水处理知识题(4)简答题.doc

rapid development of the market economy environment to explore public servants duty consumption monetization reform has provided a good foundation. The socialization of rear service work has been launched, and rapid progress in some places and departments, duty consumption monetization of carrier and approach to management has been resolved. Third, in recent years, exploring the monetization of duty consumption has made some progress, have gained some experience and can provide reference to the comprehensive reform of the system of public servants duty consumption further. Implementing an honest canteen, standardize official entertaining management; enhancing the telecommunication expense management; elimination of County travel and countryside subsidies; research village officials capitalization management of corporate spending, and so on. Finally, group .18 session to be held in Beijing from November 9, 2013 to 12th. 35 years ago blew the third plenary session of the reform and opening up in the spring breeze, changed, affect the world; today, 35 years later, in the eyes of the nation and the world expect, again to reform mark China, ushered in the 18 session. XI General Secretary pointed out that Chinas reform has entered a crucial period and the Sham Shui Po District, must be based on greater political courage and wisdom, lose no time in deepening reform in important fields. Dares to crack a hard nut, dares to question the Rapids, which dares to break the barrier of ideas, and dare to benefit cure barriers. Deepening reform and opening up is on schedule to achieve institutional safeguards of the moderately well-off. Under the five in one the General layout of socialist modernization requirements, 18 session of the decision was a five in one and the improvement of overall scheme of reform, will promote an integrated and coordinated economic, political, cultural, social and ecological civilization construction of the five reforms and the partys construction in the area of institutional reform. The five in one programme is to achieve a comprehensive reform of institutional guarantees for objectives of build a well-off society, the smooth progress of the construction of a well-off society and reform the objectives of the programme. One, holding time and place importance on November 9, 2013 to the 18 session of the 