定语从句 宾语从句 状语从句 基本概念及习题.doc

定语从句概念: 1.在句子中修饰名词或代词，定语从句在句中充当定语。2.定语从句必须有先行词，并尽量靠近先行词。3.在定语从句中，关系词在从句中充当成分。关系代词与关系副词关系代词：指人： who(主格)， whom(宾格)，whose(所有格)指物： which(主格，宾格)， whose(所有格)指人或物： that关系副词： when, where, why结论： 先行词有下列情况或附有下列修饰语时, 通常关系代词that1)先行词是all， no， none， everyone， something， much， little等。2)先行词前有序数词,形容词最高级，the last， the same， the only等。3)如果先行词中既含有表示人的名词又有表示物的名词时。4)若主句中有疑问代词who，which 为了避免重复, 关系代词不要再用who， which结论： 介词关系代词引导的定语从句，关键是判断介词的选择，方法一是看从句谓语部分缺少什么介词(习惯搭配)，再则可以通过整个句子整体含义来判断，结合生活实际来判断。结论： as ,which均可以引出非限制性定语从句，,如都指前一句话的意思，二者可以互换。.as 引导的从句可以放在句首，as 本身有“正如.正象” 一类的含义。 与之连用的词有know， see， expect， announce， point out等。此外，在the sameas ， such.as.中as引导的是限制性定语从句。练习1. Nearly all the streets are in straight lines, _ from east to west. Those _ run from north to south are called avenues.A. running; that B. run; who C. running; who D. run; that 2. This is the case _ hes had all his money stolen. A. when B. where C. that D. on which 3. Mr. Smith will pay a visit to Beijing this autumn, _ we will enjoy the Olympic Games in 2008. A. where B. when C. which D. how 4. The artist will not paint people or animals but he will paint anything _ . A. that the little girl asks him B. the little girl asks him to C. for the little girl to ask him D. what the little girl asks him 5. How did you get in touch with the travel agent, Robin? Oh, thats easy. I surfed the Internet and then called one _ the telephone number is provided. A. which B. in which C. of which D. whose 6. October 15 th is my birthday, _ I will never forget. A. when B. that C. what D. which 7. The treatment will continue until the patient reaches the point _ he can walk correctly and safely. A. when B. where C. which D. whose 8. There are several research centers in China _ a certain disease called Bird Flu is being studied. A. which B. where C. when D. what 9. I hope that the little _ I have been able to do does good to them all. A. which B. what C. that D. when 10. The time is not far away _ modern communications will become widespread in Chinas vast countryside. A. as B. when C. until D. before 11. _ is known to everybody, Taiwan is a part of China. We must unify it. A. It B. As C. Which D. What 12. I shall never forget the day _ Shen Zhou V was launched, _ has a great effect on my life. A. when, which B. that, which C. which, that D. when, that 13. The bread my wife makes is much better than _ you can buy at a store. A. that which B. one that C. that of which D. this of which 14. There is no such place _ you dream of in all this world. A. that B. what C. which D. as 15. The people, _ had been damaged by the flood, were given help by the Red Cross. A. all whose homes B. all of whose homes C. all their homes D. all of their homes 16. The humans are destroying nature day by day, _ of course, will cause severe punishment from it sooner or later. A. who B. when C. on which D. which 17. Is this research center _ you visited the modern equipment last year? A. where B. that C. the one that D. the one where 18. Some pictures of the river brought the days back to the old _ they swam in it. A. when B. that C. who D. Where19. The man showed us so heavy a stone _ no man can lift. A. that B. as C. which D. and 20. He stayed there for quite a long time, during _ time he learned much spoken English. A. that B. this C. which D. same 答案与解析 1. A. 