外研版高一英语必修3module2知识点总结.doc

要考试，找戴氏 你身边的考试专家！ 戴氏教育教师教学讲义学员姓名： 李成、许晨 年 级：高一 来自学校：棠湖中学、玉林中学辅导科目： 英语 教 师：陈老师 学科组长签字 课 题高一英语必修3module2知识点复习教学内容1. at the top of 在顶部 at the bottom of在底部 in the middle of在中间2. make efforts to do努力做3. be connected with和。有关系4. close to接近、靠近5. die of hunger饿死6. go hungry挨饿7. with the development of随着。的发展8. take measures to do采取措施做。9. developing countries发展中国家developed countries发达国家10. for a long period of time很长一段时间11. have/receive an education接受教育12. up to高达。13. improve the environment 改善环境14. drinking water饮用水15. encourage.to do鼓励。做。16. give more help to给予更多帮助17. give examples举例18. in the past ten years在过去的十年19. move out of poverty摆脱贫困20. go to primary school上小学21. get medical care享受医疗保健22. in particular尤其是。23. collect money筹款，募捐24. for oneself为某人自己25. be willing to do自愿做。26. in recent years最近几年27. be useful for对。有用28. run through the town流经小城29. increase by增加了。30. make some progress取得进步31. cities of similar size and age大小差不多的城市32. How do you find it?=What do you think of it?=What is your opinion about it?你认为。怎么样重点单词：1.diseaseC&U 疾病，弊病。例如： He is suffering from heart disease.他患有心脏病。 He has a family disease.他患有遗传病。搭配：prevent a disease 预防疾病 a disease of the mind 心病 disease of society 社会弊端拓展：disease指特定的具体的疾病、病名。illness和sickness可以通用，很少指具体的疾病，指的是抽象的疾病或生病的状态。2. education C&U 教育，教育学。例如：Education is given to children by the government.政府提供对儿童的教育。 She has had a good education.她受过良好教育。 How do they get an education?他们怎么样才能受到教育呢?拓展：all-round education全面教育 advanced education高等教育 adult education成人教育 basic 基础教育3. hunger U 饥饿。例如：There is hunger in all the places where the crop was spoilt by the flood.庄稼遭受水灾毁坏的地方都在闹饥荒。 He satisfied his hunger with everything in the refrigerator.他把冰箱内的所有东西拿来充饥。拓展：Hunger breaks stone walls.饥饿使人造反。 Hunger is the best sauce.谚饥不择食。4. poverty U 贫穷，贫困。例如：She has lived in poverty all her life.她一生都过着贫困的生活。 Poverty prevented the boy from continuing his education.贫穷使那个男孩无法继续读书。思维拓展:poverty U 缺乏，不足。例如：Japan is poverty in natural resources.日本缺乏天然资源。5.both 1) 做主语，谓语动词用复数。I hope that both of you will do what you can to help your mother.Both of them were men of the highest position in England. 2)作宾语或构成复合宾语I dont know which book is better; I shall read both.Of course, I wish both of you well. 3)作定语Both children are good at maths.That was the trouble with both his children. 4)作同位语（作主语的同位语时要在实义动词之前，助动词、情态动词和be动词之后）。They both refuse to give in.How cleverly you have both kept your secret.你们二人太聪明了，都保住了秘密。You must both come over this evening.Toms mother and father were both dead. 5) both-and Both the mother and father were very pleased with the girl.She is well known both for her kindness and for her understanding.她以心地善良和善解人意而闻名。 6）both- not 表示半否定。Both of them are not interested in maths./They both are not interested in maths./They are not interested in maths both. 他们二人并不都对数学感兴趣。Neither of them is interested in maths. (全部否定)语言点1.China increased life expectancy by 13 years.中国的人均寿命增长了13年。by 表示谓语动词增长的数量The number of the students in Class 16 increased by 5% and increased to 72 this term.Im taller than him by 5cm.2. This is because living with a foreign family for one or two weeks means that you have to speak their language, and as a result you improve fast.跟一家外国人在一起生活一两个星期意味着你得讲他们的语言，所以你就会进步的很快。