英语三级备战系列(Structure).doc

Wuhan Technical College of CommunicationsPRETCO备战系列(Structure)高等学校英语应用能力考试语法结构（Structure）测试考生运用语法知识的能力。测试范围包括基本要求中的“词汇表”和“语法结构表”所规定的全部内容。本部分共有20小题，占总测试比重的15%，由Section A和Section B两部分组成，各有10小题，测试时间为15分钟。Section A部分为单项选择题，要求考生从每题所给的四个选项中选择一个最佳答案，占总分值的5%，主要测试考生运用和掌握语法结构的能力和对书面表达语的理解和运用能力。Section B部分要求根据所给句子的结构和内容，写出括号里所给单词的适当形式。测试内容包括句法结构、词法、词形转换等，占总分值的10%。Section A语法结构部分的测试内容比较广泛，根据对历年A级试题分析，测试重点主要在非谓语动词（包括动词不定式、动名词、现在分词和过去分词，动词的时态及语态，形容词和副词的比较等级，虚拟语气，主谓一致，倒装句，复合句（名词性从句，定语从句和状语从句），句型结构等方面。Section B填空题部分主要涉及词汇及部分语法知识，主要测试考生对词汇的实际运用以及对一些常见的前缀和后缀知识的掌握情况。根据高职高专教育英语课程教学基本要求的要求，A级考生应掌握3400个英语单词以及由这些单词构成的常用词组和相应的同根词。本教案将从以下十个语法知识点针对性地进行讲解：1. 动词的时态和语态；2.主谓一致；3.倒装句；4.情态动词和虚拟语气；5.强调句；6.反意疑问句；7.定语从句；8.状语从句；9.非谓语动词；10.名词性从句。PRETCO备战系列一：动词的时态和语态1. 常用常考的动词时态和用法：（以do为例）名称构成用法一般现在时do/does,( 连系动词is/am/are )1.一般现在时表示经常发生、习惯性动作、客观真理、科学事实、格言，目前的特征、状态、能力等。2.主句是一般将来时,时间、条件状语从句中用一般现在时表示将来。Ill go there after I finish my work.If it rains tomorrow,I wont go there.3.在以here,there开头的句子里，go,come等少数动词的一般在时表示正在发生的动作。There goes the bell.铃响了。There comes the bus.汽车来了。Here she comes.她来了。一般过去时did,( 连系动词was/were)表达特定的过去时间内发生的动作或存在的状况，或过去某一时间内经常发生或反复发生的动作或行为。现在进行时is/am/are doing1.表示正在进行的动作。2.表示按计划安排即将发生的动作。She is leaving for Beijing.她要去北京。He is working as a teacher tomorrow.3.代替一般现在时，描绘更加生动。The sun is rising in the east.太阳从东方冉冉升起。过去进行时was/were doing1.表示过去某一时刻或某一段时间内正在进行的动作（这一过去时间须用时间状语表示）He was preparing his lecture all day yesterday.2.表示动作在另一过去动作发生时进行They were still working when I left.3.用在两个过去进行时动作同时发生I was writing while he was watching TV.4.表示过去将来动作He said she was arriving the next day.现在完成时has/have done1.表示过去发生的动作对现在产生的影响或结果，说话时已完成的动作。I have finished the report.2.表示从过去开始，待续到现在的动作或状态，往往和“for.”, “since.”表述的一段时间状语连用。He has learned English for six years.They have worked here since they left college.3.表示“曾经到过某地（人已回来）”用“have/has been to”,表示“到某地去了（还未回来）”用“have/has gone to”。 Where is Li Hua? He has gone to the reading-room.She knows a lot about Shanghai.She has been there.1. 短暂动词（即瞬间动词），join,lose,buy,borrow,leave,go,come,arrive,die,marry, finish,complete,begin,start,break out等，在完成时态中，其肯定式不能和表示一段时间的状语连用。不能说：He has joined the army for three years.要翻译“他已参军已经三年了。”可采用“ago法”He joined the army three years ago.“延续法”He has been in the army for three years.“since法”It is/has been three years since he joined the army.过去完成时had done1.表示在过去某一时间以前已经完成的动作。He had shut the door before the dog came up.Everything had been all right up till this morning.2.表示动作或状态从过去某个时刻开始一直延续到另一个过去时刻才完成，甚至还要继续下去。At the age of ten,he had learned 500 English words.He had been ill for a week when we learned about it.1. 常用hope,expect,think,intend,want,suppose等动词的过去完成时来表示未实现的希望、打算或意图。We had expected that you would be able to win the match.将来完成时will/shall have done用来表示在将来某个时刻（前）将完成的动作。常和by短语，when,before引起的时间状语连用。We will have finished senior Book 2 by the end of this term.现在完成进行时has/have been doing用来表示从过去某一时刻开始一直持续到现在（还要继续下去）的动作。He has been doing the maths problems since 8:00.过去完成进行时had been doing表示动作或状态从过去某个时刻开始一直延续到另一个过去时刻才完成，还将继续下去。一般将来时will/shalldo;is/am/are going to do;is/am/ar（about）to do一般将来时表示将来要发生的动作和存在的状况（详见下面2.一般将来时的特殊表达方式的比较）过去将来时would/should dowas/were going to dowas/were（about）to do1.相对于过去某一时刻而言即将发生的动作或存在的状态.He told me he would go to Beijing. I was told that he was going to return home.2. would do(表示过去的习惯)总是,总会,常常He would sit silent for hours. 