主语与run(延伸)是主动关系所以用现在分词。Those指街道所以不用who而用that来引导定语从句。 2. B. 因为在此题中where引导定语从句表示“在这种种况下”与in which相当。 3. A. 因为先行词是Beijing而不是this autumn所以用where引导定语从句。 4. B. 答案B是省略了关系代词that的定语从句另外to后还省略了动词原形paint。 5. C. 因为of which引导定语从句并在从句中作定语。of which the telephone number = whose telephone number。 6. D. 因为这是个非限制性定语从句先行词是前面一句话的内容。 7. B. 因为表示“阶段、程度、地步”的the point在定语从句中作地点状语所以用where引导定语从句。 8. B. 因为先行词是research centers并在定语从句中作状语所以用where。9. C. 因为当先行词是表示事物的all, little, few, much, anything, everything, nothing等时多用that引导定语从句。 10. 因为先行词是the time且在定语从句中作状语所以用when引导。此题的先行词与定语从句被主句谓语分开了要善于辨别。 11. B. 先行词是Taiwan is a part of China整个主句一般由as或which引导定语从句但which引导的定语从句只能放在主句之后另外as有“正如”之意而which没有所以用as。顺便说说原句改为It is known to everybody that Taiwan is= What is known to everybody is that Taiwan is 12. A. 两空都是考查定语从句先行词分别是the day和Shen Zhou V was launched, the day在定语从句中作状语用when引导后句是非限制性定语从句不能用that要用which。 13. A. 因为替代不可数名词 (the bread) 只能用that排除B和D又因为先行词that (the bread) 在定语从句中作buy的宾语用which所以选A。 14. D. 当定语从句的先行词前有such, so, as等词语时由as引导并且as在定语从句中作主语或宾语as在此题中作dream of的宾语。注意在表示“如此以致”的such /sothat结构中that不作任何句子成份。 15. B. 考查非限制性定语从句all of whose homes = all of their homes他们所有的房子。 16. D. 因为先行词是前面整个句子且在从句中作主语所以用which。of course是插入语。 17. D. 将疑问句改为陈述句this research center is显然缺少先行词必须加上代词the one来作先行词又因定语从句不缺主语或宾语所以用关系副词where。假若在this后加the就选where请想想这是为什么。 18. A. 因为先行词是the days并在定语从句中作状语。 19. B. 当先行词前有so时用as引导定语从句as在从句中作主语或宾语。假若在lift后加上it答案就是that了请想想这是为什么。 20. C. 因前后均的句子必须要选连词排除B和D又因在介词后不能用that来引导定语从句所以选C。during which time在那段时间里。宾语从句概念宾语从句小口诀 宾语从句三注意时态语序引导词 主句一般现在时从句不需受限制 主句一般过去时从句须用相应时 陈述句转化that引一般疑问句用if/whether, 特殊问句疑问词引导词后陈述式一.宾语从句的定义置于动词、介词等词性后面起宾语作用的从句叫宾语从句。宾语从句的语序必须是陈述语序。谓语动词、介词、动词不定式，v.-ing形式后面都能带宾语从句。有些形容词（afraid,sure,glad等）之后也可以带宾语从句。二.宾语从句中引导词的用法在复合句中作主句的宾语，引导词有：连词：that (that 常可省略),whether, if代词：who, whose, what ,which副词：when ,where, how, why 等。（一）that引导的宾语从句（在非正式场合that可以省略）可跟that从句做宾语的动词有：say, think, insist, wish, hope, demand, imagine, wonder, know, suppose, see, believe, agree, admit, deny, expect, explain, order, command, feel, dream, suggest, hear, mean, notice, prefer, request, require, propose, declare, report等。例句：The boy believes that he will travel through space to other planets.注意事项：当主句谓语动词是 think, believe, suppose, expect 等词，而宾语从句的意思是否定时，常把否定转移至主句表示。例句：I dont think it is right for him to treat you like that.在以下情况中that不能省略当句中的动词后接多于两个由that引导的宾语从句时，第一个that可省，但后面的that不可省。例句：He said (that) you were too young to understand the matter and that he was asked not to tell you.当主句的谓语动词与that宾语从句之间有插入语时，that一般不可省。例句：Just then I noticed, for the first time, that our master was wearing his fine green coat and his black silk cap.当that从句是双宾语中的直接宾语时，that不可省。例句：I cant tell him that his mother died.注意事项：许多带复合宾语的句子，that引导的宾语从句经常移到句子后部，而用it作形式宾语。例句：I find it necessary that we should do the homework on time.（二）由whether,if 引导的宾语从句由whether(if)引导的宾语从句，实际上是一般疑问句演变而来的。意思是“是否”。宾语从句要用陈述句语序。一般说来，在宾语从句中whether与if可以互换使用，但在特殊情况下if与whether是不能互换的。例句：I wonder whether(if) they will come to our party.只能用whether，不能用if引导的宾语从句在带to的不定式前例句：We decided whether to walk there.在介词的后面例句：Im thinking of whether we should go to see the film.在动词后面的宾语从句时例句：We discussed whether we had a sports meeting next week直接与or not连用时例句：I cant say whether or not thet can come on time.