1)mean doing something 意味着Missing the train means waiting for an hour.Talking with him means wasting time.2)mean to do something 打算做What do you mean to do with it? 你打算把它怎样处理？I meant to call on you. But Im so busy.3)as a resultAs a result, the meeting was put off.He fell off the bike and broke his leg. As a result, he will have to be away from school.4)as result of = because of He was late for class this morning because of the heavy traffic.As a result of his mothers death, he was in deep sorrow through the winter.He is unable to go to school as a result of the fall off his bike.without result毫无结果 result from 由造成 result in 引起，导致3.make sure1)核实，弄清楚I know that I asked you before, but I just wanted to make sure.She came to make sure that everything was OK.First of all, we have to make sure of all facts and then make our decision.2) 确保Father has made sure that we have enough money to travel abroad.4.From the agreement came the Human Development Report.在这样一个协议的基础上，形成了人类发展报告。本句是一个倒装句。介词短语放于句首，句子完全倒装。正常语序应该是：The Human Development Report came from this agreement.例如：From the window came sound of music.从窗户里传来了音乐声。On the ground lay an old sick goat，which had gone into the cave to die.地上躺着一只有病的老山羊，它是到洞里去等死的。思维拓展完全倒装种种： 表示方式或者是方位的副词或介词短语放于句首，句子完全倒装。如：here，there，now，then，up，down，in，away，off，out，in the room，on the wall 等等。such 置于句首时，句子也是完全倒装。5.The index measures a countrys achievement in three ways： life expectancy，（how long people usually live） education and income.这一指数是从“人的平均寿命，教育和收入”等三方面来衡量一个国家的发展程度的。incomeC&U 收入，收益，进款，所得。例如：What is your income from your job? 你工作的收入是多少？ I have an income of 200 dollars a week.我每月有200美元的收入。 My income isnt enough to support my family.我的收入不够养家。拓展:income 指收入、收益、进款等的统称。pay 指薪水、工资最普通的用语。特指海陆军人及其他在政府部门工作者的薪水。wages 工资；指劳动者的工资，或工人的工资，通常指给予短期工作者的报酬。6.The report describes eight Development Goals.这个报告描绘了八个方面的发展目标。goal C目的，目标。例如：ones goal in life生活的目的（标）a common goal一个共同的目标例如：His goal is a place at University.他的目标是在大学任教。 The company has achieved all its goals this year.公司本年度目标全部达到了。思维拓展goal n. 球门，（球赛等的）得分 make a goal得一分，踢进一个球例如：He kicked the ball into the goal.他把球踢进球门。 We beat them by three goals to two.我们以32击败了他们。7.Reduce poverty and hunger.减少贫穷和饥饿。reduce vt. 减少，缩小。例如：Theyve reduced the prices in the shop，so its a good time to buy.商店已经降低了商品的价格，看来现在是买东西的好时候。The fire reduced the forest to a few trees.大火把森林烧得仅剩下几棵树。They persuaded him to reduce his price to 21 000 dollars.他们说服他把价格降到了21 000美元。思维拓展be reduced to a shadow骨瘦如柴 be reduced to despair陷入绝望 reduce to order恢复秩序，使归顺8.Explain to Student B why he or she should give money.向B同学解释一下为什么他（她）应该捐钱。explain to sb. 向某人解释。例如Can you explain to me how to bake a cake?你能不能说明蛋糕的做法呢？Please explain to me why you come late this morning.请向我解释你今晨迟到的原因。思维拓展如果将sb. 放在sth. 之前，sb. 前的to不可以省略。类似用法有：suggest，announce，introduce等。9.I think everyone should give some money to this charity.我认为每个人都应该为这一次慈善活动捐款。give sth. to sb. 把某物捐赠给某人。例如：She often gives to the charity.她常向慈善机构捐赠。I will give my books to the library.我要把我的书捐给图书馆。思维拓展用to表示后置的间接宾语的动词归纳：bring，give，leave，lend，offer，pay，pass，read，refuse，return，promise，send，show等。10.They get very ill because of this.由于这一原因，他们常得重病。because of 因为，由于。例如：I was late because of the rain.我迟到是因为下雨的缘故。 I have chosen them because of the colour.我挑选了它们是因为喜欢它们的颜色。 Because of these，he failed.由于这些事情，他失败了。思维拓展because of 因为，由于，通常作状语，位于句首或句尾。due to由于，因为，通常作表语。