整理文体学答案

文体学文体学 课后题课后题 1 2 单元单元 1 Identify and classify patterns of sound repetition in the following examples 1 Words and phrases shilly shally pararhyme super duper rhyme high and mighty assonance fair and square rhyme kith and kin reverse rhyme toil and moil rhyme part and parcel reverse rhyme by hook or by crook rhyme 2 Pride and Prejudice alliteration The Love s labour Lost alliteration Of Mice and Man alliteration Bill Rogers Marvelous Marathon Man alliteration Father in a Fix alliteration Witch Watch alliteration The Wonder of Waterfall alliteration 3 Advertisements Drinka Pinta Milka Day sound elision Extra Pintas Warma Winta sound elision Be different daily Be dreamy or dramatic Experiment but still economise Be bold and be beautiful but don t break the bank in order alliteration alliteration reverse rhyme alliteration 2 The underlined word s in each of the following examples 1 Nim Chimpsky sounds like Noam Chompsky who believes that man has a language learning device in the mind which enables the child to learn the language however badly it is taught This makes man different from animal which does not have such a device That is why chimpanzee who is considered to be the most intelligent animal can never learn the language however hard it is taught 2 Romeow is a word imitating the sound made by a cat and shares the same pronunciation with the main character in Shakespeare s tragedy Romeo and Juliet Romeo has deep love for Juliet It indicates that Romeow the cat has affection for the master 3 Record shop named Moby Disc which implies it is a huge shop of its kind for it reminds one of the Moby Dick a book which depicts people hunt a huge whole called Moby Dick 3 1 phonological devices in the following extract A creak of hinges aisle In this passage the authors uses alliteration high heeled assonance tiled surface of the central aisle What is more conspicuous is the use of onomatopoeic words such as creak booming thud flutter tiptap which present the different kinds of noises heard in the church The use of such words help the reader share the same experience of the writer and make the description vivid and believable 2 Read the following extract from the novel Adventures of Tom 3 Sawyer and comment on the graphological forms TOM No answer Mark Twai This is one episode of the novel Adventures of Tom Sawyer depicting how Granny is looking for Tom who is naughty and hiding under the bed The different form of letters with punctuation marks indicates how Granny speaks When we read it we have the feeling of watching Granny on a stage play For example TOM is said louder than Tom Y o u u Tom indicates Granny drawls her voice and with unusual loudness so as to be heard far away The exclamation marks show her emotion and the dash implies her sudden stop The italicized through emphasizes the contrast with over and under humorously implying her glasses are intended for ornament rather than practical use In the whole passage we see the only character Granny who is speaking to herself It is very much like a stage monologue After reading we have a vivid image of Granny in our mind And there is a touch of humour all through 3 单元单元 1 What are thethree ways of clause classification classification according to constituents verb phrase and functions By constituents clauses can be grouped into SV A SVO A SVC SVOO SVOC By verb phrase we have finite clause non finite clause and verbless clause By functions clauses can be categorized either as independent clause or dependent clause 2 how do we distinguish situation types By according to meaning or sense of the verb 3 Name the participant roles in action types The participant roles in action types are agentive role doer of the action external force causer of the action intrumental role tool to do the action with recipient role receiver of the action and objective role the affected or the result of the action 4 What is a simple sentence What is a multiple sentence Directly indirectly A simple sentence conforms to the basic clause structure SV O C A A multiple sentence consists of more than one clause It may be either a compound sentence a complex sentence or a mixed sentence D nominal clauses function as S O C I relative clauses function as modified in NP and comparative c f as m in NP ADJP 5 What is the difference between a minor sentence and an incomplete sentence Neither type conforms to the basic clause structure But a minor sentence is supposed to be complete in the sense that it is finished An incomplete sentence never comes to its end because of sudden interruption or other reasons For example 1 Attention please 2 Help 3 Going to the lecture 4 Why are you late Because I Of the four sentences 1 2 3 are minor sentences whereas 4 is an incomplete 6 What are the major components of a noun phrase What is the use of pre modification What is the function of post modification A complete noun phrase consists of four constituents determiner pre modifier head and post modifier The determiner can be an article numerals numeral pronouns all the words between the determinative and the head are pre modifier whatever part of speech they belong to the head can be a noun or a pronoun the post modifier is usually a prepositional phrase a noun phrase a non finite clause a relative clause etc Frequent use of pre modification in newspaper headlines can economize space and arouse the reader s interest as well because pre modification is usually short thus cannot spell out details This keeps the reader in suspense and kicks up their eagerness to find out Pre modification tends to be informal and appears in less formal style Post modification can be very long and complicated Using post modification can give enough room for details and for further information Therefore it is frequently used in more formal contexts for instance written language Written legal English prefers post modification in noun phrases because the composer of a legal document must ensure that it conveys