只能用if不能用whether引导的宾语从句if引导条件状语从句，意为“如果”例句：The students will go on a picnic if it is sunny.if引导否定概念的宾语从句时例句：He asked if I didnt come to school yesterday.引导状语从句even if（即使）和as if（好象）时例句：He talks as if he has known all about it.（三）连接代词和连接副词引导的宾语从句这样的宾语从句实际上是由特殊疑问句变化而来的，宾语从句要用陈述句语序。用于这种结构的动词常常是：see, say, tell, ask, answer, know, decide, show, find out, imagine, suggest, doubt, wonder, discover, understand, inform, advise等。英语中的连接代词有：who,whom,whose,which,what,在句中担任主语、宾语、定语或者表语。例句：Can you tell me whom you are waiting for?英语中的连接副词有：when,where,why,how，在句中担任状语的成分。例句：None of us knows where these new parts can be bought.三.宾语从句的语序宾语从句的语序是陈述句语序即：连接代词/副词+主语+谓语+其他成分。例句如下：I dont know what they are looking for.Could you tell me when the train will leave?Can you imagine what kind of man he is?四.宾语从句的时态主句是一般现在时，从句根据实际情况使用任何时态。例句：The headmaster hopes everything goes well.主句是过去时态，从句须用过去时态的某种形式。例句：She was sorry that she hadnt finished her work on time.当宾语从句表示的是一个客观真理或者事实时，即使主句是过去时，从句也用一般现在时态。例句：The teacher told his class that light travels faster than sound.五.宾语从句的特点宾语从句可以作及物动词、介词及形容词的宾语。宾语从句的语序一律用陈述句语序。连接词that引导宾语从句在句中无词义，不充当句子成份，多数情况下可以省略。whether 和 if 都可引导宾语从句，但 whether后可紧跟or not；whether从句可作介词的宾语。如果从句太长，可以用形式宾语it.练习We cannot figure out _ quite a number of insects, birds, and animals are dying out. A. that B. as C. why D. when I think Father would like to know _ Ive been up to so far, so I decide to send him a quick note. A. which B. why C. what D. how A modern city has been set up in _ was a wasteland ten years ago. A. what B. which C. that D. where The road is covered with snow. I cant understand _ they insist on going by motorbike. A. why B. Whether C. when D. how Do you know _ your parents are pleased _ youve done? A. why; for what B. how; with what C. that; with which D. how; for what We dont know _. A. this is whose dictionary B. whose dictionary is this C. whose dictionary this is D. whose is this dictionary Can you tell me _ get to the railway station? A. how can I B. what I can C. how I can D. where I can He was never satisfied with or proud of _ he had achieved. A. what B. that C. which D. all which It is generally considered unwise to give a child_ he or she wants. A. however B. whatever C. whichever D. wherever He wanted to make sure _. A. how we went there by bus B. where did we go C. what did we go there D. when we went there He was lucky enough to sell his car for exactly _. A. where he had paid for it B. what he had paid for it C. what he was paid for it D. which he had paid for it 12、He asked me _ with me. Awhat the matter is Bwhat the matter was Cwhats the matter Dwhat was the matter The seaside here draws a lot of tourists every summer. Warm sunshine and soft sands make _ it is . A. what B. which C. how D. where I wondered _. A. what does he think of the result B. what he thinks of the problem C. how he dealt with the problem D. how did he like the result With his camerahe kept taking pictures he did and saw A. where B. that C. of which D. of what 答案C。考查宾语从句。figure out为及物动词短语故其后跟的是宾语从句由从句意思可知引导词在句中作原因状语故选 why。 C.考查宾语从句。be up to sth.意为“干某事”故应用what来引导宾语从句且what在从句中作介词to的宾语。 A。考查宾语从句。宾语从句在句中作介词in 的宾语从句中缺少主语。而在名词性从句中 what可作主语、宾语、表语等which多作定语that一般不充当成分where作状语或表语故选A。 A。考查宾语从句。由句意“路上都是雪我不明白他们为什么还坚持要骑摩托车去。”可知应选A。 