2.一般将来时的特殊表达方式的比较将来时用 法例 句1be + doing 进行时表将来go, come, start, move, leave, arrive等词可用进行时表示按计划即将发生的动作He is moving to the south.Are they leaving for Europe? 2be about to + 动词原形表示安排或计划中的马上就要发生的动作，后面一般不跟时间状语I was about to leave when the bell rang.3be to + 动词原形表示按计划进行或征求对方意见Were to meet at the school gate at noon.4一般现在时表将来时刻表上或日程安排上早就定好的事情，可用一般现在时表示将来The meeting starts at five oclock.3. 动词的被动语态常用被动语态构 成常用被动语态构 成1一般现在时am/is/are done6过去进行时was/were being done2一般过去时was/were done7现在完成时have/has been done3一般将来时shall/will be done8过去完成时had been done4过去将来时should/would be done9将来完成时will/would have been done5现在进行时am/is/are being done10含情态动词can/must/may be done注意事项汉语有一类句子不出现主语，在英语中一般可用被动结构表示：It is believed that/It is generally considered that/It is said that It is well known that /It must be pointed out that/It is supposed that It is reported that/ It must be admitted that/It is hoped that下面主动形式常表示被动意义1.不及物动词与状语连用，用以表示主语的品质和状态。常见动词是：cut,sell,read,write,fill,cook,lock,wash等。This knife cuts well.这把刀好切。 These books sell well.这些书好卖。The pen writes smoothly. Meat wont keep long in such hot weather.The cloth washes well.这种布好洗。2. 一些连系动词的主动式形容词。常见动look,smell,taste,sound,feel,prove,turn out等。The apples taste good. The flower smells wonderful.The news proved/turned out true. Cotton feels soft.含有短语动词在被动语态中介词不能丢Much attention must be paid to your handwriting.特别注意以下句子的结构：Every minute must be made full use of to study Englsih.下面词或短语没有被动态：leave, enter, reach, become, benefit, cost, equal, contain, last, lack, fit, fail, have, appear, happen, occur, belong to, take place, break out, come about, agree with, keep up with, consist of, have on, lose heart等等。PRETCO备战系列二：主谓一致主谓一致规则情 况举 例语法一致原则以单数名词或代词动词不定式短语，动名词短语或从句作主语时，谓语动词一般用单数形式；主语为复数时，谓语动词用复数形式。His father is working on the farm. To study English well is not easy.Reading in the sun is bad for your eyes. What he said is very important for us all. 由what引导的主语从句，后面的谓语动词多数情况用单数形式，但若表语是复数或what从句是一个带有复数意义的并列结构时，主句的谓语动词用复数形式。what I bought were three English books. What I say and do is (are) helpful for you.由连接词and或bothand连接起来的主语后面，要用复数形式的谓语动词。但若所连接的两个词是指同一个人或物时，它后面的谓语就用单数形式。由and 连接的并列单数主语前如果分别有no, each, every 或more than a (an)/one,many a (an) 修饰时，其谓语动词要用单数形式。either, neither, each, every 或no+单数名词和由some, any no, every构成的复合不定代词，都作单数看待。.Lucy and Lily are twinsThe writer and artist has come.Every student and every teach is in the classroom.Many a boy and many a girl likes it.No boy and no girl likes it.Each of us has a new book. Is everyone here today?Everything around us is matter若none of 后面的名词是不可数名词，它的谓语动词就要用单数。若它后面的名词是复数，它的谓语动词用单数或复数都可以。None of the sugar was left. None of us has (have) been to America.在定语从句里，关系代词that, who, which 等作主语时，其谓语动词的数应与句中先行词的数一致。Those who want to go please write their names on the blackboard.He is one of my friends who are working hard.He is the (only) one of my friends who is working hard.在强调句型中应与被强调部分一致It is I who am going to the cinema tonight.It is we who are going to the cinema tonight.如果集体名词指的是整个集体，它的谓语动词用单数形式； 如果它指的集体的成员，其谓语动词用复数形式The police are looking for the lost child. The cattle are eating grass in the field.His family has moved to the south . His family are watching TV.（他的家人）Class four is on the third floor.