定语从句学案

定语从句讲解一、定语的概念： 定语是用来修饰名词或代词的。比如：(先试试用横线划出下面短语中的定语，然后在后面的括号里注明是什么在作定语) a beautiful girl（ ）three boys （ ）a shoe factory（ ） Jims father ( ) our teacher ( )the man in the car （ ）the man standing at the door（ ）the man who is talking with Sam （ ） 二、定语从句的概念及主要特征：1定语从句：修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。被定语从句修饰的词叫先行词；定语从句一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词之后；引导定语从句的词叫关系词。请划出下列句子中的定语从句、先行词及关系代词：The man who is shaking hands with my father is a policeman.2. 定语从句的引导词主要特征：（1）指代作用：关系词（引导词）指代先行词；（2）成分作用：关系词（引导词）在从句中必须作成分；三、定语从句的基本用法：关系词先行词从句成分例句备注关系代词who人主语，宾语Do you know the man who is talking with your mother?whom, which和that在限制性定语从句中做宾语时，常可以省略，但介词提前时后面关系代词不能省略，也不可以用thatwhom人宾语Mr. Smith is the person with whom I am workingThe boy (whom) she loved died in the war.whose人，物定语I like those books whose topics are about history.that人，物主语，宾语A plane is a machine that can fly.She is the pop star (that) I want to see very much.which物主语，宾语The book (which) I gave you was worth $10.as人，物主语，宾语He is such a person as is respected by all of us.This is the same pen as I lost yesterday. as做宾语一般不省略关系副词where地点地点状语引导词都不能省when时间时间状语why原因原因状语思考：如何选定正确的关系词（引导词） （一）关系代词引导的定语从句1who 指人，在定语从句中作主语，有时也作宾语。Those who want to go to the museum must be at the school gate at 7 tomorrow morning. 想去博物馆的人必须在明晨7点到大门口集合。 分析：先行词_ ,引导词who在从句中作_。2.whom 指人，在定语从句中做宾语，常可省略。Mr Liu is the person ( whom ) you talked about on the bus. 分析：先行词_ 在从句中作_。注意：关系代词whom 在口语或非正式文体中常可用who 来代替，也可省略。The man ( whom / who )you met just now is my old friend.3. whose 通常指人，也可指物，在定语从句中做定语。I visited a scientist whose name is known all over the country. 我拜访了一个全国知名的科学家。分析：先行词_ 在从句中作_。He has a friend whose father is a doctor. 译成汉语：_分析：先行词_ 在从句中作_。注意：指物时，常用下列结构来代替：The classroom whose door is broken will soon be repaired.The classroom the door of which is broken will soon be repaired.Do you like the book whose cover is yellow?Do you like the book the cover of which is yellow? 自己总结一下：在定语从句中，whose + 名词 _ 4.which 指物，在定语从句中做主语或宾语，做宾语时常可省略。Football is a game which is liked by most boys. 足球是大多数男孩所喜欢的运动。分析：先行词_ 在从句中作_。5.that 引导定语从句时，既可以指人，也可以指物。指人时，相当于who 或whom；指物时，相当于which.。在定语从句中作主语或宾语，作宾语时常可省略。The number of people that / who come to visit this city each year reaches one million. 注意：关系代词that 与 which 的区别定语从句在下列情况下只能用that，而不能用which指物。（指人时可以用who/whom）1. 当先行词被形容词最高级或者序数词修饰时。如：This is the best film that I have ever seen. The first place that they visited in London was the Big Ben.在伦敦他们参观的第一个地方是大本钟。2. 当先行词是不定代词everything, anything, nothing ,something, all, none, few, little,much等代词时，或当先行词受every, any, all, some, no, little, few, much等代词修饰时。如：Have you taken down everything that Mr. Li said? There seems to be nothing that is impossible to him in the world. All that can be done has been done. 3. 当先行词被the very, the only, the same, the last修饰时。如：This is the very dictionary that I want to buy. 这正是我要买的词典。After the fire in his house, the old car is the only thing that he owns. 4. 当先行词是who,或which引导的主句时。如：Who is the man that is standing by the gate? Which is the T-shirt that fits me most?5. 当先行词为人与动物或人与物时。如：They talked about the persons and things that they remembered at school Look at the man and his donkey that are walking up the street.思考：什么时候只能which 而不能用that呢？1.在_ 中；2.在_ 之后。(二) 关系副词引导的定语从句1. when 指时间，在定语从句中作时间状语。常可以用in/on/at which代替。I still remember the day when I first came to this school.分析：先行词_ 引导词在从句中作_。The time when we got together finally arrived.你还记得在农村和你祖父母一起生活的那些年吗？翻译：_ 2.where 指地点，在定语从句中作地点状语。常可用in/on/at which代替。The house where I lived ten years ago has been pulled down. 我十年前住的房子已经被拆掉了。注意：当先行词是situation, occasion, point（地步，程度），case（情况，例子），position（职位，位置），scene（场景）等表示抽象“地点”的名词作先行词时，若定语从句中缺少主语、宾语或表语时应用关系代词which, that来引导；若从句中缺少地点作状语时，用关系副词where来引导定语从句。Sometimes you will find yourself in a situation where you felt very embarrassed（尴尬）. He has reached a point where nobody can compare with him.Have you met with the case which is similar to this one ?即学即练： Measure must be taken to change the situation it is unfavourable to us. Can you think out a situation can agree with what he has said ? He has reached a stage he had to give up smoking. He has reached a stage is important to his whole life.3why 指原因，在定语从句中作原因状语。