thanks to幸亏，多亏，多用于句首。11.Though I need money for myself，I am still willing to help.尽管我自己也需要钱，我仍然乐意去帮助别人。be willing to do sth. 乐意去做某事。例如：Are you willing to help?你乐意帮忙吗？ He is willing to help me with my English.他很乐意帮我学英语。思维拓展“乐意做某事”译法种种：be ready to do sth. be glad to do sth. be delighted to do sth. be happy to do sth. 12. construction U&C 建筑，建筑物。例如：The new airport is still under construction.新机场仍在修建中。 The construction of the dam took several years.修建这座水坝花了许多年时间。 It is a house of good construction.这是一所结构良好的房子。思维拓展construct vt. 建造 They are planning to construct a bridge over the river.他们正计划在这条河上造桥。13. huge adj. 巨大的，极大的，无限的。例如：The bank will lend your company quite a huge sum of money on very favourable terms.银行将以非常优惠的条件给贵公司一笔相当可观的贷款。The TV play was a huge success.这部电视剧取得了巨大的成功。He lived by himself in a huge house.他自己住在一所大房子里。思维拓展:huge/big/large辨析huge 强调体积庞大，容量和数量巨大。big强调比正常程度、范围及规模的标准大，用于修饰人、物或数量。large 强调远远超过标准的大，可指数量、容积、体积或面积大。14.There are fewer tourists in Beijing than in Sydney.北京游客要比悉尼的少。few 几乎没有，很少的。否定的用法，通常置于可数名词之前，反义词为many。特指一定物体的时候，用the，his，her 等来代替a。例如：There are few differences between the two.这两者之间几乎没有差异。Few people live to be 100.活到100岁的人很少。This is one of the few pictures I have.这是我拥有的少数几张画之一。思维拓展few 短语归纳no fewer than 多达 not a few 不少的，相当多的 only a few 仅少数，只有几个quite a few 相当多的 few and far between极其稀少的，极少的15.Is Hong Kong less/fewer crowded than Beijing？香港不比北京拥挤吗？less adv. 不像，不如，更少地。例如：Jane is less beautiful than Susan.简不如苏珊漂亮。The movie was less funny than the book.这部电影没有原书那么有趣。little adj. 几乎没有，很少的。置于不可数名词前。例如：There is little hope.几乎没有什么希望。He knows little German.他几乎不懂德语。思维拓展:由little 构成的短语：a little bit 稍许；有些 little or no 几乎没有 not a little 不少的，相当多的little better than little less than little more than. 几乎与一样16.Beijing doesnt have as many high-rise buildings as Hong Kong.北京不像香港一样，有那么多的高楼大厦。as many as 和一样多。例如: I have as many as you have.我有的跟你一样多。Take as many as you want.你要多少就拿多少。many连接可数名词的复数形式，表示数量多。在否定句中，many 主要用于否定句、疑问句和if从句中。在肯定句中，置于作主语的名词前面时，多与so，as，how，too 等连用。many 很少单独用作表语。思维拓展:由many构成的短语：a good many 很多的 a great many 非常多的be one too many for 非所能对付，为所应付不了So many men，so many kinds.人各有志。17.Beijing doesnt have as much tourism as Hong Kong.北京不像香港那样，旅游业那么繁盛。much与不可数名词连用。口语中多用于疑问句和否定句。as much as和一样。例如： You can eat as much as you like.你爱吃多少就吃多少。 I spent as much as 100 dollars today.今天，我花了100美元。思维拓展:由much构成的短语：be too much 太过分，令人无法忍受 be not much of a.不是了不起的much as 虽然极 so much for到此为止 think much of 给予高评价18.Think of two regions，cities，towns or villages you know well.想出两个你熟悉的地区，城市，城镇和村庄来。region 区域，地方。例如：forest regions 森林地带 the region of the heart心脏部位思维拓展backward region落后地区，不发达地区 economic region经济区entrance region入口区 forbidden region禁区19.Harbin is a cold industrial center in the north.It has over three million inhabitants.哈尔滨是一个寒冷的工业中心。它有三百万居民。industrial adj. 工业的，产业的the industrial areas 工业区Many European countries are developed industrial nations.许多欧洲国家是发达的工业国。思维拓展industrial areas工业区 industrial workers 产业工人 an industrial country 工业国20.How do you find it?你觉得怎样？I saw a film last week.我上星期看了一场电影。How do you find it?你觉得怎样？思维拓展相当于How do you like it? What do you think of it? What is your opinion about it?21.Its totally fascinating.简直太迷人了！（1）totally adv. 完全地，整个地。例如：I totally agree.我完全同意。Bob is totally different from me.鲍伯和我完全不同。She has totally changed her character.她的性格已经完全改变了。