12th Beijing since 1978, 35, have been 7 plenary session, each time on major issues of political and economic life of the country has made important deployment. In accordance with PRC political practice, often at every session of the CPC Central Committee in a plenary session was held immediately after the partys Congress, on the theme personnel, discussing election Centrals top leaders, such as the election of the Standing Committee of the political Bureau, through the Central Committee members, decisions, such as members of the Central Military Commission. The second plenary session, is held in two sessions before the general election, mainly to discuss a new State personnel issues. But by the third动力车间水处理知识题第四部分：简答1. 炉内水处理的目的？1) 防止锅炉本体及附属系统水、汽侧在运行中积聚沉积物和腐蚀。提高锅炉的传热传导效益。2) 确保蒸汽质量，防止汽轮机部件结垢和腐蚀3) 保证水质条件下，减少锅炉的排污损失，提高经济效益2. 炉内水混浊的原因有哪些？1) 给水混浊或硬度过高，主要是给组成中凝结水，补给水等混浊或硬度太大；2) 锅炉长期不排污或排污不及时或排污量不够；3) 新炉或检修后锅炉在启动初期；4) 燃烧工况或水流动工况不正常，负荷波动较大。3. 锅炉的排污方式有哪几种？各有什么作用？锅炉的排污方式有：（1）连续排污；（2）定期排污。连续排污：是连续不断的从汽包中排出炉水。主要目的是为了防止锅炉水中的含盐量和含硅量过高排去一些细小或悬浮的水渣。定期排污：是排出水渣，一般排污点设在水循环系统的底端；排污时最好在锅炉低负荷时进行。4. 什么是树脂的再生？ 树脂经一段软化或除盐运行后，失去了交换离子的能力；这时可用酸、碱或盐使其还原再生，恢复其交换能力，这种使树脂恢复能力的过程称为树脂的再生。5. 降低酸碱耗的主要措施有哪些？（1）保证进水水质；（2）保证再生质量，延长制水量的周期；（3）保证再生液的质量、纯度，严格控制再生操作规程；（4）保证设备运行安全、可靠、正常。6. 蒸汽含硅量、含盐量不合格的原因有哪些？（1）炉水、给水量不合格；(2)锅炉负荷、汽压、水位变化急剧；(3)减温水水质劣化；(4)锅炉加药控制不合理；(5)汽、水分离器各元件缺陷。7. 什么情况下应加强锅炉的排污？(1)锅炉刚启动、未投入正常运行前；(2)炉水混浊或质量超标；(3)蒸气质量恶化；(4)给水水质超标。8. 在水、汽监督中，发现水质异常，应先查明什么？(1)检查所取的样品正确无误；(2)检查所用仪器、试剂、分析方法等完全正确，计算无差错；(3)检查有关在线仪表指示是否正常。9. 影响树脂工作交换容量的主要因素有哪些？(1)进水中水质的质量；(2)交换终点的控制指标；(3)树脂层的高度；(4)水温及水流速度；(5)交换剂再生的效果，树脂本身的性能。10. 炉水中PO42- 含量的标准是多少？超标的原因有哪些？一般控制在：515 mg/L1) PO42- 15 mg/L时：锅炉负荷突然减少；连续排污阀堵塞。2) PO42- Fe3+Ca2+Na+；PO43-SO42-Cl-;对无机离子的水合离子半径越大越易分离：Mg2+Ca2+Cl+Na+K+；F-Cl-Br-NO3-；（3）稳定性：水解稳定性和化学稳定性，稳定性越好，使用寿命越长；70.影响RO膜稳定性的因素有哪些？主要包括：水解、氧化、溶解、微生物分解以及结构变形。在电厂RO中主要是水温和水质（1）水温：水温升高，RO膜水解速度加快，膜老化快；（2）氧化：主要是水中Cl2，NaClO、O2和6价铬;（3）溶解：如有机溶剂 乙醇、酮、乙醛等；（4）微生物：如细菌有细菌蛋白酶，酶能分解RO膜；（5）结构变形：如运行压力的大小会影响RO膜的使用性能。71.什么是回收率，为什么控制回收率的范围？RO回收率：是指产水流量占进水流量的百分比。Y=100%（Y-回收率；Qd产水流量，Qf进水流量）回水率Y越高，浓缩倍数越高，RO膜浓水结垢和发生污染的可能性就越大；若Y低，排出浓水量太大，浪费水资源，则经济性不好，因此要控制适当的Y，一般为Y在75%左右。72.什么是脱盐率，如何计算？脱盐率是反渗透水装置除去的盐量占进水含盐量的百分比。公式：R=（1-）100% 【 R-脱盐率，Cd-产水电导率，Cj进水电导率（us/cm）】73.RO膜的污染有哪几类形式，如何形成的？（1）悬浮物、胶体物的污染：形成RO膜的表面污染层；（2）结垢：在RO膜进水测的水逐渐被浓缩，而溶解度较低的盐就会以沉淀的形式析出，如Ca3(PO4)2，CaCO3，CaSO4，BaSO4；（3）细菌污染：RO停运有可能细菌滋生，粘附在RO膜的表面，产生明显的污染。