meaning exactly and explicitly guarding against any possible misinterpretation 7 What are the three basic factors in the formation of written texts For effective presentation of information and language processing on the part of the reader we usually attach importance to sequence segmentation and salience in the formation of texts both spoken and written 8 Which type of branching is common in informal speech Which type of branching is preferred in written styles Right branching is common in speech in relaxed and informal presentation of ideas A writer may favor right branching and use short simple sentences to represent a narrative style of simplicity directness and intensity Left branching however is better adapted to writing because it is structurally more compact and logical and it is usually more formal Since subordinate ideas are presented first postponing the main idea readers often feel in suspense and try to read on to obtain the main idea towards the end of the sentence 9 What is the basic phrase order What are the stylistic effects of fronting and postponement The basic phrase order in an English declarative clause is more or less fixed SV O C A with A being mobile in position The change of the order can make a particular language unit more salient Fronting refers the movement of a sentential element from its usual position to the front and postponement refers the movement of a linguistic unit from its normal place towards the end of the sentence In both cases the elements moved are highlighted For example 1 Talent Mr Micawber has capital Mr Micawber has not fronting talent and capital for emphasis 2 A car stopped and out stepped the President of the University Postponing President of the University again for emphasis 10 What is syntactic parallelism and its function Syntactic parallelism refers to the repetition of the same syntactic form e g tense aspect and phrase clause structure in two or more neighboring clauses or sentences It reinforces meaning by contrast or antithesis or helps to build up an emotional climax For example See how they can saw Power saw And drill Power drill And sand Power sand This is an advertisement for selling Power Brand series of tools When the reader finishes the reading they will not forget the brand name Power 4 单元单元 2 What is the difference in the effect between the use of Latinate and that of native words Why Generally speaking Latinate words are words of science religion and official communication and in most cases they help to create the effect of coolness dignity and intellectual distance Words of Anglo Saxon origin constitute English speaking people s basic vocabulary Such words are emotionally charged A high percentage of Anglo Saxon words is quite usual in informal style 3 What is the difference between a general word and a specific word Is it true that use of specific words should always be recommended A word is general when it refers to a group of objects or a class of objects or action and specific when it refers to a member of that group or class The relationship between a general superordinate and specific subordinate term is hyponymy General terms are often too vague to convey any precise meaning The use of specific words is more informative in detail and can evoke vivid images in the reader s or hearer s mind However general terms are preferred when there is no need for specification or when the user wants to leave things vague for some tactical reason 5 What is repetition What is reiteration Why should people employ repetition and reiteration in speech or writing When a linguistic form is used twice or more the result is repetition For example We begin our morning class at 8 00 Lunch begins at 11 30 and afternoon classes begin at 2 00 again When the same idea is repeated in a different form it is reiteration For example We begin our morning classes at 8 00 and afternoon classes start at 2 00 again In literary texts repetition is usually rhetorical The intensive repetition of an expression can be a powerful thematic device It helps to direct the reader s attention to the interpretation of its significance Whatever is repeated is emphasized Reiteration is used to avoid the monotonous effect of the repetition of the same expression 6 What is collocation What is the use pf analyzing lexical collocation of an item in a piece of language Collocation refers to the concurrence of words or conventional use of certain words together in a text In a given text the collocates of an item constitute its lexical context which determines the meaning of the item This device may contribute to the theme of the text The analysis of collocation can help us grasp the main idea of the text 7 The following are groups of specific words Name a general word whose meaning is included in the meaning of the specific words 1 stride strut march amble strode saunter walk 2 drag haul heave wrench tow pull 3 whisper chatter babble mumble mutter talk 4 bottle vase jug cup pot barrel bucket box container 5 car jeep van tanker minibus cart bicycle vehicle 8 The words in each of the following groups have roughly a similar conceptual meaning Discuss the difference in their associate meanings 9 Compare the A B extracts in terms 1 the percentage of Anglo Saxon words 2 the percentage of Latinate words of three syllables and more In A of the 48 words only six come from other languages four of which are from French but in B of the 39 words 18 words are from Latin and another one from Greek Since Latinate words make up a high percentage in B it is much more difficult to understand 10 Comment on the adjective used in the following advertisement Manhattan shirts slacks and accessories To persuade the would be customers to buy the product the author uses a series of appreciative adjectives confident correct successful strong savvy fashionable happy robust virile and wise plus famous to show what good things Manhattan Brand products would bring to the buyer 5 单元单元 1 What is dialect A