新编语用学教程课后答案

IntroductionIntroduction check your understanding 1 f Syntax and semantics each have their own strengths 2 f Pragmatics is also interested in how language use affects the language system 3 t 4 f 5 t In Class Activities 1 ASK 1 Yes he s coming 2 Yes No he isn t coming 3 His knowledge about whether Pat likes cognitive linguistics or not 2 1 a John is obviously not Hitler There is only one Hitler in the world b Golf as an inanimate object can t play a human being John c It is a case of tautology that conveys no new information d Idea doesn t have color and can t sleep since it is inanimate The whole sentence doesn t make sense 2 a it can be used for communication in a context where John shares some personality with Hitler b when John is a poor player of golf c in a context where a certain boy has done something wrong out of naughtiness 3 when the sentence is used in poetry to personalize the word idea 3 1 a In an entrance of a park b In the restroom of some public places like an airport a People are forbidden to bring dogs into the park b This place is for adults to change infant diapers 4 1 Here the speaker wants to express his complaint that the couple are talking too loudly and the implicit request for them to stop talking 2 By saying so the young man wants to convey their refusal to my request The background knowledge we need is that since it is usually impolite to listen to other people private conversation it is normal that I can t hear a word thus the couple can continue their talk 5 1 This notice implies that all those who jump the red light are uncivilized whatever the reason 2 讲卫生的人不会随便吐痰 6 1 This is an advertisement for a holiday inn and its food is so delicious that it can make the customer s wife jealous The French toast probably means a type of specialty provided by this holiday inn 2 C 你去哪里 吃饭了没 E How are you How s everything going 7 1 He means he doesn t speak French 2 Russian majors don t speak French 3 Yes It helps to indicate a negative answer 8 1 a He uses that under the assumption that his mom knows which letter is being referred to b He uses an imperative sentence to ask her mother to close the window which is impolite 2 Johnny Mom Ping Ping is coming to visit us this afternnoon Mother Who is Ping Ping 3 Wang It s not my fault is it Li Yes Native speaker Hi you look good Zhang Not good not good at all Exercises Task3 1 when we get someone to do something we tend to minimize the effort to be involved but when we complain we tend to exaggerate the complaint People want to be polite by mitigating 缓解 减轻 平静 the imposition which is face threatening 2 The first imperative is a general grammatical form but the second though still an imperative can be used to sound more polite because of the addition of will you 3 in the office Boss Come to my office later Clerk Yes sir during the afternoon tea Boss How is your dad Tom Clerk He s fine Thanks Pat 4 He wants to suggest that he did not break the window because he was engaged with in something else in other places 5 In the novel The Catcher in the Rye Holden a middle school student always breaks the pragmatic conventions and in that way shows his rebellion 6 While we teach English to Chinese students we not only impart linguistic information phonetics phonology morphology and syntax of English but also pragmatic information appropriate use of English in dynamic context For instance how we can use the question tag 反了 tag questions to sound more tentative and be polite Unit 1 Check your understanding 1 f That is the view held by John Austin in the early stage 2 f Implicit performative utterances do not have a performative verb 3 f 4 f The completion of the perlocutionary act requires the addressee s cooperation 5 t In Class Activities 1 1 If you ve ever said I promise or I apologize you have performed those actions by the simple act of saying them But I know and I believe are declarative Saying them does not bring about any immediate change in the belief or knowledge of the speaker 2 a I wish you a great success I admit I m wrong b I misunderstand your point I see what you mean 3 Yes For example when we say 我在这里向你道歉 we are performing the act of apologizing 2 1 A full apology here means a wholly performative utterance of apology like We apologize to the Chinese government and the Chinese people Indeed sorry is not a performative verb 2 To some extent sorry can implicitly perform the act of apology 3 1 The kidnapper intends to perform the acts of threatening and requiring 2 He wants to make his words sound like an advice instead of a threatening 4 1 a locutionary act the act of verbally saying Today is not a free admission day illocutionary act it implicitly requires people to pay the admission fee perlocutionary act people pay the admission fee if at all b locutionary act the act of verbally saying Thank you for your generous donation and your support illocutionary act it implicitly urges people to donate perlocutionary act people donate money if at all a Admission fee required today b We expect your generous donation and your support The first is chosen to be less imposing The second is chosen to attract people s donation 5 1 No it is not a verdictive It is just an advertisement from s a hotel whose name happens to be Jurys 2 The proprietor plays a game of words to attract customers Exercises Task 3 1 a constative locution No smoking in this area Illocution Forbidding people from smoking here Perlocution People do not smoke here b constative Locution Ticket passengers only Illocution Asking passengers to buy tickets if they want to enter the museum Perlocution Passengers buy tickets to enter the museum c constative Locution Token vending machine Illocution Informing the public of the fact that they can buy tokens through this machine Perlocution People buy tokens through this machine if at all 2 Yes It solves the problem that constatives can indeed be regarded as implicit ways of doing things Thus all utterances are performative