（四班） Class Four are unable to agree upon a monitor.由a lot of /lots of/ plenty of/ a heap of/ heaps of/ the rest of/the majority of+名词构成的短语以及由分数或百分数+名词构成的短语作主语时，其谓语动词的数要根据短语中后面名词的数而定。There are a lot of people in the classroom. Three-fourths of the surface of the earth is sea.50 percent of the students in our class are girls.此外，还有a number of +复数名词有类似的用法（用复数），但the number of +复数名词的数就得依number 而定（用单数）。A number of students have gone to the farm to help the farmer pick apples.The number of pages in this book is three hundred.在倒装句中，谓语动词的数应与其后的主语一致There comes the bus. On the wall are many pictures.Such is the result. Such are the facts.Between the two hills stands a monument.逻辑意义一致原则What, who, which, any, more, all 等代词可以是单数，也可是复数， 主要靠意思来决定。Which is your bag? Which are your bags?Are any of you good at English? Has any of you got a pen?All can be done has been done. All is going well. All have been taken out. All have gone to Beijing.表示时间重量长度价值等的名词的复数作主语时，谓语动词通常用单数形式，这是由于作主语的名词在概念上是一个整体。Thirty minutes is enough for the work.Twenty pounds is too dear.如强调这类词的复数意义，则谓语动词要用复数形式Forty kilos of water are used every day.若英语是书名名格言剧名报名国名等的复数形式，其谓语动词通常用单数形式。The United States is smaller than China.“The Arabian Nights” is an interesting story-book.表数量的短语“one and a half”后面接复数名词作主语时，其谓语动词用单数形式。One and a half apples is left on the table.一些学科名词是以-ics结尾，如：mathematics, politics, physics 以及news, works 等。都属于形式上是复数的名词， 实际意义为单数名词，它们作主语时，其谓语动词要用单数形式。The paper works was built in 1990.这家造纸厂建于1990年。I dont think physics is easy to study.trousers, glasses, clothes, shoes, scissors (剪刀)等词作主语时，谓语用复数，但如果这些名词前有a(the) pair of 等量词修饰时（clothes被a suit of 修饰）谓语动词用单数。My glasses are broken.The pair of shoes under the bed is his.“定冠词the+形容词或分词”，表示某一类人动词用复数；若表示某一类东西时，动词用单数。The old are taken good care of there.The beautiful gives pleasure to all.就近/远一致原则当两个主语由either or, neither nor, not only but also ,whether or 连接时，谓语动词和邻近的主语保持一致,即就近一致。Either the teacher or the students are our friends. Neither he nor they are wholly right.Neither they nor he is wholly right. Is neither he nor they wholly right?there be 句型中be 动词的单复数取决于其后的主语。如果其后是由and 连接的两个主语，则应与靠近的那个主语保持一致，即就近一致。There are two chairs and a desk in the room.There is a desk and two chairs in the room.主语后面跟有with, together with, except, but, like, as well as, no less than, rather than, more than, besides, along with, including, in addition to 等引起的短语， 谓语动词要跟主语一致，即就远一致。Mr. Green, together with his wife and children, has come to China.A woman with a baby was on the bus.Nobody but Jim and Mike was on the playground.She, like you and Tom, is very tall.The girls as well as the boy have learned to speak Japanese.No one except my teachers knows anything about it.PRETCO备战系列三：倒装句类 型情 况例 句部分倒装（部分倒装是把be动词、情态动词、助动词放到主语之前。如果句子中没有这些词,要在主语之前加助动词do/does /did等,而把原来的谓语动词变成原形放在主语之后。）句首状语为否定词或半否定词的句子。这类词或短语主要有never,neither,nor,little,seldom,rarely,hardly,scarcely,no sooner, not only,in no way,at no time,few, not,no等Not a word did I say to him.Never have I found him so happy.Little does he care about what I said.I cant swim. Neither can he.No sooner had he gone to bed than he fell asleep.Hardly/Scarcely had he gone to bed when he fell asleep.only+状语放在句首,要部分倒装Only by this means is it possible to explain it. (介词短语)Only then did I realize the importance of math. (副词)Only when the war was over in 1918 was he able to get happily back to work. (从句)注意:如果only后面不是状语,则不用倒装。