高级英语第一册_Unit_4_.doc

Teaching notes 1/25/2020Unit 4 Everyday Use for your grandmama Alice Walker1.) About the authorAlice Walker (1944- ), poet, novelist and essayist, was born into a poor rural family in Eatonton, Georgia. Her parents made a living by growing cotton. When she went to Sarah Lawrence College in the early 60s, the civil rights movement was in full swing. She was actively involved in the movement and upon graduation worked in Mississippi, center of the civil rights activities. After experiencing the political movement and as a case worker for the New York City welfare department, she became a teacher of creative writing and black literature, lecturing at Jackson State College, Tougaloo College, Wellesley, Yale and University of California at Berkeley. Her writing career began with the publication of a volume of poetry in 1968, which was followed by a number of novels, short stories, critical essays and more poetry. Now she is regarded as one of the most prominent writers in American literature and a most forceful representative of womens literature and black literature.Her works include The Thrid Life Grange Copeland (1970), Meridian (1976), a volume of poetry Revolutionary Petunias and Other Poems (1973), a collection of short stories In Love and Trouble: Stories of Black Women (1973) and a recent novel The Temple of My Familiar (1989). Her most significant novel is The Purple, published in 1982, which won all the three major book awards in America the Pulitzer Prize, the National Book Award and the National Book Critics Circle Award. The novel was an instant bestseller and made into an equally successful movie in 1985, directed by Spielberg and starring Whoopi Goldberg.Alice Walker is at her best when portraying people living in the rural areas where the writer was born and grew up. As a black writer, Walker is particularly interested in examining the relationships among the blacks themselves.2.) “Everyday Use” (1973) is included in the Norton Anthology of Short Fiction, 2nd Edition, 1981. “Everyday Use”, one of the best-written short stories by Alice Walker, describes three women. The mother is a working woman without much education, but not without intelligence or perception. The two daughters form a sharp contrast in every conceivable way: appearance, character, personal experiences, etc. The story reaches its climax at the moment when Dee, the elder daughter, wants the old quilts only to e refused flatly by the mother, who intends to give them to Maggie, the younger one. The old quilts, made from pieces of clothes worn by grand and great grand parents and stitched by Grandmas hand, are clearly a symbol of the cultural heritage of the black people. Their different feelings about the quilts reveal their different attitudes towards their heritage as blacks.The theme: The main theme in the story concerns the characters connections to their ancestral roots. Dee Johnson believes that she is affirming her African heritage by changing her name, her mannerisms, and her appearance, even though her family has lived in the U.S. for several generations.The historical present:描述历史事件的现在时，使事件更生动、更真实 The historical present (some times dramatic present) refers to the employment of the present tense when narrating past events. It is used in fiction, for “hot news” (as in headlines), and in everyday conversation, it is common with “verbs of communication” such as tell, write, etc.I will wait for her in the yard that Maggie and I made so clean and wavy yesterday afternoon. A yard like this is more comfortable than most people know. It is not just a yard. It is like an extended living room. When the hard clay is swept clean as a floor and the fine sand around the edges lined with tiny, irregular grooves, anyone can come and sit and look up into the elm tree and wait for the breezes that never come inside the house. 