非谓语--动词不定式.doc

动词不定式一 Definition 1. 不定式是动词的一种非限定形式，可做主语、宾语、定语、状语、补语、同位语和独立成分。 2. 不定式有自己的时态和语态，也可自带宾语或状语，合起来称为不定式短语。 3. 不定式常表达暂时的、特定的、一次性的、将来的动作。二Formation 时态 语态 the Active voice the Passsive Voice 一般式 to do to be done完成式 to have done to have been done进行式 to be doing 完成进行式 to have been doing 一般式：谓语动词和不定式同时发生或不定式后于谓语动词发生Eg: He seems to know this. He wants to go there. I want the job to be done at once.完成式：不定式的动作先于谓语动词发生 Eg: Im sorry to have given you so much trouble. The book is said to have been translated into chinese.进行式：不定式的动作正在进行Eg: He seems to be eating something.完成进行式：不定时的动作发生与谓语动词之前，同时还在进行Eg: She is known to have been working on the problem for many years.CF:1.He is said to have gone aborad,but I dont know which country he has been stadied in. 2.He was said to have studied aborad,but I dont know which country he studied in.不定式的否定 not to doTell him not to shut the window.Mrs.Smith warned her daughter never to drive after drinking.The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street,but his mother told him not to.(不定式的省略)三Usage 1. Subj.1）不定式放在首位做主语a.主谓一致：一个不定式做主语，谓语动词用单数；两个或两个以上的不定式做主语，谓语动词用复数eg ：To learn a foreign language is necessary.b.当不定式做抽象概念时，可与v-ing互换c.平行结构：To see is to believe. (T) Seeing is beliving. (T) To see is beliving. Seeing is to believe.(X)2）形式主语和真实主语(to do做真实主语)-说法更地道3）不定式的复合结构（prep.+逻辑主语+to do）做主语It is +adj.+for sb.of sb. To doFor：不能改写It is necessary for us to learn a foreign language.We are necessary to learn a foreign language.(X)Of：能改写It is wrong of you to say so.You are wrong to say so.4）特殊不定式（whto do）做主语，有时产生主表被现象主表被现象的产生条件：(a)wh为代词且不定式的动词为及物动词 (b)wh必须和to do紧挨着【why+不带to的不定式】 注意:why加不带to的不定式 whto do 产生的主动表被动现象仅限于主语、宾语、表语2.Obj.1)V+to do V: afford负担 aim(=aim at doing)目的 agree同意 bother打搅、烦扰（Dont bother） endeavor努力 long (long for sb to do)渴望 refuse拒绝 tend往往 undertake从事 bound倾向于 burnt急于 plan计划 pretent假装 failed失败 decide决定 manage打算 promise允诺、保证 hesitate犹豫threaten威胁 a. to do在宾语的位置上作宾语 eg：The driver failed to see the other car in time.b. 形式宾语(to do做形式宾语常后置，宾语补足语提前) eg: I fell it my duty to help others。 c. 宾语补足语 eg:I fell it necessary for us to learn English。d. Wh-to do(decided know consider forget learn remember show wonder tell inquire explain find out) 产生主动表被动现象(同主语) eg:I dont know who to punish. I dont know who to be punished.(X)2)希望类动词的过去完成时+不定式的一般式=希望类动词的一般过去时+不定式的完成式【虚拟语气】 （hope want wish intend mean plan suppose believe promise )3)V+to dodoinga.差异不大：start begin like dislike hate prefer love intend attempt propose 此类词后必加to do 的情况： 物做主语 do为进行体 do为表心理活动、意识性动词(know understand lose hate like love relize) b.意义差异：remember forget stop try mean regret learn continue go on cant help (cant helpbut do) leave off c.形式差别：(主动表被动:以主动的V-ing表达被动的含义) need want require deserve eg: The desk needs repairing. The desk needs to be repaired4)prep.+(to) doa.任意介词后一般不加一般的不定式(to do)，但常加特殊不定式(whto do)eg:I have no idea of what to do.b.介词 except、but后可直接加一般不定式do nothing butexcept do(前有do后必省to)have nothing to do butexcept docant chose butexcept do(固定词组)cant butexcept docant help butexcept dohave no choice butexcept to dohave no way out butexcept to dohave no alternative butexcept to dohave no option butexcept to dodo nothing butexcept do; say nothing butexcept to do; enjoy nothing butexcept doingeg:He said nothing but to stay alone.c.“adj.+to do”be afraid to do=be afraid of doingbe frightened to do=be frightened of doingbe scared to do=be scared of doingeg:He was afraid to wake his wife up. He was afraid of waking his wife up. aim to do=aim at doingfalied to do=failed at doingplan to do=plan on doingdecide to do=decide on doing3.Pred.1)a.不定式放在表语的位置做表语to do表示暂时的、一次性动作(主动表被动)eg:My job today is to clean the classroom. (Her job is cleaning the classroom.) 注意：to do和V-ing做表语，主语和表语的位置可互换b.不定式的复合结构做表语eg：This is for you to decide.c.特殊不定式做表语eg: The problem is how to operate the machine.2)前有do(do does did)后可省略to(平行结构)eg:What I want to do now is (to) go home.3)主句中为进行时，后用V-ing (平行结构)eg:What Im doing now is doing my homework.4)主语为表愿望、特定的、暂时的、未来的名词，表语必用不定式(名词:intention plan purpose idea opinion thought)eg:Her wish is to be a doctor. Her wish is being a doctor.(X)4.Attribute1)a.不定式在表语的位置做表语（被修饰词之后）eg: I have a lot of work to do.b.不定式的复合结构做表语Its time for us to have lunch.c.there be句型结构中，可用不定式的主动形式，也可以用被动形式，但意思稍有差别。主动形式具有主动性，带有主观意识；被动形式具有被动性，较客观。 eg:There is nothing to see here.（这儿没什么可看的） There is nothing to be seen here.