(双语)生理学模拟习题.doc

四川大学期末考试试题I. Explain the following terms (24 points, 3 for each) 1. action potential ： A rapid, reversible and conductible fluctuation of the membrane potential of cell when stimulated.2. gastrointestinal hormones: Biologically active polypeptides secreted by the endocrine cells in gastrointestinal tract which influence the motility and secretion of gastrointestinal tract. 3. cardiac cycle: The period from the beginning of heart contraction to the beginning of next is called a cardiac cycle (consisting of a period of contraction called systole followed by a period of relaxation called diastole). 4. visual acuity: The smallest image on the retina distinguished by the human eyes.5. thermal equivalent of food: The amount of energy liberated by oxidation or combustion of 1g of food. 6. pulmonary ventilation: The process that O2 and CO2 move into and out of the lung by the respiratory tract. 7. blood types: Types of specific antigens expressed on blood cells 8. reflex: The regular response made by the body to stimulation under control of central nervous system. II. Fill in the blanks (22 points, 1 for each) 1. In the automatic control system, the controlled part send (feedback signal) to controlling system to adjust its previous activities. 2. For skeletal muscle cell, the ion with the highest permeability at rest which makes greatest contribution to the resting potential is（ K+） . 3. In transmission of excitation at neuromuscular junction, the Ca 2+ uptake of prejunctinal terminal causes （ACh release）. 4. The digestion of proteins begins at （stomach）. 5. One of the properties of contraction of the myocardium is that the atria or ventricle contracts as a functional（syncytium）. 6. The ratio of the stroke volume to the ventricular end-diastolic volume is called （ejection fraction ）. 7. The norepinephrine in the circulating blood mainly comes from （adrenal medulla） and （adrenergic nervous terminals）. 8. The commmonly used method of measuring energy metabolism is （indirect calorimetry）. 9. Two or more substances connect with a transporter and are transported together across the membrane at the same direction, this transport is called （symport）. 10. Angiotensin will increase the secretion of （aldosterone） of the zona cells in the andrenal cortex. 11. The intensity of stimulus can be distinguished by （the frequence） of action potential generated on the afferent neuron. 12. According to the statement about the optical mechanism of refractive system, the focus point is located on the （retina）. 13. Respiratory chemoreceptors in the medulla are mainly responsive to alteration in arterial （PCO2）. 14. The vast majority of carbon dioxide is carried by （HCO3-） in blood. 15. The volume which has to be ventilated but does not participate in gas exchange is called （dead space）. 16. Blood coagulation refers to the process of conversion of fibrinogen to （fibrin）. 17. The summation of membrane potential caused by successive discharges from a single presynaptic terminal is called （temporal summation）. 18. The sense organ of the stretch reflex is the （muscle spindle）. 