（2）fascinating adj. 迷人的，醉人的。例如：a fascinating love story迷人的爱情故事a fascinating shopwindow display吸引人的商店橱窗陈列22I didnt get that.我没听清楚。相当于：I didnt hear what you said.或者是：I didnt quite catch it.23.Lets find some of the action.让我们采取行动吧。actionU&C 动作，行动。例如：The time has come for action.行动的时间到了。Actions are more important than words.做比说更重要。She had a fine action.她姿态优美。思维拓展in action 活动 out of action 不活动 take action 采取行动put.in/into action使活动，实行，把付诸实施 24.Well，they are both medium-sized towns of between 100 000 and 200 000 inhabitants.他们都是拥有十到二十万人口的中等城市。Medium-sized adj. 中型的，普通型的a man of medium height中等身高的人medium size 中号 large size 大号 small size 小号思维拓展kind-hearted好心的 middle-aged 中年的 cold-blooded冷血的 short-sighted近视的，目光短浅的25.Tourism is important to both of them，and they are both close to some of the most beautiful countryside in the region.旅游业对它们两个城市都很重要，它们都临近本地区的一些美丽的乡村。（1） be close to 离很近。例如：Our house is close to a bus stop.我们家紧邻公共汽车站。 Go further away！You are too close to me.再远离一点，你靠我太近了。（2）be important to 对很重要。例如：Walking is important to the health.散步对于健康很重要。思维拓展：与to搭配的形容词next，good，polite，kind，cruel，rude，known，married，close，similar，due，etc.26.Visitors from the foreign town usually stay in the private homes of the town they are visiting.来自国外的游客通常呆在他们参观访问的这个城镇的私人家庭里。private adj. 私人的，私有的。例如：A private car gives a much greater degree of comfort and mobility.私人小汽车能给人很大的舒服和机动性。This is private land，you cant walk across it.这是私人土地，你不能通过。思维拓展privately adv. 私下地，秘密地in private秘密地；私下地。例如：Let us solve the problem in private.让我们私下里解决这个问题吧。重点语法：一：With复合结构与独立主格结构with复合结构与独立主格结构是英语中常见的两种结构形式。从某种意义上说，它们可以算作是非谓语动词用法的延伸。它们都可以在句中作原因状语、伴随状况状语、条件状语、时间状语或结果状语用，一般也可以相互转换。虽然它们的语法功能和意义相同，但其结构形式和名称却不相同。抓住这一点，就可以把二者融会贯通，从而在阅读中减少不必要的理解障碍。with复合结构的模式是：with+名词/代词（作逻辑主语）+分词/形容词/副词/不定式/介词短语（作逻辑谓语）独立主格结构的模式是：主格名词/代词（作逻辑主语）+分词/形容词/副词/不定式/介词短语（作逻辑谓语）请看下例：一、作时间状语1、With winter coming on, the trees turn yellow and some birds fly south. =Winter coming on, the trees turn yellow and some birds fly south.2、With our work having been finished well, we went out for a holiday. =Our work having been finished well, we went out for a holiday.3、With the traffic light green, the bus got moving. =The traffic light green, the bus got moving.4、With the wedding dinner party(being) over, we left the hotel. =The wedding dinner party(being) over, we left the hotel.二、作原因状语5、With it being Sunday, the library was closed. =It being Sunday, the library was closed.6、With the weather terribly cold, we entered the room to warm ourselves. =The weather terribly cold, we entered the room to warm ourselves.7、With us to care for the children you are able to be carefree away from home. =We to care for the children, you are able to be carefree away from home.（注意此处的we 不得改成us，用了us便不是独立主格结构了。）8、With the key having been lost, she could not enter the room. =The key having been lost, she could not enter the room.三、作条件状语1、With time permitting（许可）,well visit the Summer Palace. =Time permitting, well visit the Summer Palace.2、With the car going wrong, well have to stop at the foot of the mountain. =The car going wrong, well have to stop at the foot of the mountain.