B C C A B D B D A C D 状语从句1 时间状语从句常用引导词：when, as, while, as soon as, before, after, since , till, until特殊引导词：the minute, the moment, the second, every time, the day，the instant, immediately , directly, no sooner than, hardly when, scarcely whenI didnt realize how special my mother was until I became an adult.While John was watching TV, his wife was cooking.The children ran away from the orchard(果园), the moment they saw the guard.No sooner had I arrived home than it began to rain.Every time I listen to your advice, I get into trouble.一、时间状语从句概念：在复合句中，由时间状语从句表示主句动作发生的时间。(在复合句中，要注意主句和从句的时态大多都要保持一致。）要点:时间状语从句，由以下连词引导：when while as after before as soon as since till /until by the time 在时间状语从句中，要注意时态一致。一般情况下主句是将来时的时候，从句主要用一般现在时。1.when在.的时候Mozart started writing music when he was four years old.(在)莫扎特4岁的时候，开始写音乐作品。2.while在.期间He visited a lot of places while he was traveling.他在旅行期间参观了许多地方。3.as在.的同时；一边.一边.We alwalys sing as we walk.我们总是一边走一边唱。Ill let him know as soon as she comes.她一来，我就会让他知道。4.after在.之后He left the classroom after he had finished his homework .他做完作业之后就离开教室。5.before 在.之前Mr. Brown had worked in a bank for a year before he came here.布朗先生来这里之前已经在一家银行里工作一年了。6.as soon as 一。就。We began to work as soon as we got there.我们一到那就开始工作。I will write to you as soon as I get home.我一到家就给你写信。7.since 自。以来 到现在表示自过去的一个起始时间点到目前(说话时间)为止的一段持续时间。主句一般用现在完成时，从句用一般过去时。还可以用作介词，本句从句还可以用短语：since three years ago(从三年前至今)表示。Mr Green has taught in that school since he came to China three years ago.自格林先生来中国以来，他就在这所学校教书。8 till /until直到。都可以作连词，连接时间状语，也可以作介词，与其它词构成介词短语，在句中作状语。（强调将一般用until）They walked till /until it was dark.他们一直走到天黑。Xiao Ming didnt leave home till / until his father came back.小明直到他爸爸回来才离开家。9. by the time 到。为止(所在句子的主句应用完成时)By the time he gets there , his father has already gone.他到家的时候，他爸爸已经走了。By the time I got to school, the class had already began.我到校时，已经开始上课了。编辑本段时间状语从句注意事项1.由when, while, as引导的时间状语从句例如：When you think you know nothing, then you begin to know something.当你以为自己一无所知的时候，你就是在开始知道一些事物了。When truth is buried under the ground it grows, it chokes, it gathers such an explosive force that on the day it bursts out , it blows up everything with it.当真理被埋在地下的时候，它在生长，它感到压抑，它蓄存着一种爆炸性力量，一旦冒出，它就会炸破一切！Strike while the iron is hot. 趁热打铁。Will you watch my clothes while I have a swim. 我游泳的时候，请你照看一下我的衣服。You can feel the air moving as your hand pushes through it. 当你的手在空气中挥动的时候，你就能感觉到空气在流动。Our headmaster laughed as she spoke.我们的校长一边谈一边笑。when, while和as的区别when引导的从句的谓语动词可以是延续性的动词，又可以是瞬间动词。并且when有时表示“就在那时”。例如：When she came in, I stopped eating.她进来时，我停止吃饭。(瞬间动词)When I lived in the countryside, I used to carry some water for him.当我住在农村时，我常常为他担水。（延续性的动词）We were about to leave when he came in.我们就要离开，就在那时他进来了。(瞬间动词)While引导的从句的谓语动词必须是延续性的，并强调主句和从句的动作同时发生（或者相对应）。并且while有时还可以表示对比。例如：While my wife was reading the newspaper, I was watching TV. (was reading是延续性的动词，was reading和was watching同时发生)I like playing football while you like playing basketball.我喜欢踢足球，而你喜欢打篮球。（对比）As表示“一边一边”，as引导的动作是延续性的动作，一般用于主句和从句动作同时发生；as也可以强调“一先一后。例如：We always sing as we walk.我们总是边走边唱。（as表示“一边一边”）As we was going out, it began to snow.当我们出门时，开始下雪了。（as强调句中两个动作紧接着先后发生，而不强调开始下雪的特定时间）as when while的辨析as when while都表示主、从句动作同时发生，三者差异如下：表示“一边。一边的意思as 强调两个动作同时进行，并表示对比时用于发生时间较短时when1、还可以表示从句动词的动作在主几句动词的动作之前 或之后发生。2、when=and then; at that moment (正在那个时候)while 1、用于时间较长时2、 强调两个动作同时进行，并表示对比时有时这三个连词可以互换，有时不可以。