in essence Yes I agree Suppose A said to B it s stuffy here The actual effect may be that A is understood to be complaining but the intended effect is that someone should open the window or the door and it may bring B to perform the act instead of letting him just listen to A s complaint 3 1 a 2 a and 3 a are performative utterances and can stand the test hereby However in 1 b 1 c and 2 b 2 c know think amuse and flatter are not performative verbs In 3 b the third person subject is used In 3 c simple past tense is used 4 Both verdictives and exertives involve a demonstration of powers rights or influence However verdictives have the illocutionary force of issuing a formal or official judgment and giving a verdict while exertives involve making decisions in favor of or against a certain course of action or advocacy of it 5 These utterances are not true or false that is not truth evaluable The uttering of them on formal occasions is or is part of the doing of a certain kind of action the performance of which again would not normally be described as just saying or describing something cf Austin 1962 5 e g This meeting is now adjourned The court is now in session This church is hereby de sanctified 批准 认可 使合法化 Unit2 Check your understanding 1 f It is criticized as lacking criteria for classification 2 f The hearer is held responsible 3 f 4 t 5 f In Class Activities 1 1 No they are essentially directives 2 你能帮我还书吗 谢谢哦 We ll be very grateful for your presence 3 Because they expect other people s compliance instead of refusals One feels indebted 感激的 受惠的 蒙恩的 if one does not comply with the request 2 1 Commissives 2 Yes The second promise is achieved with a condition which may turn the promise a commissive into a requirement a directive 3 1 No Utterance a is a threat Utterance b involves something that the speaker cannot xcontrol Utterance c describes something in the past rather than something that the speaker will do in the future Utterance d involves an act that the hearer rather than the speaker will do in the future Utterance e has a third person as the subject Utterance f is a statement about something that happened in the past 2 a propositional content condition what is said is about something that the speaker has done wrongly b sincerity condition the speaker is serious or sincere in making the apology c preparatory conditions e g the person who is apologizing should have made mistakes d essential condition both sides understand that what the speaker says is an apology Zhang 这件事你不应这样处理的 Li 好嘛 算我错了行了吧 where the speaker is not sincere 4 1 The customer when he says there is a fly in my soup which is meant to be a complaint 2 Because saying that can normally attract the waiter s attention and the waiter knows what to do in a context like this Yes Sometimes we speak indirectly to save our or others face 3 Yes I agree with her Hearing the customer s words the waiter may not take it seriously if he is not joking 5 1 The role of the underlined part is explaining the reason of the refusal so that Andy will accept Jack s refusal more readily Not necessarily A white lie also does the same trick 2 a Calling on people to save water b Denying people the right to park here The irrelevant information is used to enhance the chances of successfully performing the directive acts Exercises Task3 1 a Austin was a leading exponent of analytical or Ordinary Language philosophy His work in the 1950s provided both a theoretical outline and the terminology for the modern study of speech acts developed subsequently He was the initiator of the speech act theory He drew the distinction between constative utterances and performative utterances although he latter discarded the distinction He introduced the trichotomy of locutionary act illocutionary act and perlocutionary act John Searle is widely noted for his contributions to the philosophy of language philosophy of mind and social philosophy Searle has introduced the notion of indirect speech act He has reclassified illocutionary acts He has developed the theory into a general theory about human communication b Speech act sequence responsive acts 2 No Threatening seems to be a directive as well as a commissive act Open 3 Learn how to do speech acts in L2 Doing the same speech act in L1 and L2 may not be the same 4 Depends on whether the sincerity condition is violated or not 5 a declaration b representative c representative d directive e expressive f commissive g directive h commissive i declaration 6 Excuse me is usually used to interrupt other people so its preparatory condition is that there are others talking about or doing something when the speaker s interruption is not expected However sorry is used in a different situation and its preparatory condition is that the speaker has made a mistake 7 Effectiveness a b c d other things being equal Politeness a b c d other things being equal 8 a It runs counter to the preparatory condition that the door must be closed at the moment b It goes against the sincerity condition It is felicitous as an act of thanking c It goes against the preparatory condition that what the speaker is going to do must be to the hearer s disadvantage yet refusing to eat dissert is not Unit 3 Check your understanding 1 f 2 f 3 f 4 f 5 f In Class Activities 1 1 a direct answer about his father s profession b His father can help c His father cannot help 2 A Your father must be very great B He is a lawyer A Does your father earn a lot of money B He is a lawyer 2 1 Both of them are implicit rather than stated by the actual meaning of the words 2 An implicature can be part of sentence meaning or dependent on conversational context and can be conventional or unconventional But connotation is conventional and attached to words 3 Fox can connote cunningness When we say he is a fox in response to what do you think of Jack we indicate that Jack is cunning like a fox 3 1 Yes it implies that Jack has one and only one brother 2 Entailments are true whenever