dialect is a variety habitually adopted by people in a certain region regional dialect or by people of a certain social group social dialect Dialects differ from one another in vocabulary grammar and pronunciation one regional dialect speaker may be able to speak more than one social dialect when needed 2 What is the difference between dialect and accent Accent is the special phonological features shown by one who speaks a dialect It is regional in nature A dialect can be spoken with different accents standard and non standard A person may shift from one dialect to another while speaking but s he is unable to cover his or her accent For example a Londoner speaks British English with a London accent but a person born and brought up in Manchester may speak British English with a Manchester accent 3 What is Standard English Is there a standard accent with which people speak Standard English Standard English refers to the particular socially favoured variety which is based on the speech and writing of educated users of the language With a widely accepted codified grammar and vocabulary SE is primarily used for public communication used in books and newspapers official documents and news broadcasts in schools taught to non native learners of English Yes In each regional variety one accent is most widely accepted such as RP received pronunciation in British English Since this accent is related to BBC broadcaster the royal family and educated speech it is considered to be the standard accent in Britain 6 单元 1 1 What does channel limitation mean How does channel limitation affect language use Channel limitation means that the transmission of a message is limited to one channel only visual or auditory Speech in most cases has no channel limitation Talking face to face both the speaker and hearer can see and hear each other Apart from the language gestures facial expressions shared knowledge and situation all contribute to the communication Therefore the language is often inexplicit Writing on the other hand has channel limitation Then the language should be explicit For example The teacher standing there is her mother which is understandable if the two speakers are together in the same context But in written language such should be forbidden We should make it explicit like The teacher standing under the tree in front of the classroom building is Wang Qian s mother 2 In what ways does spontaneously spoken language differ from prepared written form In spontaneous speech one has little time for planning or revising one s utterance While speaking one has to monitor what has been said and its response by the hearer and simultaneously to plan the next utterance If one s planning falls behind the delivery the speech is characteristically broken up by the following features of normal non fluency filled unfilled pauses unintended repetitions and false starts For example He was as it were you know him do you how shall I say er withdrawn er shut in as though as though he had a kind of mm goldfish bowl round his head not very easy 7 单元 1What is role relationship Give some examples By role relationship we mean the relationship between the roles adopted by addresser and addressee in a given situation Role relationships range from temporary to permanent casual acquaintances on a train customer salesman colleagues in an office management employees teacher pupil parent child 2 By what scales do we classify language features typical of various attitudes Language features indicating the attitude are usually classified along four scales formality politeness impersonality and accessibility 3 What factors affect the degrees of formality The degrees of formality are determined by the role relationships number of hearers and contexts of situation such as a public lecture playground at playtime church service cocktail party and so on 4How does language vary in terms of politeness AppreciativeNeutralPejorative workdrudgery toil grind fashion stylevoguefad policeman copflatfoot civil servantgovernment official bureaucrat famous celebrated renowned notorious portly stout chubby plump fat adventurous daringreckless rash Language varies according to the degree of intimacy between the address and addressee the degree of social distance separating the addresser and addressee Language becomes more and more polite when the addressee is more senior in status and les intimate in relation 5 What are the basic patterns of the use of address forms The basic address patterns include Title Professor Doctor Reverend Title Last Name Professor Zhang Mr Smith Miss Thatcher First name Last Name Michael Hall John Smith Last Name Smith Thatcher First Name Michael John Shortened First Name Mike Michael Elizabeth Liza Liz Nickname Piggy Bully and Terms of Endearment Darling Dear Honey Sweet 6 What is linguistic impersonality Language becomes impersonal when it avoids direct reference to the addresser and addressee That is the writing avoids the use of personal pronouns such as I we you etc 7 How do we measure the degrees of accessibility We can measure the degrees of accessibility by the following formula FOG INDEX 0 4 L H L the average sentence length in a passage H the percentage of hard inaccessible words in the passage Suppose a passage has a total number of words 120 the number of sentences 6 the number of hard words 16 L 120 6 20 H 16 120 100 13 3 Fog index 0 4 20 13 3 13 32 Since an easily accessible text is supposed to have a fog index of about 10 the mentioned text is just a little difficult 8 Compare Extracts A and B in terms of the degree of accessibility A There was real stress I had to face about 1970 three years into publication of Rolling Stone newspaper The company was bankrupt in essence I d gotten top ambitious I remember one day just driving around and waiting for an accident to happen It wasn t suicide as such It was just driving around very sloppily saying Fuck it maybe somebody ll get me in an accident I was facing failure real