四、作伴随状况状语1、The mother was cleaning the house with her baby playing on the bed. =The mother was cleaning the house, her baby playing on the bed.2、He wore a shirt with the neck open. =He wore a shirt, the neck open.3、Last night I followed him, and climbed in, with a sword in my hand. =Last night I followed him and climbed in, sword in hand.4、He sat there thinking, with his head on his hand. =He sat there thinking, head on hand.注意：若with复合结构在句中作伴随状况状语，且结构模式又是“with+名词+介词短语”，那么with复合结构转换成独立主格结构时，介词前后的两个名词就应该用单数形式且不带包括冠词在内的任何限定词。上述句3、句4便是例证。无论with复合结构还是独立主格结构，都不可有动词的谓语形式充当其中的逻辑谓语。如下例中的was就必须去掉：He sat at the desk reading with a pen was in his right hand.这两种结构在句中作时间、条件或原因状语时，分别与表示时间、条件或原因的状语从句同义。例如：Time permitting; we will visit the Yellow Mountain.=If time permits we will visit the Yellow Mountain.It being Sunday, people got up late that day.=As it was Sunday people got up late that day.The meeting over, we all went home.=When the meeting was over we all went home.with复合结构可以作后置定语修饰名词，而独立主格结构则不可作后置定语修饰名词。例如：Soon she arrived at a park with grass green and flowers in blossom.=Soon she arrived at a park whose grass was green and whose flowers were in blossom.有趣的是，这两种结构可以结合起来合适，并表现出独立主格的特色来。例如：In the park, the tourists are enjoying different kinds of trees, some with a single branch growing as high as 15 meters.（游客们在公园里观赏各种树木，有些树的单枝就高达15米。）句中“some+with”是独立主格结构，而with后面又带有自己的复合结构。The boys are playing with snow, each with a face red with cold.(孩子们在打雪仗，个个脸蛋都冻得通红。)在句中，“each+with”是独立主格结构，而with后面又带有自己的复合结构。切记，后面能带复合结构的介词只有with, without和like。这样用的without和like可见于下例中：The man who saved the money died without anyone knowing where the coins were hidden.An animal having black stripes (斑纹) like the Chinese character“王”shown on the forehead (前额) must be tiger.The pine tree still stood there like an umbrella covering the entrance to the valley.2、 让步状语从句练习：1.He is very young, _ he knows a lot about computer.A. and B. however C. but D. while2. Excuse me for breaking in, _ I have some news for you.A. so B. and C. but D. Yet3. Some people waste a lot of food _ others havent enough to eat.A. however B. when C. as D. while4. _ he had to write a history paper._ he couldnt find time to do it.A. Although; but B. Although; / C. Even thought; / D. Even if; /(1) but和however两者都可以翻译为“但是、然而”，但是两者的用法不同。However既可以放在句首也可以放在句中，并且后面一般要有逗号，but常用于句中，不加逗号。(2) while与but两者都有“然而、而”的意思。While强调两着的对比，而but强调转折。(3) while与although都用来表示两者对比，但while是并列连词，引导并列句。although为从属连词，引导让步状语从句。But：1. 连接两个并列分句 Honey is sweet, but the bee stings. I ought to have helped her, but I ever could. 2. 连接两个并列成分 They see the trees but not the forest. He no longer felt disappointed, but happy and hopeful.3.后接状语 He tried to save it, but in vain. He glanced about, but seeing only the empty room.whatever, whoever, however, whenever, wherever He does whatever she asks him to do. 她要他做什么，他就做什么。Come whenever you like. 你爱什么时候来就什么时候来。However：例句：1.People like this are usually harmless. They can, however, be a nuisance.(令人讨厌的人)2.This method has been widely adopted. However, it is not yet clear that it is the best method.3.People like this are usually harmless. They can be a nuisance, however.4.You should report any incident, however serious or minor it is.5.Well have to finish the job, however long it may take.6. I really want to buy the car, however much it costs.用法：1. 多插在句子中间 (1) His first response was to say no. Later, however, he changed his mind. (2) The production is low this month. However,there will be an increase next month. 2.有时也放