It was raining hard when (as) I got there.我到那里时，正在下大雨。 ( 动作同时发生，when可换为as, 但不能换为while，因为get是点动词.)When I had read the article, he called me.我看完这篇文章之后，她给我打了电话。( 从句动作发生在主句之前，注意时态表达，只能用when )When I got to the cinema, the film had begun.(当)我到了电影院时，电影已经开演了。(从句的动作发生在主句之后，只能用when,并要注意时态)He was about to leave, when the telephone rang.他正要离开，忽然电话响了。( 此时不能放在句首。主句动词一般表达 “正在” “即将”.while, as不能代替She thought I was talking about her daughter, while, in fact, I was talking about my daughter.他以为我在谈她女儿，然而，实际上在谈论我女儿。(表转折，对比，when, as都不能代替它)While the alien was buying a souvenir, the girl called the police.外星人买纪念品时，那女孩给警察打了电话。(表示主句，从句的动作同时发生，while后引导的状语从句的动词必须是延续动词不能是点动词，因为它表示较长时间)Mother was worried because little Alice was ill, especially as (when/ while) father was away.妈妈担心，因为小爱丽丝病了，特别是他父亲不在家的时候。(此时as ,when, while可通用)2.由before和after引导的时间状语从句注意before引导的从句不再用否定式的谓语，并且当before引导的从句位于主句之后，有时译成“就，才”。还要注意主句和从句之间的时间关系。当主句用将来时，从句总是用现在时；如果before引导的从句谓语用的是过去时，则主句动词多用过去完成时，这样以便体现动作发生的先后。After表示主句动作发生在从句动作之后。主句和从句的动作的时间关系正好与before引导的从句相反。例如：It will be four days before they come back. 他们要过四天才能回来。Einstein almost knocked me down before he saw me.爱因斯坦几乎把我撞倒才看到我。My father had left for Canada just before the letter arrived.我父亲恰好在信到之前去加拿大了。They had not been married four months before they were divorced. 他们结婚还不到四个月就离婚了。After you think it over, please let me know what you decide.你仔细考虑过以后，告诉我你是怎样决定的。After we had finished the work, we went home.完成工作之后，我们回家了。（从句用过去完成时，主句用一般过去时）3.由till或until引导的时间状语从句till和until一般情况下两者可以互换，但是在强调句型中多用until。并且要注意的是：如果主句中的谓语动词是瞬时动词时，必须用否定形式；如果主句中的谓语动词是延续性动词时，用肯定或否定形式都可以，但表达的意思不同。例如：I didnt go to bed until（till） my father came back.直到我父亲回来我才上床睡觉。It was not until the meeting was over that he began to teach me English.直到散会之后他才开始教我英语。I worked until he came back.我工作到他回来为止。I didnt work until he came back.他回来我这才开始工作。Please wait until I arrived.在我到达之前请等我。4.由since引导的时间状语从句since引导的从句的谓语动词可以是延续性的动词，又可以是瞬时动词。一般情况下，从句谓语动词用一般过去时，而主句的谓语动词用现在完成时。但在It is +时间+since从句的句型中，主句多用一般现在时。例如：I have been in Beijing since you left. 自从你离开以来，我一直在北京了。Where have you been since I last saw you? 自上次我和你见面以后，你到哪里去了？It is four years since my sister lived in Beijing. 我妹妹不在北京住有四年了。It is five months since our boss was in Beijing.我们老板离开北京有五个月了。知识扩展1. It is since从。以来多长时间了(因为since +从句或名词，表示一段时间)It is five years since we met last time.从我们上次见面已经五年了。2. It is +before(。才)It was a long time before I went to sleep again.过了很长时间我才睡着。It was an hour before(=until) the police arrived.过了一个小时，警察才来。5.由as soon as, immediately, directly, instantly, the moment, the instant, the minute, 等引导的时间状语从句b这些连词都表示“一就”。例如：I will go there directly I have finished my breakfast. 吃完早饭，我立即到那里去。The moment I heard the news, I hastened to the spot.我一听到消息，马上赶到了出事地点。As soon as I reach Canada, I will ring you up. 我一到加拿大，就给你来电话。【注意】hardly(scarcely, rarely)when / before, no soonerthan相当于as soon as之意。主句用过去完成时，从句用一般过去时。当hardly, scarcely, rarely和no sooner位于句首时，主句应用倒装语序。例如：He had no sooner arrived home than he was asked to start on another journey. 他刚到家，就被邀请开始另一旅程。No sooner had the sun shown itself above the horizon than he got out of bed to commence work.太阳刚从地平线上升起，他就起床劳动去了。Hardly had I sat down when he stepped in.我刚坐下，他就进来了。He had hardly fallen asleep when he felt a soft touch on his shoulder.他刚要入睡就感到肩膀上被轻轻一触。6