Only Wang Ling knows this.so或so引导的短语放在句首,要部分倒装I saw the film, so did she.So loudly did he speak that even people in the next room could hear him.“Not only+分句,but also+分句”句型中的前一分句要部分倒装“Not only + 分句,but also + 分句”句型中的前一分句要部分倒装Not only does John love Chinese, he is also good at speaking it.但not only.but also.连接主语时,不倒装。Not only the mother but also the children are sick.Not until放在句首,从句不倒装,主句倒装Not until last week did they find the lost bike. (简单句)Not until my son had entered theuniversity did he realize the importance of time. (复合句)as/though引导的让步状语从句Proud as these nobles are, hes afraid to see me.Tired as he was, he kept on running.Tired though he was, he kept on running.=Though he was tired,he kept on runningChild as he is,he knows a lot.在以often, well, many a time, now and again等方式或频度副词(短语)开头的句子中,要用部分倒装结构Many a time has John given me good advice.Often have we made that test.在虚拟结构中，条件从句的谓语含有were,had 和should这三个词是，可省去if，将这些词移至主语之前。Had I time (= If I had time), I would go and help you.Were I you (= If I were you), I would go abroad.Should he come (=If he should come), tell him to ring me up.用于某些表示祝愿的句子里May you succeed!完全倒装There be结构。另外,在此结构中可以用来代替be动词的动词有:exist, seem, happen, appear,live, rise, stand等There stood a dog before him.There exist different opinions on this question.“Here,There, Now, Then + come (或be等) + 主语” 结构说明:本句型中there是副词,应重读,强调地点。而前一句型中的there是引导词,本身没意义Here comes the old lady!Then came the hour we had been looking forward to.There comes the bus./Now comes your turn.除了then引导的句子用过去式以外,其余的均用一般现在时,表示一种生动的描述。其次,如果主语是人称代词,就不用倒装。Here you are.表示方向的副词out, in, up, down等置于句首要全部倒装。In came Mr White.Up went the arrow into the air.Away went the boy. 表示地点的介词短语 (如on the wall, under the tree, in front of the house等)放在句首时,要全部倒装On the top of the hill stands a pine tree.In front of the classroom is a playground.They arrived at a house, in front of which sat an old man.其它形式的完全倒装Present at the meeting was Mr. Green, a headmaster.（形容词短语）Such was the story he told me.（代词）East of the city lies a new railway. First to be completed was the seven-storey teaching building. (不定式短语)Gone are the days when my heart was young and gay. (过去分词)Lying on the floor was a boy aged 15. (现在分词短语)用于某些表示祝愿的句子里Long live the Peoples Republic of China!PRETCO备战系列四：情态动词和虚拟语气情态动词I.情态动词基本用法情态动词用 法否定式疑问式简答式can能力（体力，智力，技能）允许或许可（口语中常用）可能性（表猜测，用于否定句或疑问句中）can not / cannot /cant doCando?Yes,can.No,cant.couldcouldnt domay可以（问句中表示请求）可能，或许（表推测）祝愿（用于倒装句中）may not do Maydo?Yes,may. No,mustnt/cant.mightmight not doMightdo?Yes,mightNo,might not.must必须，应该（表主观要求）肯定，想必（肯定句中表推测）must not/mustnt doMustdo? to.Yes,must.No,neednt/dont havehave to只好，不得不（客观的必须，有时态和人称的变化）dont have to doDohave to do?Yes,do. No,dont.ought to应当（表示义务责任，口语中多用should）ought not to/oughtnt to doOughtto do?Yes,ought. No,oughtnt.shall用于一三人称征求对方意见用于二三人称表示许诺、命令、警告、威胁等shall not/shant doShalldo?Yes,shall. No,shant.should应当，应该（表义务责任）本该（含有责备意味）should not/shouldnt doShoulddo?will意愿，决心请求，建议，用在问句中would比较委婉will not/wont doWill/Woulddo?Yes,will. No,wont.wouldwould not/wouldnt dodare敢（常用于否定句和疑问句中）dare not/darent doDaredo?Yes,dare.No,darent.need需要,必须（常用于否定句和疑问句中）need not/neednt doNeeddo?Yes,must. No,neednt.used to过去常常（现在已不再）used not/usednt/usent to dodidnt use to doUsedto do?Diduse to do?Yes,used. No,use(d)nt. Yes,did. No,didnt.II.