the statement uttered is true but different implicatures may be derived when the sentence is used in different contexts No Yes For instance Jack has a brother indeed he has two 3 A Jack must be spoiled by his parents B Jack has a brother 4 1 cancelability or defeasibility 2 Yes The words not yet has the conventional implicature that something is possible after the given time 5 1 Jack may refill his car in the garage 2 Yes the garage may be closed at the moment 3 a The sea foods are fresh Do buy the sea foods b You can win here Play here 6 1 Hearer meaning is the hearer s understanding of the speaker s utterance 2 A Tom is quite clever in that aspect B I agree He s the cleverest person I ve ever seen A But I don t mean he is really clever in that aspect 3 a Hearer s and speaker s background knowledge may be different b Their expectations beliefs and the like may be different Exercises Task3 1 a There is convention of usage in natural language b Today I declare you husband and wife He is at sixs and sevens 2 A Are you happy B Yes A Are you happy B Yes Quite quite There are other possibilities E g Speakers mean less than what they say A Are you happy B Yes I am the happiest person in the world 3 Saying does not necessarily amount to the same thing as meaning By saying one thing a speaker might mean another thing entirely There is a sense of saying on which you can t say anything without meaning something 4 A She is a charming lady I mean only when she smiles By saying the first sentence A may imply he is attracted by the lady but by adding the second sentence he denies the implicature 5 No Yes a Jack Let s go out drinking tonight Jane My grandma is ill But my mother is coming b Jack How did Philip and Pike do in the Olympics Jane Philip won a medal Obviously a has a particularized implicature and b has a generalized implicature It is comparatively easy to add a sentence to a to cancel the implicature but in b it is difficult Anyhow we use other ways to achieve the same implicatures in a and b What s more particularized implicatures are more unconventional and they have greater indeterminacy 6 a conventional there s no need for context information One cannot use the door before 6 p m before b Conventional No free refills for non same visit only 7 open One may say no though Conversational implicature is context dependent To some extent it is arbitrary because different people may get different implicatures even in the same context and different contexts may generate different implicatures as well 8 A when people talking about boys qualities B When people are talking about boys ability to do mathematics 9 Conversational implicatures are sensitive to context and dependent on the observance of Cooperative Principle while flouting a particular maxim People may arrive at different conversational implicature for the same utterance The conclusions arrived at by syllogism are context free and people get the same conclusion be means of reasoning Unit 4 Check your understanding 1 f 2 f 3 f 4 f 5 f In Class Activities 1 1 Both metaphors and irony go against the maxim of quality that requires the speaker to be truthful A metaphor involves saying that one thing is another and an irony consists in the expression of one s meaning by using language that normally signifies the opposite 2 Understatement It s not too bad is a form of speech in which a lesser expression is used than what would be expected hyperbole Haven t seen you for ages is a figure of speech in which statements are exaggerated Their use runs counter to the maxim of quantity as well as that of quality 2 1 Yes the maxim of manner is exploited Mr Bennet implicates that he will let his wife tell him who has taken the house Also the maxim of quantity is violated when Ms Bennet responds to her husband s question Is he married or single 2 By saying I have no objection to hearing it Mr Bennet means that his wife has the freedom to supply the information in front of him which in turn means he agrees to listen to his wife although he is not enthusiastic about it 3 The author implies that Mrs Bennet is very enthusiastic to tell other people things even at a small hint of agreement 3 1 One may be only superficially relevant in terms of the literal meaning one can also be interactionally relevant in terms of the illocutionary goal 2 Yes it may run into similar trouble It is difficult to define be brief obscurity of expression and be orderly Brevity and orderliness are matters of degree 4 1 a quality b quantity c relation d manner 2 Quality E g I am not so sure but C 事情可能是这样的 Quantity It s going to be a long story 说来话长 Relation By the way 顺便说一句 Manner To put it differently 不妨换个说法 5 1 The Maxim of Quality is moral in nature while the other three are not 2 No he was concerned with what people had said implicitly instead of how they should talk 6 1 A Manner Implicature Visitors are supposed to pay to get in B Quality Implicature People must work hard if they want to earn a lot of money 2 Yes but the advertising discourse violates the maxims more often because they intend to attract people s attention through it The ad goes against the maxim of quantity and manner underinformative not perspicuous Exercises Task3 1 When interlocutors are in conflict in some way 2 Yes sometimes if you are overinformative you may be irrelevant Yes I agree It is moral in nature 3 Politeness If we treat politeness as a form of cooperativeness 4 1 Relation Implicature I don t want to lend it to you I haven t finished my homework 2 Quantity Implicature I have no brothers 3 Relation Implicature I don t want to play tennis 4 Relation Implicature I don t want to eat oysters 5 1 The speaker just admits he went out last night but he doesn t answer where he had been 2 The speaker just gives an answer in a general way although the other one wants to know his specific job 3 The Chinese word phrase ji guang is too general Yes there are some patterns these responses share e g all of them provid