74.RO进水压力过高对膜有何影响：（1）如果RO的进水压力太高，会使膜永久变形，即膜的压密化，尤其是在水温度较高时，更容易出现这种情况；（2）RO进水的压力过高，会产生水锤作用，引起膜的压密化，造成透水量不可逆衰减。75.影响反渗透运行的因素有哪些？（1）进水压力：压力增加，膜的产水量和脱盐率都会增大；（2）进水温度：温度升高，脱盐率下降，产水量增大；（3）进水含盐量：含盐量升高，产水量下降，脱盐率下降；（4）回收率：回收增加，脱盐率下降，产水通量（在压力一定时）下降；（5）PH：PH值主要影响RO膜的化学稳定性，对膜的通量和脱盐几乎影响不大。76.什么是RO的浓差极化？RO的浓差极化：在RO过程中，盐水侧膜表面和盐水主体水中的盐浓度是不同的，存在着一个浓度梯度，而RO膜两侧的渗透压的大小实质上是由膜表面盐浓度决定的，因此，浓度梯度越大，渗透压也越大，RO运行所需的推动力就越大，当渗透压接近甚至等于进水压力时，RO无法运行，透水量急剧降低，这种RO膜分离过程中存在的现象叫RO的浓差极化。77.还原剂NaHSO3在RO中消除余氯的反应机理？NaHSO3+ H2O + Cl2 = NaHSO4 + 2HCl78.什么是朗格里尔指数？（LSI）就是运行温度下回水的实测PH值与对应运行温度下CaCO3饱和时水的PH值的差值：LSI=PH-PHs PH运行温度水的实测PH值PHs对应运行温度CaCO3饱和时水的PH值。LSI为正值时，水中CaCO3就有可能沉淀。79.RO化学清洗的条件：（1）标准渗透水流量下降（产水量）10%-15%；（2）标准系统压差增加10%-15%（正常压差为0.35-0.4MPa）；（3）标准系统脱盐率下降1%-2%（标准脱盐率为98%）；（4）产水电导率明显升高；（5）已证实RO膜污染严重时结垢；（6）RO运行3-6个月；（7）RO装置长期停运时。80.RO化学清洗应注意哪些事项？（1）尽量分段清洗；（2）清洗液的流动方向与运行时的水流方向一致；（3）用于配制清洗药剂的水应为除盐水或RO产水，同时应检测清洗液的温度、PH值、压力、附合膜的标准。81.混凝剂的混凝机理？（1）压缩双电层作用；（2）吸附电中和作用；（3）吸附架桥作用；（4）网捕式卷扫作用；82.锰沙过滤器过滤效果不好，导致出水浓度高的原因有哪些？（1）滤速太高；（2）滤料的质量不佳及滤料粒径过大；（3）出入口压差过高；（4）滤层太低，造成滤料的截污能力下降，甚至污染杂质穿透；（5）未按时反洗或反洗强度不够，不彻底；（6）入口水浊度大。83.影响锰砂过滤器运行周期短，反洗频繁的原因有哪些？（1）反洗不及时、不彻底，造成滤粒结块；（2）入口浊度大，压差迅速超过规定值；（3）滤料装的太高或过低。84.混床跑树脂的原因有哪些？（1）反洗流速过大或操作不当；（2）树脂中有空气；（3）出水滤水帽损坏；（4）排水装置或垫层损坏85.混床反洗分层效果不好的原因有哪些？（1）阴阳树脂选择不当，阴阳树脂的比例小；（2）新树脂带有多余的电荷；（3）部分树脂未失效，造成ROH向比差小；（4）树脂被污染粘附严重。86.混床再生的混脂的注意事项有哪些？（1）混前排出水在树脂层上100-150mm处；（2）混合时，进入空气的质量要无污染且压力、进气量要满足树脂能全部搅动；（3）要有足够的时间，一般10min左右；（4）混脂后期，排水至层下500mm处，使树脂完全处于不浮动状态停气；（5）听气后快速排水、下沉，以免混合好的树脂重新分层。87.混床提前失效的原因有哪些？（1）再生不彻底；（2）再生剂不纯，有杂质且含量高；（3）混脂不充分、不均匀；（4）混床进水水质恶化；（5）进水水温度偏低；（6）阴阳树脂比例严重失调；（7）树脂污染严重；（8）混床运行中的流速太慢或太快；（9）检测仪表仪器失灵。88.活性污泥处理污水必须具备的基本条件：（1）活性污泥；（2）充足的氧；（3）污水中的有机物；（4）营养物质。89.什么是污泥膨胀及膨胀的原因？（1）广义上：活性污泥的凝聚性和沉降恶化以及处理水浑浊的现象总称为污泥膨胀；（2）字面上：是指污泥体积增大而密度下降的现象为污泥膨胀；（3）原因：溶解氧低；冲击负荷过高；进水化学条件的变化造成营养失调。90.启停反渗透的注意事项（1）启反渗透高压泵之前需低压冲洗；必须关闭进水气动阀（2）停RO高压泵之前必须关闭进水气动阀，防止产水水锤冲击RO膜；（3）开启高压泵，浓水排放阀应处于关闭状态；（4）开启RO装置必须投加药装置，防止无药运行而造成结垢；（5）回收率75%，防止浓差极化现象的发生；（6）高压泵出口手动阀、浓水手动阀已调整好，不允许随意挪动；（7）运行过程中避免压力、流量的剧烈变化，防止测背压。91.污泥上浮有那几种形式？如何防止？污泥上浮包括：（1）污泥脱氮上浮；（2）污泥腐化上浮。脱氮上浮：在曝气池负荷小，供氧量过大，出水中的溶解氧过多，使废水中的氨、氮被硝化。防治办法：减少曝气，防止硝化出现；及时拍沉，增加固流量。污泥腐化上浮：在曝气池由于缺氧产生大量CH4和CO2等气体，附着在污泥体上，使污泥密度变小而上浮。产生的原因：污泥停留时间过长；局部区域污泥堵塞。防止办法：加大曝气量，及时排泥。92.污泥致密，活性降低的原因有哪些？（1）进水中无机悬浮物突然增多；（2）环境条件恶化，有机物转化率降低，温度过低；（3）有机物浓度减小。93.污泥减少的原因有哪些？（1）有机物营养减少；（2）曝气时间过长；（3）回流比小，剩余污泥排放量大；（4）污泥上浮而造成污泥流失。94.如何理解活性污泥的概念？由污水中的菌胶团、细菌和其他生物在溶解氧的情况下，分解有机物产生的污泥絮体，并通过先前形成的絮体的回流而积累成充分浓度的污泥絮体。