情态动词的重点知识表示“能力、许可”的can和may表示能力的情态动词用can/couldA computer_think for itself; itmust be told what to do.A.cant B.mustnt C.may not D.might not表示许可时用may/might ,can/could 都可以，但在问句中用could?或might？ 以使口气委婉客气，其回答一定要用can或may，以使回答口气明确（must表示一定，必须，mustnt表示禁止，不许可）。 Could I call you by your first name? Yes, you_A.will B.could C.may D.mightJohnny, you_play with the knife, you_hurt yourself.A.wont/cant B.mustnt/may C.shouldnt/must D.cant/shouldnt在肯定句中could不可以用来表示过去某一特定场合的能力，而要用was/were able to。The fire spread through the hotel very quickly but everyone_get out.A.had to B.would C.could D.was able to表示“推断、判断”的canmay,must在肯定句中都可以用来表示可能。在含义上must语气最肯定,may表示的是事实上的可能性。Peter_come with us tonight, but he isnt very sure yet.A.must B.may C.can D.will而can表示的是逻辑上的可能性：Mary is in poor health. She can be ill at any times.在否定句中只能用can和may。所以cant时用以代替mustnt，语气比may更肯定。中文可以翻译为不可能。Michael_be a policeman, for hes much too short.A.neednt B.cant C.should D.may在疑问句只能用can，不能用may和must。He may be very busy now. Can he be very busy now?He must be very busy now. Can he be very busy now?needneed作为情态动词只有一种形式，只用于否定句和疑问句。daredare作为情态动词用时有两种形式：dare和dared两个词形，除了可以用于否定句和疑问句外，还可以用于条件从句或表示怀疑的句子中。If he dare come,I will kick him out. I dont know whether he dare say.注意:He doesnt dare(to)answer the question.（否定句）Does she dare(to)enter the dark room?shall用于第一人称：征求对方的意见。What shall we do this evening?用于第二、三人称：警告、命令、允诺、威胁等。You shall fail if you dont work harder. 警告He shall have the book when I finish reading.允诺He shall be punished.威胁should劝告、建议、命令、应该做、道义上的责任。You should(ought to) go to class right away. I should(ought to) help him because he is in trouble.will/would请求、建议，would比will委婉客气。Would you pass me the book?表示意志、愿望和决心。I will never do that again. They asked us if we would do that againwould可表示过去反复发生的动作或某种倾向。During the vacation he would visit me every weekThe wound would not heal.（伤口老是不能愈合）would表示估计或猜想。It would be about ten when he left home. What would she be doing there?情态动词+have done的用法could+have done：本可以做而实际上未能做。You could have done better, but you didnt try your best.cannot+ have done：表示对现在或过去行为的否定推测。He cannot have been to that town.can+主语+ have done：表示对过去行为的怀疑或不肯定（用在疑问句中）。Can he have got the book?might(may)+ have done：对过去发生的行为不太肯定的推测。He may not have finished the work.If we had taken the other road, we might have arrived earlier.must+ have done：对过去发生的行为肯定的推测。其否定式为：cannot have done。You must have seen the film.You cannot have seen the film.neednt+ have done：本来不必要做的而实际上又做了。You neednt have watered the flowers,for it is going to rain.注意：didnt need to(have to)do：没有必要做而实际上也没有做I didnt need to clean the windows.My sister did it 2 hours ago.should(ought to)+ have done：本来应该做而实际上又没有做。其否定形式表示某中行为不该发生却发生了。You should have started earlier, but you didnt.She shouldnt have taken away my measuring tape,for I worked to use it.注意：He should have finished the work by now.（表推测）虚拟语气类 别用 法例 句If引导的条件从句与现在事实相反从句动词：过去式（be用were）主句动词：should/would/could/might+doIf he were here, he would help us.与过去事实相反从句动词：had+done主句动词：should/would/could/might+have+doneIf I had been free,I would have visited you.与将来事实相反从句动词：过去式/should+动词原形/were+to do主句动词：should/would/could/might+动词原形I