2 Academic language

AcademicLanguage xslwxz ecust Pin xslwxz2012 CourseEmail TitleAbstractKeywordsContentsIntroductionLiteraturereviewmethodologyCasestudy resultanddiscussionConclusionReferencesAcknowledgements Review ComponentsofaResearchpaper Step1 choosingatopicStep2 ReviewingrelatedliteratureandevaluatingmaterialsStep3 developingathesisstatementStep4 analyzingtheinformation organizingideas andworkingoutanoutlineStep5 writingthefirstdraftStep6 revisingthedraftandfinalizingthepaper Stepsofwritingaresearchpaper Mostpiecesofwritingaredesignedtobeaddressedtoaparticularaudience Anupdateofanearlier1998text thisnewversionofthebookwasarewriteandoffersausefulupdate PublishedbySpringerthisbooktacklesoneofthehottesttopicsofrecentyearsanddeservesclosescrutiny At442pageslongthisbookisatfirstsightjustoneofanotherbooksjumpingontheE with everythingbandwagon Thebookclaimstoexplorethefoundationsofelectronicbusinessandcommerceandtoprovideasoundunderstandingofthissubject Presentedinpaperbackformthetextiswellformattedandgraphicsareusedthroughouttogoodeffect ItisgearedtowardsastudentreadershipandthereisthepossibilityofusingitasacoretexttosupportamoduleofE Commerceatundergraduatelevel Atpostgraduatelevelthetextshouldbeconsideredasintroductionpriortodetailedreadingandwouldonthewholemakeausefuladditiontoreadinglists Reader Centered Whattypeoftextisit Whohasthetextbeenwrittenfor Whatwordsandphrasesareusedwhichconfirmthetexttype Inwhatwayisthestyleappropriatetotheintendedaudience 1 Abookreview2 Anypotentialreadersofthebook mostprobablystudents3 Phrasessuchas thisnewversionofthebook and thebookclaimstoexplore tellyouthatthistextisabookreview 4 Thestyleofthelanguageisquiteinformal Itiswrittenforawiderangeofpeoplebecausenospecifictechnicalvocabularyisusedwhichassumespriorknowledge formaldiscourseobjectivetonerelativelybalancedstructurebasedonscientificdataexpressideaspreciselybeconciseglossaryspecificforagivenscience WhatisAcademicLanguage Beawareofdiscipline specificdifferences Eachoftheacademicdisciplineshasitsownconventionswhenitcomestomattersoftoneandstyle Ifyouneedmoreinformationaboutdiscipline specificmatters checkoutastylemanual suchastheMLAorAPAstylesheets ModernLanguageAssociationAmericanPsychologicalAssociation Strictadherencetothestandardsofacademiclanguagehelpstoconveyargumentsinanauthoritativetone Itfacilitatespresentationofideasandmakesanypapersoundtrustworthy WhyUseAcademicLanguage FeaturesofEffectiveResearchPaper indicatescareful comprehensivereadingandunderstandingofthetopicestablishes initsintroduction athesistobedevelopedinthecourseofthepaperisclearlyorganizedemploystheprinciplesofgoodcompositionincludesdirectquotations paraphrases orpr cisthatsupportthethesisincludesdocumentationintheformofparentheticalnotes endnotes orfootnotesincludesalistofworkscitedexhibitscareful thoroughdocumentationofsourcesofideasfollowsacarefullyprescribedformatisalwaystypedandprintedonaletter qualityprinter ProfessionalConcreteFormalCompoundwordsNounclustersAbbreviationsandAcronyms withcaution Avoidcontractionsdon t donot Hedging vaguelanguage e g seem tend looklike appeartobe think believe doubt besure indicate FeaturesofVocabulary Whendescribingtheformalityofvocabulary ascalefromformaltoslangisoftenused Inthefollowingexample verbsrelatedtocomplainarepresentedinsuchascale formalneutralinformalcolloquialslangcomplaincomplaingrumblemoanbellyachewhinegrouseVerbsrelatedto complain SourceTheWordsYouNeed Rudzkaetal Macmillan1981 VeryMarkTwain Substitute damn everytimeyou reinclinedtowrite very youreditorwilldeleteitandthewritingwillbejustasitshouldbe highly extremely quite rather getreceive obtain achieve matchingvocabularyinpairsofinformalandformalequivalents good bad great nice poorPositiveNegativeinnovativeflawedSignificantunsatisfactoryrigorousthinimpressivesloppyremarkableunwarrantedelegantlimited Theauthorreported showed proposed developed observed demonstrated presented Theauthorcontends maintains implied claims Theauthorpointsout notes stresses emphasizes paysparticularattentionto Don tuseabbreviationslikee g inacademicwriting usethefullterm forexample Thefirsttimeyouuseatitlewhichhasanabbreviatedalternativeyoumustwriteitoutinfullwiththeabbreviationinbrackets IworkintheAdultLearningDifficultiesandDisabilities ALDD Section Afterthefirstreferenceyoucanusetheacronym Abbreviationsandacronym always never all noneThereareneveranybehaviourproblemsinclassesforolderlearners Behaviourisrarelyidentifiedasamajorissueinclassesforolderlearners Becarefulaboutusingabsolutetermssuchas PersonalpronounsItisbettertoavoidusingfirstandsecondpersonpronouns I youandwe asyourwritingwillsoundtoopersonalandinformal asinconversation Passivevoice donooveruseit NonfiniteverbsPresenttenseLongandcomplex FeaturesofSentenceStructure YoucanseefromtheresultsinFigure1 AsisshowninFigure1 Weprovethattheresultsreflectthe Itisprovedthattheresultsreflectthe Thoseworkinginunskilledjobsarelesslikelytousecomputersintheworkplace Theyalsomaynotknowsomeonewhodoes Peoplelivingindisadvantagedneighbourhoodsareleastlikelytohaveextendednetworksofuserswhocanoffersupportandencouragement Thebarriersthrownupbylackofmaterialresourcesarereinforcedforlow incomehouseholds Whichversionisbetter Becausethoseworkinginunskilledjobsarelesslikelytousecomputersintheworkplaceortoknowsomeonewhodoes andbecausedisadvantagedneighbourhoodsareleastlikelytohaveextendednetworksofuserswhocanoffersupportandencouragement thebarriersthrownupbylackofmaterialresourcesarereinforcedforlow incomehouseholds http www phrasebank manchester ac uk I dliketostudythebasicandtheimportantconceptsofRelevanceTheoryanditsuseintranslation Imainlyfocusonthevalueofthetheoryinsolvingsomeoftheproblemsthattranslatorshavebeenfaced especiallyintermsofculturalcontexts Afteracomparativestudyofcommunicationandtranslation Ibelievethattranslati