the establishment of photovoltaic scale (pvs)光伏（pv）量表的编制

The Establishment of Korea Photovoltaic Scale(K-PVS),Ghufron Zaid,Background,Research on energy alternativesFinite & Depleting fossil fuel energy resourcesSpecial needs of energyRemote areas: inexistence of Power GridMobile/field activities: military servicesPhotovoltaic technologyExpensive cost: Silicon processingDecreasing cost2001, PV cell in the US: 860 million kWh0.025% of 3.8 trillion kWh total power generation,PV Technology in Korea,The 2nd Basic Plan for New & Renewable Energy Technology Development & Dissemination (MOCIE)PV Cell, Fuel Cell, Wind Power3 % share of New and Renewable Energy (2006)5 % (2012)Budget: 196,4 billion KRW (2004), 324,4 billion (2005),PV Technology in Korea,PV is relatively mature for near-term deploymenta promising and economically viable technology in the near future for Korean environmental and geographical conditions,PV Technology in Korea,National Programme (by 2012)100 000 residential roof-tops: 6,3 billion KRW (2004), 16 billion KRW (2005), 49 billion KRW (2006)70 000 commercial and industrial buildings1,3 GW electrical power,PV Technology in Korea,R&DParticipants: 24 companies, 7 national institutes and 17 universities Short-term: crystalline siliconincrease PV module efficiency12% to 15% (2006), 18% (2010)Cost target/module3,3 USD/W (2006), 1,9 USD/W (2010)Commercialization: 201210 % of the world marketExports: 3billion USD employing 50.000 people,PV Technology in Korea,Industries: 8 companiesNeskor Solar CoPhoton Semiconductor & Energy Co. Symphony Solar Co., Hyundai Heavy IndustriesKyung Dong SolarUnison, S-energy Co, LS Industries, SolartechPROBLEM: cell supply shortage from foreign companies2004 production: 2,7 MW of PV modules,13.000 islands18 million houses in rural areas: 46% electrified through the national grid system10 million houses rely on kerosene, dry cell batteries and other sources of energy,PV Technology in Indonesia,PV Technology in Indonesia,ROADMAP OF SOLAR ENERGY,PV Technology in Indonesia,POWER GENERATION,PV Technology in Indonesia,1992: 4 Solar Home System (SHS) Electrification Programs: 10,000 units of SHS“50 Mega Watt Peak Photovoltaic Rural Electrification Program” 1 million units of SHSAUSAID: 36.400 units of SHSWorld Bank: 44.3 million: 200,000 units of SHSBIG-SOL Project: 35,000 units of SHS and 300 units of Solar Village Center,PV Technology in Indonesia,Major players:Solarex Corporation, Morningstar Corporation, and Atlantic Solar Products, Inc.Korean PV cell products may offer competitive alternatives,The Role of NMI,To provide nationally dependable traceability for all measurement quantities (measurands)Ensuring reliable output/outcome from R starting from raw material selection processes, production processes to (end-product) quality assurance processesProviding customer protection & satisfaction, To provide Facilities for Traceable Measurement and Calibration of PV cells/modules,World Photovoltaic Scale(W-PVS),Established in 1997Inter-Laboratory Comparison (ILC)11 Laboratories:Primary method: 4 labs. PTB, NREL (US), JQA/ETL (Japan), TIPS (China)Secondary method: 7 labs.20 artefacts,Traceability of PV Cell,IEC 904-3: (PTB) Metrologia, 2000, 37,ACR: Absolute cryogenic radiometerDSR: Differential spectral responsivity,Difficulties for Accurate Calibration,High level of irradiance (1 solar contant)large-area cells (100 cm2 1 m2)Wavelength & temperature dependent non-linearity of PV cell outputInhomogeneity of radiation fields,Calibration Requirement for PV Cell,Determination of PV cell efficiency at Standard Test Conditions (STC),h :PV cell efficiency Pm :maximum electrical power of PV cellA :active area of PV cellEo :Natural solar irradiance at STC, 1000 Wm-2,Calibration Requirement for PV Cell,Standard Test Conditions (STC)Air Mass of 1.5PV Cell temperature of 25 oC Reference Solar Irradiance (Eo) of 1000 Wm-2,Calibration Requirement for PV Cell,Determination of maximum power, Pm,STCMeasurement of I-V characteristicsConversion of measured values, V & I to STC values, Vo & Io,Calibration Requirement for PV Cell,Io : current at STCI : current of DUTEo : solar irradiance at STC, 1000 W.m-2C : calibration constant of ref. detectorM : spectral mismatch between DUT and ref. detectorIr :current of ref. cellar : temperature coeff. of ref. detectorTo : STC temperatureTr : temperature of ref. detector,Vo : voltage at STCV : voltage of DUTRs : series resistance of DUT,Calibration Requirement for PV Cell,Different spectral power distributions between standard solar irradiance (STC) and test solar irradiance (simulator/natural sun)Different spectral responsivities between DUT and ref. detector,Calibration Requirement for PV Cell,Schematic Diagram of DSR,lock-inAmp,DVME(l),DVMisc,DVMIsc(Eb),lock-inAmp,Amp,Amp,MonoChroMator,Computer, s(l, Eb),chopper,lamp,shutter,b-splitter,filter,lamp,DUT,Monitoring detector,E(l),Difficulties for Accurate Calibration,Dashed/dotted lines: effect of low irradiance to non-linear cell,differential spectral responsivity,Irradiance/Power level reaching ref. detector:,DUT Spectral response:,Power level reaching DUT:,differential spectral responsivity,Conversion into absolute responsivity,WherehSTC :Efficiency at Standard Test Conditions (STC)Voc(io) : open circuit voltageFF: fill factorRo: PV cell responsivity = s/c current density per unit of standard solar irradiance, EoRo= io / EoA: PV cell active area,Efficiency of PV cell,Efficiency of PV cell,Direct measurement of differential spectral responsivity, Rl,isc(Eb), at various operating point isc(Eb)=ib set by the steady-state bias irradiance Eb.,Efficiency of PV cell, arithmatical mean (linear cells), (non-linear cells),Level of Expected Uncertainty,With Spectral mismatch correction (DSR) : U 5% 10%-20%Alternative no bias method (ANU):Best: U = 5% c.f. U = 3% with DSR,The steps ahead,Stage ISetting up calibration facility for PV cellOrganizing inter-laboratory comparison (ILC) for interested institutions in KoreaStage IIImprovement of calibration facilityILC with foreign NMIsStage IIIDevelopment of alternative calibration methods and apparatus for calibration laboratories and industries,DSR Facility Stage I,Modification to the existing facilityLight chopperBias light source: Class C simulator - ASTM E 927Quartz-halogen tungsten lamp + short-wave pass filter (PTB)Modulated current measurement instrumentsCurrent-to-voltage converterLock-in amplifierTemperature controlled test fixture/holdermodification on data acquisition software,Inter-Laboratory Comparison,Characterization of artefactsPreparation of ILC ProtocolIdentification of potential participants,References,Evident Technologies, in /applications/quantum-dot-solar-cells.phpJinsoo Song, Republic of Korea Photovoltaic technology status and prospects, in IEA Annual Report 2005, KIERA.S. Dasuki et al., The strategy of photovoltaic technology development in Indonesia, Renewable Energy 22 (2001) 321- 326Ghufron Zaid, Husein A. Akil, Proceedin