园林施工与养护管理.doc

/ / / / 园林施工与养护管理近年来，随着我国人民生活水平的提高，对于城市绿化环境的要求也与日俱增。因此，园林建设已经成为城市建设的一项重要基础建设项目，不论是市政府还是人民群众都对园林建设抱有很大的期待。但随着园林建设的不断发展，呈现出了重视园林建设，而忽视了园林的后期养护管理的问题。特别是园林的养护是一个周期性的长期工程，不仅需要大量的人力和物力，还需要与植被自身特色结合，结合科学的养护管理方法进行园林管理，才能保证园林更加美观和实用。In recent years, with the improvement of peoples living standard in our country, to the requirement of urban greening environment is also growing. Therefore, landscape construction has become an important infrastructure of city construction project, both the city and the people are to landscape construction with great expectations. But with the continuous development of landscape construction, and presented the importance to landscape construction, and neglected the garden later period maintenance management problem. Especially the garden maintenance is a cyclical long-term project, not only need a lot of manpower and material resources, also need to combined with vegetation characteristics, combining with the landscape maintenance and management methods of scientific management, to keep up the garden more beautiful and practical. 一、园林施工注意事项A, the botanical garden construction matters needing attention 园林施工的好坏，是园林景观效果的基础。如果园林的施工存在较大的问题，即使后期如何努力进行养护管理也无法得到良好的园林景观效果。因此，必须对于园林的施工建设必须遵守城市绿化工程施工及验收规范中规定的施工规范，且严格按照标准进行验收，确保园林施工的良好结果。The stand or fall of garden construction, is the basis of landscape effect. If the botanical garden construction, there is a big problem, even how hard late for maintenance management cannot get good landscape effect. Must, therefore, for the botanical garden construction must abide by the urban greening project code for construction and acceptance of construction specifications, and in strict accordance with the standards for acceptance, to ensure good results in the botanical garden construction. 1.1 做好施工前的准备工作1.1 the preparation work before construction 在施工前，需要根据施工设计图对于施工现场进行仔细勘察，确保施工位置的准确度。并仔细编写施工计划书以及场地的平整工作。确保施工时，施工人员合理地进行施工以及施工场地方便施工。对于定点放线和给排水工程的前期工作也要认真完成，确保后续施工快速准确地进行。Before construction, need to carefully survey according to construction drawings to the construction site, ensure construction location accuracy. And write the construction plan and site formation work carefully. Ensure that the construction, construction personnel reasonably convenient for construction and construction site construction. For fixed-point pay-off and the prophase work of water supply and drainage engineering also want serious finish, ensure the follow-up construction rapidly and accurately. 1.2 施工时按照设计图纸进行1.2 when construction carried out in accordance with the design drawings 园林是一个通过不同植物组合呈现出整体的景观效果，因此对于施工工程能否准确按照设计者的设计完成施工，就是园林景观能否体现出其整体效果的关键。如果施工人员没有按照施工设计图进行施工，就会将整个园林的设计效果打乱，严重影响园林的景观效果。所以，按照设计图施工不但可以保证园林的景观效果，还可以有效节约施工时间，提高施工效率。Garden is a combination through different plants presents the overall landscape effect, so for construction project can be completed accurately according to the designers design, is the landscape can reflect the overall effect of the key. If there is no according to construction drawings for construction, construction personnel will be messed up the entire garden design effect, seriously affect the garden landscape effect. So, according to the design construction can not only guarantee the garden landscape effect, can effectively save construction time, improve the construction efficiency. 1.3 加强施工组织设计的作用1.3 to strengthen the role of construction organization design 对于一些重点工程或工期短的工作，施工组织设计可以根据实际情况，适当改变施工计划，保证工程能够在规定的时间内完成。因此，施工组织设计对于园林工程具有非常明显的作用。施工组织根据整体工程来分为几组，每个组都负责工程内专属部分，确保责任到人，并且养护组也属于施工组织中的一部分。对于施工组织的人员安排以施工时间为基准，做到不重复、不缺漏，保证以良好的施工质量完成园林工程的施工。