常可用for which来代替。Please tell me the reason why you missed the plane. 请告诉我你误机的原因。I dont know the reason why he looks unhappy today. 译成汉语：_ 注意：1) 关系副词引导的定语从句经常可以用“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句来表示。如： From the years when (=_) he was going to primary school in the country he had known what he wanted to be when he grew up. 自从他在农村读小学时，他就已经知道长大后要做什么。I will never forget the moment when (=_) the blind students moved us. Great changes are taking place in the city where (=_) they live. 他们生活的城市正发生巨大的变化。The reason why (=_) he refused the invitation is quite clear. 他为什么拒绝接受邀请的原因是十分明了的。2) 表示时间、地点和原因的名词来作先行词时，定语从句可用关系代词也可用关系副词，具体需根据从句所缺成分。I will never forget the days _ we climbed the mountain together.I will never forget the days _ we spent together. We visited the house _ Lu Xun used to live.We visited the house _ Lu Xun used to live in.This is the reason _ he was unhappy. This is the reason _ he explained at the meeting.即学即练：There seems to be nothing seems impossible for him in the world.He prefers the apples comes from his parentsfarm.I have read all the books you give me.This is the best film has been shown this month.The pancakes you had for breakfast were made of corn.This is the only newspaper I read in the morning.From the time he was little, he had known what he wanted to be when he grew up.Those successful deaf dancers think that dancing is an activity sight matters more than hearing.Shanghai is the place I was born.we all know the reason he is so sad today.(三) 限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句限制性定语从句举例：The teacher told me that Tom was the only person that I could depend on. China is a country which has a long history.非限制性定语从句举例 ：His mother, who loves him very much, is strict with him. 他妈妈十分地爱他，对他要求很严格。China, which was founded in 1949, is becoming more and more powerful. Last summer I visited the Peoples Great Hall, in which many important meetings are held every year.注意：在非限制性定语从句中，有时which所指代的先行词是前面的整个句子。Xiao Li came to see me off, which was very kind of her.He didnt pass the exam, which surprised us.归纳总结：区别限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句形式与主句之间不用逗号隔开与主句之间有逗号隔开功能对先行词进行限定、修饰。如果省去从句部分剩余部分意义便不完整、不明确对先行词作附加说明。去掉后，句子剩余部分的意思仍然完整、明确。先行词名词、代词或名词词组名词、名词词组或整个主句引导词所有关系词除that 和 why之外的关系词翻译先译从句再译先行词主句从句分别翻译即学即练：用正确关系词填空并翻译下列句子We are studying the business English, is very useful for us in the future.I hate the hotel I lived.The man was bit by my dog was bit by my dog today againAs a child, Jack studied in a village school, is named after his grandfather.Because of the financial crisis, days are gone _ local 5-star hotels charged 6,000 yuan for one night.Theyve won their last three matches, _ I find a bit surprising.(四)“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句关系代词在定语从句中作介词宾语时，从句常常由“介词+关系代词”引出。The school (which / that) he once studied in is very famous.The school in which he once studied is very famous. 他曾经就读过的学校很出名。Well go to hear the famous singer (whom / who / that) we have often talked about.Well go to hear the famous singer _we have often talked.我们将去听那位我们经常谈论的著名歌唱家演唱。The manager whose company I work in pays much attention to improving our working conditions.The manager _ I work pays much attention to improving our working conditions.我工作的那家公司的经理十分注意改善我们的工作条件。注意：1)含有介词的固定短语动词一般不拆开，介词仍放在短语动词的后面。如：look for, look after, take care of, give up等。This is the watch (which / that) I am looking for. (正) This is the watch for which I am looking . (误)2)若介词放在关系代词前，关系代词指人时只可用whom，不可用who, that；关系代词指物时只可用which，不可用that; 关系代词是所有格时用whose。The man with whom you talked just now is my neighbour. (正)The man with that / who you talked just now is my neighbour. (误)3)根据表意需要“介词+关系代词”前还可有some, any, none, all, both, neither, many, most, each, few等代词或者数词。如：He loves his parents deeply, of whom are very kind to him.（父母都对他好） In the basket there are quite many apples, have gone bad.（其中的一些已经坏了）There are forty students in our class in all, most of whom are from big cities. Up to now, he has written ten stories, are about country life.