（这儿什么都看不见） CF:This is the house in which to store grain. This is the house where to store grain.(X) 2)不定式和所修饰词之间存在的三种关系： a.动宾关系 eg: There is no one to take care of. b.主谓关系 eg:There is no one to take care of him. c.同位关系 eg:We got an order to leave here. 3) active in form,but passive in meaning(主动形式表达被动含义) a.条件： 形成动宾关系: vi.+prep.=vt. eg:I have a very comfortable chair to sit on. We have a pleasant room to stay in. 不定式的动作必为句子主语发出的动作 eg:“Do you have any clothes to be washed ? ”asked, the maid. “Do you have any papers to be typed ? ”asked,the secreatary. b.CF 定语从句和不定式做定语 (prep.+wh- to do) eg:We have a pleasant room where we can stay. We have a pleasant room in which we can stay. We have a pleasant room which we can stay in.We have a pleasant room in which to stay.We have a pleasant room where to stay.(X) We have a pleasant room which to stay in.(X) c.被修饰词为way、place的时候，后边的prep.+wh- to do中的介词可省4)the only the very the same the first the best +n. 或抽象名词做先行词后多用不定式修饰(注意meaning) eg: He is one of the best persons to work with. He is honest,he is the last one to tell lies. 他很诚实，是最不可能撒谎的一个。5.Adverbial1)a.不定式在状语的位置做状语（原因、结果状语在后，目的状语在后） eg: Iam only too pleased to see you. b.不定式的复合结构做状语 eg: The box is too heavy for you to carry. c.不定式做目的状语、原因状语、结果状语，有时偶尔做条件状语。 eg: To know more about this site , you can go to WWW 固定词组：purpose: in order to so as to(不能放于句首) just to result: tooto not enoughto soas to suchas to only to (常表示出乎意料的结果) cause:glad sorry happy please proud tooto表示否定意义 tooto表示肯定的情况：too后加表示情感态度的形容词( eager anxious ready willing easy difficult apt )当too前面加上all、but、only (allbutonly+too=very)too的否定式：nevernot tooto;toonevernot toeg:It is impossible to praise him too much. 2)Active in form,but passive in meaning(主动形式表达被动含义)-主语补足语 条件： 形成动宾关系（vi.+prep.=vt.）且不定式的动作必为句子主语发出的动作 不定式在某些描绘性形容词之后 eg:The music is pleasant to listen to.The book is easy to read. 3)absolute construction (独立成分) a.to be sure b.to start with c.to say nothing of to be certain to tell the truth not to speak of to be brief to make thing worse not to mention to be precise to sum up let alone to be exact to conclude so to speak to be frank to put it simply strange to say to be honest to put it mildly needless to say to be truthful to put it briefly sad to say to be on the safe side to put it another way glad to say to be fair to cut a long story short hard to say 6.Complement (O.C S.C 主动句中的宾补，被动句中的主补) 1)不定式在宾语补足语的位置上做补语 V.+sb.sth.+to do a.V.: ask beg need want wish expect prefer hate encourage force oblige cause order command get like leave intend invite mean trouble persuade remind warn tell help train teach advise permit allow forbid recommend prepare b.复合宾语和双宾语复合宾语：不定式的动作由宾语发出 eg:Father allowed me to go out for a walk on Sundays双宾语：不定式的动作由主语发出 eg:Father promise me to buy a gift for my rm sb.后必须加上whto do V.+prep.+sb.+to do long for arrange for wait for call for(倡导、提倡) depend on rely on call on(号召) take on(雇佣) appeal to(呼吁) demand of3)特殊点：a.makehavel etget(使让类动词)-主动不带to, 被动还原to 。但have l et 很少有被动let 的被动分为l et本身的被动和l et的宾语的被动eg:The teacher had us write an article. The teacher got us to write an article. Let the window be clothesed. He was let go.b.seewatchnoticeobservelook at(感官类之听类动词)c.hearlisten tod.feel 很少有被动 若后面跟有be , 则必加to eg：I feel him to be honest.e.help 主语参与动作，to可要可不要 eg: Let we help you to work it out. 主语不参与动作，动作由宾语发出，to必须要 eg: The medicine will help you to get better.4)prep.+O.+O.C.a. with +O.+O.C. eg:With a lot of work to do, he feels like a cat on the hot bricks.b.O.C.中的to do主动表被动 条件：不定式的动作和宾语之间形成动宾关系 不定式的动作由主语发出7.Appose表示短暂性活动的名词，用不定式做同位语 eg:His plan , to go abroad for a further study , will come true soon.表示习惯性活动的名词，用动名词做同位语 eg:His habit , studying at midnight , remains unchanged.四动词不定式省略To的情况：1.在let,make,have; see,watch,notice,observe;hear,listen to; feel,help后的不定式主动必省to,被动还原to; Eg:I dont like milk,but my mother makes me drink it.(I am made to drink it.)Teacher let him go.He was let to go.(let go=leave go)Did you notice her leave the house?若feel后出现be，则to不可省略；若feel后加完成时，则完成时前的to不可省略Eg:They felt the plan to be unwise.若to后有助动词，则to不省略;Eg:I noticed her to have come early. My mother help me (to) do the homework.句子主语不参与to do的动作，则to必不可省略;Eg:These tablets(药片) will help you to sleep. (help被动必加to: The boy was helped by a woman to collect his scattered coins.)2.在know后Eg:We know her to be honest. Know用于过去时和完成时的时候，to可省可留Eg:I never knew him (to) do such a thing. We have neverknown him (to)