95.影响微絮凝过滤器处理污水的主要原因？（1）保证反洗的时间和强度；（2）保证滤料清洗干净；（3）保证CASS反应池处理污水的出口浓度；（4）保证加药装置的正常运行。96.磷酸处理炉水时，PO43-不合格的原因有哪些？（1）锅炉负荷突然减小；（2）连排阀堵塞；（3）加药设施缺陷，或加药量不正常；（4）炉水有硬度等杂质。97.过滤器的过滤机理是什么？（1）机械筛滤作用；（2）惯性沉淀作用；（3）接触絮凝作用。98.什么是气浮法？是固体和液体分离的一种净水技术，他是通过某种方法产生大量的微气泡使其与原水中密度接近于水的固体颗粒粘附，形成密度小于水的气浮体在水的浮力作用下，上浮至水面形成浮渣而进行分离的。德国教育家第斯多惠说：“教学的艺术不在于传授本领，而在于激励、唤醒、鼓舞。”当学生沉浸于“我能学好”的喜悦中时，必然会产生更强烈的主动求知的心理冲动plenary session, each session of the Central Committee of national institutions and personnel problems have been arranged, you can concentrate on national development and reforms. Previous plenary session is often branded with a central leading collective, often by looking at the third plenum of the initiative to found the current central leadership collective governance characteristics. From the analysis of the process of economic reform in China, plenary session, 12 session, 14, 16 plenary session have programmatic meaning, respectively, marking the four stages of Chinas economic reform, and that the start-up phase of reform, reform, construction phase and perfecting the Socialist market economy framework stage of socialist market economy. Previous plenary session topics proposed to the third plenary session of taking class struggle as the key link, shifted to socialist modernization; 12 session marked the change from rural to urban, established with public ownership as the Foundation of a planned commodity economy; 13 session at a time when both the old and the new system change, governance and rectify the economic order; 14 . Fair and efficient and authoritative Socialist judicial system, safeguard the peoples interests. Legal authority to uphold the Constitution, deepening the reform of administrative law enforcement, ensure that the right to exercise judicial power independently and impartially according to law the prosecution, perfecting the running mechanism of judicial power, improve the system of judicial protection of human rights. Plenary session, Affairs the right to adhere to the system, and let the people authority to let the power run in the Sun, is shut up in a cage of the system power policy. Decision Science, implementation should be constructed strong, supervise the running of powerful system, improve the system of punishing and preventing corruption, promoting political integrity, and strive to achieve cadres honest and Governm