For some key project or construction period is short, construction organization design can be according to actual condition, appropriate to change the construction plan, ensure the project within the prescribed time to complete. Therefore, the construction organization design for landscape engineering have very obvious effects. Construction organization according to the whole project is divided into several groups, each group is responsible for the project within the exclusive part, to ensure that the responsibility to the people, also belong to a part of the construction organization and maintenance group. To arrange the personnel of construction organization based on the construction time, do not repeat, do not omissions, to ensure good construction quality to complete the garden engineering construction. 二、园林养护要点Second, garden maintenance points 2.1 灌溉2.1 irrigation 由于园林内的植物生长是需要水分的，因此一旦土壤的含水量无法满足植物的生长，就需要通过灌溉的方式解决这一问题。灌溉一般都采取少灌、勤灌的原则，并且由于不同种类的植被需要水分的多少也不同，就需要灌溉的精细化，不能统一进行。Because of the landscape within the plants need water, so once the soil water content can meet the growth of plants, it need to solve this problem by means of irrigation. Irrigation typically take less irrigation, irrigation principle frequently, and because of the different types of vegetation needs to how much water is different also, you need refinement of irrigation, not unified. 2.2 排水2.2 the drainage 土壤含水量少不利于植物生长，含水多了同样会对植物生长造成不良影响。因此，一旦出现降水量过多的情况就需要建造沟渠帮助排水，避免土壤含水过多而导致植物死亡。一般排水方式分为以下几种：（1）地表径流。通过地表坡度进行排水，不能留有死角。（2）明沟排水。一般强降水天气后采用明沟排水的方式。（3）暗沟排水。利用铺设地下管线与城市内的下水管线连接进行排水，效果很好但造价较高。Soil moisture content less conducive to plant growth, more water will also cause bad effect to plant growth. Once appear, excessive rainfall, therefore, it would need help drainage ditches, avoid excessive soil water and cause plant death. General drainage way is divided into the following kinds: (1) the surface runoff. Through the surface slope drainage, cannot have a corner. (2) the gutter drainage. Commonly adopt the way of gutter drainage after heavy rain weather. (3) the blind drainage. USES laid underground pipeline and city water pipeline connection for drainage, the effect is very good but the cost is higher. 2.3 施肥2.3 application 移植树木成活后，可以提供适当的肥料帮助其生长，一般肥料的添加都会选择长时间没有降水并且没有松土的时候进行。Survival after transplant trees, can provide the appropriate fertilizer to help their growth, add fertilizer will generally choose long time no rain and no dirt. 2.4土壤水分养护原则和依据2.4 soil moisture curing principle and basis 2.4.1 养护原则Against 2.4.1 curing principle 我国是一个水资源较为匮乏的国家，北方水资源问题尤为严重，而我国的北方城市气候干燥，加快土壤水分流失。北方城市水资源匮乏和城市园林养护需要水分形成尖锐的矛盾。因此，对于北方城市的园林养护原则就是节约用水。China is a country of scarce water resources, water resources in the north problem is particularly serious, and the dry weather in the northern city of our country, accelerate soil moisture loss. Northern city lack of water resources and urban garden maintenance need water form a sharp contradiction. Therefore, for the northern city of garden maintenance principle is to save water. 2.4.2 气候因素2.4.2 climate factors 我国北方基本都处于季风性气候的影响下，春季到夏初季节的降水较少，土地更加干旱。这时的植物却处于生长期，因此就需要通过灌溉来满足植物的水分需要。一般从夏季开始北方的降水量很大，所以就不用进行灌溉。而到了秋季，虽然降水较少，但是植物生长基本已经成型，可以应对干旱的情况，也不需要进行灌溉。冬季时，为了防止春旱和冬季冻害，应该浇灌冻水保持土壤的湿度和温度。Base in the north of China is monsoon climate, under the influence of the spring to early summer season precipitation less, more arid land. When plants are growing, so will need to meet the needs of the plants water through irrigation. General from the summer rainfall in the north is very big, so need not for irrigation. In the autumn, although the rainfall is less, but basic plant growth has been forming, can cope with the drought situation, also do not need for irrigation. During the winter, to prevent the spring drought and cold in winter, should be pouring cold water to keep the humidity and temperature of the soil. 2.4.3植物的种类2.4.3 plant species 城市园林内的植物品种繁多，每种植物对于水分的需要也不尽相同。