19. Functions of the specific projection system include （production of specific sensation） and （triggering of efferent impulses）. 20. The phenomena that a single instantaneous input signal cause a sustained signal output usually occurred in （oscillatory） circuit. III. Fill in the blanks with the best choice (34 points, 1 for each) 1. Transmission of excitation at neuromuscular junction is mediated by ( C ). A. epinephrine B. norepinephrine C. acetylcholine D. somatostatin 2. Which component is shared by skeletal muscle and cardiac muscle for exitation-contraction coupling ? ( A ) A. intracellular Ca2+ B. extracellular Ca2+ C. intracellular and extracellular Ca2+ D.Ca2+ in blood 3. Which of the following statements about G protein is correct? ( D ) A. can bind to ligand directly B. there are two subunits C. only binds to GTP D. active G protein can activate the effector molecules, enzymes or channels 4. The principal paracrine secretion involved in the negative feedback regulation of gastric acid secretion is ( B ). A. acetylcholine B. somatostatin C. histamine D. gastrin 5. Slow waves in small intestinal smooth muscle cells are ( D ). A. phasic contraction B. action potential C. tonic contraction D. fluctuation of membrane potential on RP 6. The baroreceptor reflex is ( D ) A. not sensitive at the level of around the mean blood pressure B. not sensitive to a rapid change in the blood pressure C. not sensitive to pulsative change in the blood pressure D. no doubt always important for the regulation of the blood pressure 7. The work performed by the left ventricle is substantially greater than that performed by the right ventricle because in the left ventricle ( D ). A. the contraction is slower B. the stroke volume is greater C. the preload is greater D. the afterload is greater 8. When the peripheral resistance increases, the arterial blood pressure, especially ( B ) , will be increased. A. the systolic pressure B. the diastolic pressure C. the pulse pressure D. the mean pressure 9. Renin release ( A ). A. is promoted by reduced arteriolar stretch in the glomerulus B. will increase when systemic arterial pressure rises C. directly activates angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) D. directly stimulates the secretion of aldosterone 10. The proximal tubule ( B ). A. reabsorbs water along concentration gradient B. reabsorbs glucose and amino acids by the special symports C. reabsorbs Cl - by secondary active transport D. reabsorbs HCO 3 - by Na- HCO 3 - symport on the luminal membrane 11. According to statement about the formation of high osmolality in renal medulla,which one is incorrect? ( C ) A. it is relation to passive reabsorption of urea in the inner medullary collecting duct B. it is relation to passive reabsorption of NaCl in the thin ascending loop of Henle C. it is relation to active reabsorption of NaCl in the descending loop of Henle D. it is relation to urea recycling 12. According to the statement about the characteristics of the photopic vision system, which one is incorrect? ( A ) A. it is high sensitive to the light. B. it has color vision C. it is high acuity to the light. D. it is located in the fovea. 