我就在这院子里等候她的到来。我和麦姬昨天下午已将院子打扫得干干净净，地面上还留着清晰的扫帚扫出的波浪形痕迹，这样的院子比一般人想象的要舒服，它不仅仅是一个院子，简直就像一间扩大了的客厅。当院子的泥土地面被打扫得像屋里的地板一样干净，四周边缘的细沙面上布满不规则的细纹时，任何人都可以进来坐一下，一边抬头仰望院中的榆树，一边等着享受从来吹不进屋内的微风。1. wavy: weivi having regular curves; like，characteristic of，or suggestive of waves波状的；有起伏的characteristic of waves, resembling waves. Here the word describes the marks in wavy patterns on theclay ground left by the broom. 在本文中，文字描述的波浪形图案是指扫帚在土地上留下的痕迹。eg: The wavy lines are meant to represent water.2. extend: enlarge; make larger than used one及物动词(vt.)扩大、扩展 an extended living room: an enlarged living room by a new addition to the original space.3. fine sand: tiny sand细沙 fine: (adj.)细微的，细小的 tiny: (adj.)极小的、微小的 and the fine sand around the edges lined with tiny, irregular grooves: Before the word “lined,” the link verb “is” omitted. fine: not coarse, in small particles. e.g. fine cloth, fine sugarMaggie will be nervous until after her sister goes: she will stand hopelessly in corners, homely and ashamed of the burn scars down her arms and legs, eying her sister with a mixture of envy and awe. 【She thinks her sister has held life always in the palm of one hand, that no is a word the world never learned to say to her.】麦姬在她姐姐离去之前将会一直心神不定：她将会神情沮丧地站在角落里，一面为自己的丑陋面孔和胳膊大腿上晒出的累累疤痕而自惭形秽，一面怀着既羡慕又敬畏的心情怯生生地看着她姐姐。她觉得她姐姐真正是生活的主人，想要什么便能得到什么，世界还没有学会对她说半个“不”字。4. Prep. + prep./conj.: (until after) 介词短语作介词的状语 eg: A ball came rolling out from under the bed.一只球从床底下滚了出来。 eg: A big fish gets away from in his hands.一条大鱼从他手中溜掉了。 eg: The sun has come out from behind the clouds.太阳从云彩后面出来了。 eg: He waved at me from across the street.他从马路对面向我挥手。 eg: He never cares about his clothes except on a formal occasion.他除了正式场合外，从不讲求衣着。 eg: He did not finish his homework until after his parents had gone to sleep.他直到父母睡着后才完成作业。 eg: He wont review his lessons until right before the exam (he take exams).他到临考前才会复习功课。5. homely: simple, not grand, (of people, faces, etc.,) not good-looking, or handsome; ugly平凡地Not handsome or beautiful: plain, unattractive.(never say a woman or a girl is ugly. Say she is plain or homely.)Of a plain and unsophisticated nature: artless, unadorned, unpolished.(homely furniture)Of a relating to the family or household: domestic, household.(homely skills)If someone is homely, they are not very attractive to look at; used in Am.E.6. down: along7. to eye: To look at and to watch: to look carefully, suspiciously（怀疑地）, or thoughtfully（深思地、考虑周到地）, with fear, doubt, envy（嫉妒、羡慕）, desire, etc.8. awe: 敬畏 Awe is the feeling of respect and amazement that you have when you are faced with sth. wonderful, frightening or completely unknown., wondereg: The child stared at him in silent awe.9. Difficult Sentences: She thinks her sister has held life always in the palm of one hand, that no is a word the world never learned to say to her. 同义释句：She thinks that her sister has a firm control of her life. She could always have anything she wanted, and life was extremely generous to her.