（其中三个是关于乡村生活的） 4）介词的确定：（1）根据定语从句中的谓语动词或形容词确定介词，其动词或介词搭配，构成动词短语。例如：The man with whom you shook hands just now is our English teacher. (shake hands with sb)The two things about which Karl Marx was not sure were the grammar and some of the idioms. (be sure about)（2）根据定语从句所修饰的先行词确定介词，其先行词往往是表示时间、地点、原因、方法、工具等的词，它们与介词之间有一定的联系。例如：Ill never forget the day on which (=when) I joined the army.（3）表示“所属”关系或“整体中的一部分”时，用of。The old man has three sons, two of whom are doctors.（4）根据句子的意思确定介词。有些句子，先行词完全一样，定语从句中谓语动词不是由固定的动词短语构成的，这时，要根据句子所要表达的意思，选用不同的介词。例如：This is the pilot for whom I bought a camera.This is the pilot with whom my brother has worked for ten years.This is the pilot by whom my son was saved.即学即练：In the dark street, there wasnt a single person whom she could turn for help. Is this the car which you paid a high price? The teacher whom the students in our class are fond is Mr Wang, our English teacher. The factory which (=where) his father works is far away from my hometown.Water, which man cant live, is really important.(五) 关系代词在从句中作主语时，从句中的主谓一致关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句的谓语动词在人称和数上应与先行词一致。例如： Who is the guy that is reading over there? The number of people that are going to the exhibition is expected to be over 25,000. All that needs to be done has been done. He is one of the students who use computer a lot for study. Timmy is the only one of the pupils that has failed the exam.例中的all意为“一切”，作单数。例中没通过考试的学生事实上只有一人，因此谓语动词也用单数。即学即练： He is one of the students who _ never late. 译成汉语：_ He is the only one of the students who _ never late. 译成汉语：_（六）as引导定语从句时的用法 as引导限制性定语从句通常用于the same as, such as结构中。 I want the same shirt as my friends. 我要一件跟我朋友一样的衬衫。Such machines as are used in our workshop are made in China. 我们车间使用的这种机器是中国制造的。 as引导非限制性定语从句代指先行词为整个主句；既可放在主句之前，也可放在主句之后；另外，as有“正如，正像”的意思；通常用下列句型：as is known to all, as is said, as is reported, as is announced, as we all know, as I expect，as is ofen the case等。As I expected, he got the first place again in this mid-term examination. 正如我所预料的那样，他在这次期中考试中又获得了第一名。注意：1.as 引导非限制性定语从句时与which的区别当主句和从句语义一致时，用as；反之，用which来引导非限制性定语从句。 He made a long speech, as we expected.He made a long speech, which was unexpected.当非限制定语从句为否定时，常用which引导。 Tom drinks a lot every day, which his wife doesnt like at all.2.当先行词受the same 修饰时，偶尔也用 that引导定语从句，但与as引导的定语从句意思有区别。如： She wore the same dress that she wore at Marys wedding. 她穿着她在玛丽婚礼上穿过的同一条连衣裙。 She wore the same dress as her younger sister wore. 她穿着跟她妹妹所穿的一样的连衣裙。3.定语从句suchas 与结果状语从句such that的区别：as在所引导的定语从句中作主语，宾语；that在结果状语从句中不做成分 He has such a good laptop as I want to buy. He has such a good laptop that I want to buy one. (七) 以the way为先行词的限制性定语从句通常由in which或that引导，而且通常可以省略。The way _he answered the questions was surprising. 他回答这些问题的方式令人惊奇。I dont like the way_ you laugh at her. 我不喜欢你冲她的样子。Test yourself:1. Dorothy was always speaking highly of her role in the play, , of course, made the others unhappy. A. which B. who C. this D. what2. After living in Paris for fifty years he returned to the small town he grew up as a child. A. which B. when C. that D. where 3. The gentleman you told me yesterday proved to be a thief. A. who B. about whom C. whom D. with whom 4. Please take any seat is free. A. which B. where C. in which D. that5. The old man has two sons, is a soldier. A. one of whom B. both of them C. all of whom D. none of them6. New York is famous for its sky-scrapers(摩天大楼)， has more than 100 storeys. A. the higher of them B. the highest of which C. the highest of themD. some of which7. My home village is no longer the same it used to be. A. which B. as C. where D. when8. In the office I never seem to have time until after 5:30 p.m., many people have gone home. A. whose time B. that C. at which D. by which time9. The boy composition won the first prize is the youngest in the group. A. who B. whose C. that D. which10. The weather turned out to be very good, was more than we could expect. A. what B. which C. that D. it11. Mr. Wang is a boss, factory Li Ping worked. A. in whose B. whos