13. Which of the following is not the principal factor affecting thermal sweating? ( C ) A. humidity of the air B. wind C. psychic activity D. muscle activity 14. Which of the following is not basal condition according to the measure ment of basal metabolism? ( A ) A. not eating food for at least 6 hours B. after a night of restful sleep C. the temperature in a room 2025 o C D. no psychic and physical activity 15. The surface tension of the alveoli ( A ). A. tends to decrease lung compliance B. is increased by the presence of surfactant C. tends to increase as alveoli shrink D. is the only collapsing force in the lungs 16. The forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV 1 ) ( B ). A. is likely to be increased in obstructive lung disease B. is likely to be reduced in obstructive lung disease C. is likely to be normal in restrictive and obstructive lung disease D. is the maximum of air volume which can be expeled following a maximal inspiration 17. Which one of the following statements is false about oxygen dissociation curve ( C ). A. it describes the relationship between the PO2 and the concentration of O2 in blood B. is sigmoidal (S-shaped),indicating that saturation in the O2 -binding in the plateau C. is shifted to the right,which means the O2 affinity of haemoglobin is increased, which facilitates unloading of O2 D. is shifted to the left ,which means the O2 affinity of haemoglobin is increased, which facilitates loading of O2 18. Which one of the following is higher at the apex of the lung than that at the base when person is standing?( A ) A. V A /Q ratio B. blood flow C. ventilation D. lung compliance 19. Which one of the following is not triggered by exposed collagen? ( A ) A. vascular constriction B. platelet aggregation C. activation of the clotting cascade D. activation of plasminogen 20. Which one of the following statements is false? ( B ) A. endocrine control is important in the regulation of metabolism B. endocrine control commonly involves positive feedback mechanism C. endocrine control may be influenced by nervous system D. endocrine control is accomplished through secreting hormones 21. Which one of the following hormones initiates a biological effect by activation of receptor located on cell membrane ( B ). A. PGI 2 B. epinephrine C. cortisol D. sterol hormones 22. The two principal divisions of the nervous system are the ( D ). A. afferent nervous system and the efferent nervous system B. autonomic nervous system and the somatic nervous system C. parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems D. peripheral nervous system and central nervous system 23. Which autonomic receptor is blocked by hexamethonium at the ganglia, but not at the neuromuscular junction? ( D ) A. adrenergic receptors B. adrenergic receptors C. cholinergic muscarinic receptors D. cholinergic nicotinic receptors 24. Which of the following parts of the body has cortical motoneurons with the largest representation on the primary motor cortex (area 4) ( B ). A. shoulder B. fingers C. elbow D. knee 25. Muscle stretch leads to a direct increase in firing rate of which type of nerve ?