedling 10 cm for circle of urea about 10 g/plant. (6) digging weeding summer shall promptly carry out vehicle after each irrigation or rainfall. To benefit for the growth of the seedlings, digging depth is shallow, to encourage loose topsoil. The row dirt should be gradually deepen, remember not to hurt seedlings and seedlings. According to the test, sunny day at noon, after digging high surface temperature 8 o