(She could always get what she wants to have and nothing in the world can stop her.)Youve no doubt seen those TV shows where the child who has made it is confronted, as a surprise, by her own mother and father, tottering in weakly from backstage. (A Pleasant surprise, of course: What would they do if parent and child came on the show only to curse out and insult each other?) On TV mother and child embrace and smile into each others face. Sometimes the mother and father weep, the child wraps them in her arms and leans across the table to tell how she would not have made it without their help. I have seen these programs. 你一定从电视片上看到过“闯出了江山”的儿女突然出乎意料地出现在那跌跌撞撞从后台走出来的父母面前的场面。（当然，那场面必定是令人喜悦的：假如电视上的父母和儿女之间相互攻击辱骂，他们该怎么样呢？）在电视上，母亲和儿女见面总是相互拥抱和微笑。有时父母会痛哭流涕，而那发迹了的孩子就会紧紧地拥抱他们，并隔着桌子伸过头来告诉他们说若没有他们的帮助，她自己就不会有今日的成就。我自己就看过这样的电视节目。10. made it: to become a success, to succeed, either in specific endeavor or in general成功做（或完成）某事11. confronted, as a surprise by her own mother and father: brought face to face with her own mother and father unexpectedly12. to totter: to walk with weak unsteady steps, to move in an unsteady way from side to side as if about to fall being unsteady on ones feet; staggering蹒跚；摇摇欲坠、摇摆eg: The old lady tottered down the stairs. 老太太摇摇晃晃走下楼。13. parent and child: 放在一起时冠词消失 eg: both husband and wife14. curse out: to say rude things loud enough so as to be heard大声的咒骂 out: loud enough so as to be heard eg: Speak out! No body can (will) hurt you.大声讲，没人能把你怎么样。 eg: Someone called out my name.有人大声喊我的名字。 eg: I shouted out to them that the train was coming.我大声朝他们喊火车来了。15. to wrap rp: embrace imbreis, hug拥抱Sometimes I dream a dream in which Dee and I are suddenly brought together on a TV program of this sort. Out of a cark and soft-seated limousine I am ushered into a bright room filled with many people. There I meet a smiling, gray, sporty man like Johnny Carson who shakes my hand and tells me what a fine girl I have. Then we are on the stage and Dee is embracing me with tear s in her eyes. She pins on my dress a large orchid, even though she has told me once that she thinks orchids are tacky flowers. 有时候我在梦里梦见迪伊和我突然成了这种电视节目的剧中人。我从一辆黑色软座垫大轿车上一下来，立刻被人引进一间宽敞明亮的屋子里。屋里有许多人，其中一个身材高大威武，满面微笑，有点像著名电视节目主持人约翰尼.卡森的美男子迎上来和我握手，并对我说我养了个好女儿。然后，我们来到台前，迪伊热泪盈眶地拥抱着我，还把一朵大大的兰花别在我的衣服上，尽管她曾对我说过兰花是很低级的花。16. Cognate object: (to dream a dream) 同源宾语 kg ,neit Object of verb with the same root: a noun that funtions as the object of a verb that is from the sameetymological(,etimldikl词源学), as in “to dream a dream” or “to think a thought”.eg: He flew many flights into the battlefield(战场). 56eg: To laugh a hearty laugh. 爽朗的笑eg: To run a race.比赛eg: To die a sudden death.暴死eg: To sleep a sound sleep.睡觉睡得很香eg: To live a miserable life.悲惨的生活着eg: To think some unkind thought.动坏心眼eg: To kiss a long kiss.eg: To smile an intimate smile.亲切的微笑eg: To see the sight.看风景17. a TV program of this sort: “This sort” carries a derogatory tone, suggesting that the TV program is of poor or inferior kind.18. (adjective)+(-noun)+(ed): soft-seated软座位的: the seat is softed blue-eyed蓝眼睛的: eyes are blue warm-hearted热心肠的、友好的、富有同情心的: kind, friendly and sympathetic cold-blooded冷血的; big-boned; gray-haired; etc.19. sporty: (adj.)characteristic of a sport or sporting man爱好体育运动的20. tacky: ( adj.) untidy；neglected；unrefined；vulgar；not fashionable 劣等的；破旧的；粗俗的In real life I am a large, big-boned16 woman with rough, man-working hands. In the winter I wear flannel nightgowns to bed and overalls during the day. I can kill and clean a hog as mercilessly as a man. My fat keeps me hot in zero weather. I can work outside all day, breaking ice to get water for