( C ) A. -motoneurones B. -motoneurones C. group Ia fibers D. group Ib fibers 26. Which of the following steps is not involved in the process of chemical synaptic transmission? ( B ) A. depolarization of nerve terminal B. release of neurotransmitters by varicosities C. combine of transmitters and receptors D. termination of transmission 27. When parietal cells are stimulated, they secrete （ B ） . A. HCl and pepsinogen B. HCl and intrinsic factor C. HCl and HCO 3 - D. mucus and pepsinogen 28. The main source of plasma colloid osmotic pressure is （ D ） . A. fibrinogen B. globulin C. globulin D. albumin 29. The best marker for determination of GFR is ( A ). A. inulin B. para-aminohippuric acid C. endogenous creatinine D. urea 30. When skin temperature is lower than environmental temperature, heat is lost by ( D ). A. radiation B. conduction C. convection D. evaporation 31. Which of the following conditions is most likely to shift the oxyhemoglobin curve to left? ( D ) A. increased temperature B. excrcise C. metabolic acidosis D. decrease in 2,3-DPG 32. Which of the following responses is mediated by parasympathetic muscarinic receptors? ( B ) A. Dilation of bronchiolar smooth muscle B. Increased GI motility C. Increased cardiac contractility D. Contraction of gastrointestinal (GI) sphincters 33. The adequate stimulus of the muscle spindle is ( B ). A. contraction of the extrafusal muscle B. contraction of the intrafusal muscle C. relaxation of the extrafusal muscle D. relaxation of the intrafusal muscle 34. For the true capillary, ( D ) is not true. A. the wall is very thin B. the permeability is very high C. the blood flow is very slow D. the resistance to blood flow is very high IV. Answer the following questions (20 points) 1. Please give a example to explain negative feedback and its significance. (7 points) (1) example 2.0 points (2) explain “negative feedback” 2.0 points (3) significance 3 points 2. What are the cardiovascular effects of denervation of the baroreceptors and what are the mechanisms involved? （ 7 points ） heart rate increases, contraction force increases, cardiac output increases 1 points blood vessels constrict, peripheral resistance increases, (venous return increases) 1 points arterial blood pressure increases 1 points mechanisms: the baroreceptor reflex is decreased (briefly explanation) 4 points 3. Describes the effects of the kidney in maintaining the homeostasis of internal environment. (6 points) (1) It excretes metabolic waste products (1 point) and foreign chemicals (1 point) (2) It remains the balance of water (1 point), electrolyte (1 point), pH (1 point) and osmotic pressure of the internal environment (1 point). 一、 英译汉 （每题 1 分，共 10 分） 1. humoral regulation 体液调节 2. voltage-gated ion channel 电压门控通道 3. serum 血清 4. cardiac cycle 心动周期 5. ventilation/perfusion ratio 通气 / 血流比值 6. gastrointestinal hormone 胃肠激素 7. basal metabolic rate (BMR) 基础代谢率 8. glomerulotubular balance 球管平衡 9. light adaptation 明适应 10. spinal shock 脊休克 二、名词解释（每词 3 分，共 24 分） 1. 