一般的判别原则是阴性植物比阳性植物对于水分的需要更多；生长期的植物比长成的植物对于水分的需要更多；叶子数量多、面积大的植物比数量少、面积小的植物对于水的需要更高。因此，在补充园林内的土壤水分时，就应该注意根据植物的种类调整灌溉的水分。这样不但满足了植物生长对于水分的需要，同时能够节约用水。Theres a large variety of plants in the city gardens, each plant, the need for water is endless also and same. Discriminant principle is commonly need more negative than positive plants for water; Growth period of plant needs more than grown plants for water; Leaf number, large area of the plant is less than quantity, small area need higher plants for water. Therefore, within the supplementary garden soil moisture, should pay attention to the adjustment of irrigation water according to the types of plants. Such not only meet the needs of the growth of the plants for water, at the same time can save water. 2.4.4 植物生长阶段2.4.4 plant growth stage 植物在不同的生长周期内，对于水量的需求也各不相同。在植物处于幼苗时期时，由于其本身的根系不是十分发达，因此其根系只能吸收浅层土壤的水分，其抗旱能力较差需要经常少量地进行灌溉；随着植物的生长，其根系不断生长，可以吸收到深层土壤的水分，其抗旱能力就较强，就不需要经常进行灌溉。因此，在浇灌时，需要根据植物生长的不同阶段来控制灌溉的水量。Plants in different growth period, demand for water is also each are not identical. When plants in seedling period, due to its itself is not very developed root system, so the roots can absorb the shallow soil moisture, the drought-resistant ability need often small amounts to poor irrigation; Along with the growth of plants, the root system grows unceasingly, can absorb the deep soil moisture, the drought resistance ability is stronger, do not need to regular irrigation. Therefore, in the water, need according to the different stages of plant growth to control the amount of water in irrigation. 三、园林施工与养护的结合The combination of three, the botanical garden construction and maintenance 3.1 施工与养护都是园林设计的一部分3.1 the construction and maintenance are part of the landscape design 园林是通过园林施工，将园林设计者设计图纸上的园林，以实物形式具体地呈现在广大的市民面前。而作为维持设计出的园林风貌，养护也同样是园林设计环节中的一部分。在园林的施工和养护过程中，园林工作者都需要理解设计者对于园林的塑造意图，然后按照设计要求完成施工和养护的工作。Garden is through the garden construction, landscape designers on the design drawings, specifically in physical form to present in front of the citizens. In maintain the garden landscape design, landscape design is the maintenance is also part of the link. In garden construction and maintenance process, the landscape workers all need to understand the designers for the shape of intention, then according to the design requirements to complete the construction and maintenance work. 3.2 园林的养护应从施工开始3.2 garden maintenance should begin from the start of construction 对于园林的养护不仅仅是从园林建造完成后才开始的，由于施工中会移植树木到新建的园林内，如果没有对这些移植树木进行及时的养护，非常容易造成树木在施工过程中损坏，甚至由于照顾不周导致移植树木的死亡。因此，就对需要减少树根受损、间少树冠失水等方面进行移植树木的养护生态细木工板。For landscape maintenance not only from the botanical garden construction begins after complete, will due to the construction of transplant trees into a new garden, if you dont have to timely maintenance of the transplanted trees, damaged trees in construction process is very easy, even replanting of deaths as a result of the our thoughtlessness. Therefore, between the need to reduce the damage of roots, less maintenance transplant trees canopy water loss, etc. 3.3 园林施工和养护的资金利用3.3 capital utilization of landscape construction and maintenance 由于园林的施工和养护都是一套整体工程中的一部分，所以就需要将施工和养护的费用进行详实的估算和处理。对于施工和养护费用的预算要具体到园林施工和养护工作中的每一个环节户外健身器材，并且根据实际情况合理地估算费用等级，保证园林质量并控制工程的整体成本。Due to landsc