washing; I can eat pork liver cooked over the open tire minutes after it comes steaming from the hog. One winter I knocked a bull calf straight in the brain between the eyes with a sledge hammer(a heavy long-handled hammer used to drive stakes or wedges) and had the meat hung up to chill before nightfall. But of course all this does not show on television. I am the way my daughter would want me to be: a hundred pounds lighter, my skin like an uncooked barley pancake( a flat cake). My hair glistens in the hot bright lights. 【Johnny Carson has much to do to keep up with my quick and witty tongue.】在现实生活中，我是一个大块头、大骨架的妇女，有着干男人活儿的粗糙双手。冬天睡觉时我穿着绒布睡衣，白天身穿套头工作衫。我能像男人一样狠狠地宰猪并收拾干净。我身上的脂肪使我在寒冬也能保暖。我能整天在户外干活儿，敲碎冰块，取水洗衣。我能吃从刚宰杀的猪体内切下来、还冒着热气、而后在明火上烧熟的猪肝。有一年冬天，我用一把大铁锤击倒一头公牛，锤子正打在小牛两眼之间的大脑上。天黑之前，我把牛肉挂起来凉着。不过，这一切当然都没有在电视上出现过。我的女儿希望我的样子是：体重减去一百磅，皮肤像下锅煎之前的大麦煎饼那样细腻光泽，头发在炽热耀眼的灯光下闪闪发亮。而且，我还是一个伶牙俐齿的人，说起话来妙语连珠，就连约翰尼.卡森也望尘莫及。21. In real life I am a large, big-boned woman with rough, man-working hands: The phrase “in real life” is transitional, linking this paragraph and the one above, implying that those TV programs are nothing but make-believe and the narrator is very skeptical of them. In reality she has the typical features of a black working woman.22. overall: loose-fitting trousers of some strong cotton-cloth, often with a part extending up over the chest, worn, usually over other clothes, to protect against dirt and wear.23. My fat keeps me hot in zero water: Because I am fat, I feel hot even in freezing weather.24. knockin the brain: v. + sb. + prep. + the + part of the body eg: I knocked the bull calf straight in the brain between the eyes with a sledge hammer.(P54)我用大锤正正地砸进小公牛的眉心。 eg: I used to love to milk till I was hooked in the side. (P57) 我曾经喜欢挤奶，直到肋部让牛顶了一下。eg: She comes up and kissed me on the forehead.她走过来在我的额头上吻了一下。 eg: The policeman seized the thief by the arm.警察抓住了小偷的胳膊。 eg: He gave me a blow on the chest.他当胸给了我一拳。（身体上硬的部位用on） eg: He gave me a blow in the stomach.他在我肚子上打了一拳。（身体上软的部位用in） eg: He patted me on the shoulder.他拍了拍我的肩。 eg: He struck the child across the face.他抽了那孩子一巴掌。25. sledge hammer: 大锤large, heavy hammer for swinging with both hands, a large heavy hammer with a long handle, used for smashing concrete.26. I am the wayan uncooked barley pancake: My daughter wishes me to have a slender figure and a fair complexion; like an uncooked barley pancake: a simile comparing the skin to barley dough which has a creamy, smooth texture. This sentence suggests that Dee is rather ashamed of having a black working class woman as her mother.27. Difficult Sentences: Johnny Carson has much to do to keep up with my quick and witty tongue. 同义释句：Johnny Carson, popular TV talk show star, is famous for his witty and glib tongue. But in this respect, I am far better than he, and he has to try hard if he wants to catch up with me.(Johnny Carson has made a great effort to follow me, and speak cleverly humorously as I.) Tongue: the act or power of speaking; manner or style of speaking.But that is a mistake. I know even before I wake up. Who ever knew a Johnson with a quick tongue? Who can even imagine me looking a strange white man in the eye? It seems to me I have talked to them always with one foot raised in flight, with my head turned in whichever way is farthest from them. Dee, though. She would always look anyone in the eye. Hesitation was no part of her nature. 可是，这是个错误，我还没醒来之前就知道了。谁听说约翰逊家的人是伶牙俐齿的？谁能想象我敢直视一个陌生的白人？和他们讲话时，我总是紧张不安，随时准备溜走。我的头总是转到离他们最远的方向。不过，迪伊就不这样。