内环境稳态： 内环境各项理化性质保持相对稳定的状态。 2. 骨骼肌兴奋收缩耦联： 将骨骼肌的电兴奋和机械收缩联系起来的中介过程。 3. 中心静脉压： 右心房和胸腔内大静脉的血压。 4. 肺泡通气量： 每分钟吸入肺泡的新鲜气体量。 5. 容受性舒张： 吞咽食物时，食物刺激咽和食管等处的感受器，反射性引起胃头区平滑肌紧张性降低和舒张的过程。 6. 食物的氧热价： 某种食物氧化时消耗 1L 氧所产生的能量。 7. 感受器的换能作用： 感受器将作用于它们的不同形式的刺激能量转变为传入神经的动作电位的过程。 8. 去大脑僵直： 在中脑上、下丘之间横断脑干，动物出现四肢伸直，头尾昂起，脊柱挺硬等伸肌过度紧张的现象。 三、填空（每空 1 分，共 20 分） 1. 神经纤维上动作电位扩布的机制是通过已兴奋区与未兴奋区之间（局部电流） 实现的。 2. 静息电位接近于 （K ）的平衡电位，而动作电位超射值接近于（ Na） 的平衡电位。 3. 外源性凝血过程是由 （III 因子） 所启动，这种因子存在于 （组织中 ）。 4. （B型）或 （AB型）血的红细胞都能与A型血血清发生凝集。 5. 根据心肌细胞动作电位 （0）期去极机制的不同，把心肌细胞分为快反应细胞及慢反应细胞。 6. 在一定范围内，心率加快时，心动周期缩短，其中主要缩短的是 （舒张期） 期。 7. 低O2对呼吸中枢神经元的直接作用是 （抑制） ，而对外周化学感受器的作用是 （兴奋） 。 8. 交感神经的作用是使胃排空 （减慢） ，副交感神经的作用是使胃排空 （加速） 。 9. 致热原能使下丘脑体温调节中枢的“调定点”水平 （上移）。 10. 引起血管升压素分泌的主要刺激是 （血浆晶体渗透压） 和 （循环血量）的改变。 11. 骨骼肌牵张反射的感受器是 （肌梭） ，脊髓 （） 神经元可调节其敏感性。 12. 下丘脑分泌的 9 种调节性多肽，是通过 （垂体门脉系统） 运送到 （腺垂体） 的。 四、选择填空（每题 0.5 分，共 20 分） 1. 维持机体稳态最重要的调节过程是（ D ） 。 A. 神经调节 B. 体液调节 C. 正反馈调节 D. 负反馈调节 2. 关于体液调节，下列叙述错误的是 （ A ） 。 A. 体液调节不受神经系统的控制 B. 通过化学物质来实现 C. 体液调节不一定都是全身性的 D. 激素所作用的细胞称为激素的靶细胞 3. 排尿反射是 （ D ） 。 A. 自身调节过程 B. 负反馈调节过程 C. 体液调节过程 D. 正反馈调节过程 4. 细胞受刺激而兴奋时，膜内电位负值减少称作 （ B ） 。 A. 极化 B. 去极化 C. 复极化 D. 超极化 5. 就单根神经纤维而言，与阈强度相比刺激强度增加一倍时，动作电位的幅度（ D ） 。 A. 增加一倍 B. 增加二倍 C. 减小一倍 D. 保持不变 6. 在骨骼肌收缩过程中，能与细肌丝肌钙蛋白结合的是 （ C ） 。 A. Na B. K C. Ca2 D. Mg2 7. 构成血浆晶体渗透压的主要成分是 （ B ） 。 A. 氯化钾 B. 氯化钠 C. 碳酸氢钾 D. 钙离子 8. 红细胞沉降率加快的主要原因是（ A ） 。 A. 血浆球蛋白含量增多 B. 血浆纤维蛋白原减少C. 血浆白蛋白含量增多 D. 血细胞比容改变 9. 通常所说的血型是指（ B ） 。 A. 红细胞膜上受体的类型 B. 红细胞膜上特异凝集原的类型 C. 红细胞膜上特异凝集素的类型 D. 血浆中特异凝集原的类型 10. 自律细胞区别于非自律细胞的主要特征是 （ C ） 。 A. 0 期去极速度慢 B. 无平台期 C. 4 期可自动去极 D. 复极时程长 11. 临床上较易发生传导阻滞的部位是 （ A ） 。 A. 房室交界 B. 房室束 C. 左束支 D. 右束支 12. 生理状态下影响舒张压的主要因素是（ B ） 。 A. 每搏输出量 B. 外周阻力 C. 大动脉管壁的弹性 D. 循环系统 平均充盈压 13. 心肌的等长调节中，通过改变下列哪个因素来调节心脏的泵血功能 （ D ） 。 A. 心肌初长度 B. 肌小节的初长度 C. 心室舒张末期的容积 D. 心肌收缩能力 14. 关于组织液的生成，下列哪项是错误的 ? （ D ） 。 A. 小动脉收缩时，组织液生成减少 B. 血浆胶体渗透压降低时，组织液生成增多 C. 静脉压升高时，组织液生成增多 D. 毛细血管通透性加大时，组织液生成减少 15. 反映肺通气机能潜力大小的指标是（ D ） 。 A. 深吸气量 B. 补呼气量 C. 肺泡通气量 D. 通气贮量百分比 16. 某人肺通气量为 7.5 L /min ，呼吸频率为 20 次 /min ，无效腔容量为 125/ml ， 每分心输出量为 5 L ，他的通气血流比值是（ C ） 。 A. 0.8 B. 0.7 C. 1.0 D. 0.9 17. 在血液中 CO2 运输的主要形式是 （ C ） 。 A. 物理溶解 B. 形成氨基甲酸血红蛋白 C. 碳酸氢盐 D. 与水结合成碳酸 18. 血液中 H 增多时，氧解离曲线（ D ） 。 A. 上移 B. 不变 C. 左移 D. 右移 19. 正常情况下，维持呼吸中枢兴奋性的最有效刺激是（ C ） 。 A. 一定程度的缺氧 B. 血 H 升高 C. 一定浓度的CO2 D. 以上全错 20. 三种主要食物在胃中排空的速度由快至慢的顺序排列是（ A ） 。 A. 糖、蛋白质、脂肪 B. 蛋白质、脂肪、糖 C. 脂肪、糖、蛋白质 D. 糖、脂肪、蛋白质 21. 下列哪一项不是抑制胃液分泌的因素？ （ B ） A. 盐酸 B. 蛋白质 C. 脂肪 D. 高渗溶液 22. 当环境温度高于 30 时，人体基础代谢率的变化是（ B ） 。 A. 降低 B. 升高 C. 先升高后降低 D. 不变 23. 关于三大营养物质在体内的代谢，下述哪项是错误的？（ C ） A. 只有将能量转移至ATP，才能为组织活动所利用 B. 人体在不作外功的情况下，所消耗能量全部转化为热能 C. 蛋白质在体内氧化和体外燃烧时所产生的能量相等 D. 人体所需总能量的 70 以上来自糖的分解 24. 下列各项中， 在病理情况下出现蛋白尿的原因是 （ B ） 。 A . 肾小球滤过率增加 B . 滤过膜上带负电荷的糖蛋白减少 C . 血浆蛋白含量增多 D . 肾小管重吸收蛋白质减少 25. 醛固酮对远曲小管和集合管的作用是促进 （ C ） 。 A. K+和NH3的分泌 B. H+的分泌和K+的重吸收 C. Na+的重吸收和K+的分泌 D. Na+和K+的重吸收 26. 建立肾内髓部渗透压梯度的主要溶质是 （ D ） 。 A. 磷酸盐和 NaCl B. KCl 和尿素 C. 尿素和葡萄糖 D. 尿素和 NaCl 27. 视近物时，眼的调节不会出现 （ D ） 。 A. 晶状体变凸 B. 瞳孔缩小 C. 双眼会聚 D. 视轴变短 28. 兴奋性与抑制性突触后电位相同点是 （ B ） 。 A. 突触后膜膜电位去极化 B. 都 是递质使后膜对某些离子通透性改变的结果 C. 都可向远端不衰减传导 D. 都与后膜对 Na通透性降低有关 29. 去甲肾上腺素存在于 （ D ） 。 A. 自主神经节前纤维 B. 神经 - 肌肉接头 C. 副交感神经节后纤维末梢 D. 大部分交感神经节后纤维末梢 30. 关于非特异投射系统，下述错误的是 （ D ） 。 A.