她对任何人都不畏惧。犹豫不决可不是她的本性。28. I have talked to them always with one foot raised in flight, with my head turned in whichever way is farthest from them.同义释句：When I have talked to them, I always ready to leave as quickly as possible because of discomfort, nervousness, timidity, etc., turned my head to other directions in order to avoid them as much as possible, also from discomfort, shyness, etc.29. though: (adv.) 在此处是转折的意思，与前面意思相反。However, Dee is not like this.How do I look, Mama? Maggie says, showing just enough of her thin body enveloped in pink skirt and red blouse for me to know shes there, almost hidden by the door. “我看上去怎么样啊，妈妈？”麦姬的声音传来。她那瘦小的身躯几乎被一件粉红色裙子和大红罩衫全遮住了，人又躲在门背后，身子给门遮去一大半，我好不容易才看出她来。Come out into the yard, I say. “快出屋到院子里来，”我说。 30. envelope: (v.) (envelope sb./sth. in sth.) to wrap sb./sth. up or cover them or it completely包住、裹住、盖住 Rhetorical question反问 Have you ever seen a lame animal, perhaps a dog run over by some careless person rich enough to own a car, sidle up to someone who is ignorant enough to be kind of him? That is the way my Maggie walks. 【She has been like this, chin on chest, eyes on ground, feet in shuffle,】 ever since the fire that burned the other house to the ground. 你有没有见到过一个跛了腿的动物，比如说一只狗，被一个粗心莽撞的有钱、买得起汽车的人压伤后，侧着身子向一个愚昧的对它表示关切的人走去时的样子？我的麦姬走路时就是那个样子。自从那次大火烧跨房屋的事发生后，她一直是这个样子，下巴贴近胸口，眼盯着地面，走路拖着脚。31. sidle up: move up sideways, especially in a shy or stealthy manner. (羞怯或偷偷地)侧身行走32. kind, good, etc of somebody Of is used to introduce the doer of an action发出行为的人 described by a preceding adjective eg: It is kind of you to help me.他来帮忙，真是太好心了。 eg: It was very good of them to wait for us.他们竟等候着我们，真是大好人。 eg: It is stupid of her to take a walk alone in this place.在这样的地方她竟然独自一人散步，太缺心眼了。 eg: It was very rude of them not to answer.问他们话，竟然不答，太没礼貌了。33. Difficult Sentences: She has been like this, chin on chest, eyes on ground, feet in shuffle. 同义释句：Maggie is so shy that she never raises her head or eyes when looking at and talking to people, and she is always so nervous and restless that she is unable to stand still. chin on chest: Meggies scars are symbols of the scars that all African Americans carry as a result of the “fire” of slavery.This description of Maggie reminds people of the black heritage for a long time after the Civil War“chin on chest, eyes on ground, feet in shuffle”Shuffle: to walk in a dragging manner; change or shift repeatedly from one position to another.拖着脚走Dee is lighter than Maggie, with nicer hair and a fuller figure. Shes a woman now, though sometimes I forget. How long ago was it that the other house burned? Ten, twelve years? Sometimes I can still hear the flames and feel Maggies arms sticking to me, her hair smoking and her dress falling off her in little black papery flakes. Her eyes seemed stretched open, blazed open by the flames reflect-ed in them. And Dee. I see her standing off under the sweet gum tree she used to dig gum out of; a look at concentration on her face as she watched the last dingy gray board of the house tall in toward the red-hot brick chimney. Why dont you do a dance around the ashes? Id wanted to ask her. She had hated the house that much. 迪伊生的比麦姬白一些，头发也好看一些，身材也丰满一些。她现在已是一个成年女子了，不过我经常忘记这一事实。那座房屋被火烧毁是多久以前的事？十年？十二年？有时候我似乎还能听见燃烧的火焰发出的呼呼的响声，可以感觉到麦姬用手紧紧抓住我，看到她的头发冒烟，她的衣服烧成黑灰一片片脱落的情景。当时她的眼睛瞪得大大的，亮亮的，反射出闪烁着的火苗。还有迪伊，我远远看见她站在她经常从其中挖树胶的那棵香枫胶树底下，望着屋上最后一块烧成灰黑色的木板朝着烧红了的滚烫的砖砌烟囱方向塌下来时，她脸上呈现出一幅非常专注的神色。你干吗不在那堆废墟上跳个舞？我当时像这样问她。她对那所房屋恨得要命。34. Dee is lighter than Maggie: Light here refers