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Chapter28 AustralianHistory I AustraliatoFederation 1 ThehistoryofAustraliabeganwiththearrivalofAborigineswhobegansettleinAustraliabetween50 000and100 000yearsago 2 ThecolonizationofAustraliabytheBritishwhichbeganin1788 3 Thecolonialperiodlasteduntil1901whentheAustraliancoloniesfederatedtoformtheCommonwealthofAustralia Australiato1788 ItisbelievedthatthefirstAboriginescamefromAsia Thefirstarrivalsettledonthenortherncoast Byabout10 000yearsagotheAboriginesweresettledinallpartsofthecontinent withtheexceptionofthealpineregion Originally theAborigineslivedinthreemainregionsofAustralia 1 thenortherncoast 2 thesoutheastand3 Tasmania AboriginalsocietyTheAboriginalsareusuallydescribedashuntergatherers ThelandwascentralinthelifeoftheAborigines TotemismstrengthenedthebeliefthattheAboriginalancestorswerewithintheseasons birds animals Atotemwasananimal birdorplant AboriginalcultureTraditionalAboriginalculturewascomposedofcomplexreligiousbelief clearrulesgoverningkinshipandroleswithinthetribe andahighdegreeofadaptationtothenaturalworld TheeffectsofEuropeansettlementontheAboriginesAboriginalcultureandsocietywastotallydisruptedbyEuropeancolonizationwhichbeganin1788 Aboriginalpeopleweredispossessedoftheirland ThelossoflandtowhitepeoplewasadisastertotheAboriginesbecauseAboriginalculturewasbasedontheland AlcoholdestroyedlargenumbersofAborigines ThewhitesbroughtmanydiseaseswhichwereunknowntoAboriginesbeforewhitesettlement ColonialAustralia1788 1900 EarlyDiscoveriesFromatleast1650onwards fishermanfromtheislandofIndonesiamadeannualvisitstothenorthcoastofAustralia MostofthemwereMacassans ItassumedthatthefirstEuropeanswhoreachedAustralia sshoresweretheSpanishandPortuguese TheywerefollowedbytheDutchandthentheEnglish In1605WillemJanszandtwentycrewmensailedtotheislandsaroundNewGuinea thensouthintotheGulfofCarpentariaanddowntheCapeYorkPeninsularinasmallboatcalledtheDuyfken ThewestcoastofAustraliawasdiscoveredbyanotherDutchmancalledDirkHartogwholandedabout720kmnorthofPerthin1616 TheDutchcalledAustralia NewHolland AbelTasman svoyage 1 VanDiemen sland nowcalledTasmania 2 StatenLand nowcalledNewZealand EnglishDiscoveriesThefirstEnglishmantoreachAustraliawasWilliamDampier anadventurerandpirate HelandedinthenorthwestcoastwithashipcalledCygnet ItwasJamesCook anEnglishnavigatorandexplorer whofinallyputAustraliaonthemap FromAugust1768to1770 CooksailedwiththeEndeavoranddiscoveredtheeastcoastofNewHolland HecalledthelandNewSouthWalesandtookpossessionofNewSouthWalesinthenameofKingGeorgeIIIofEngland ReasonsfortheBritishColonizationofAustralia1 AftertheindependenceoftheU S A theBritishgovernmenthadtolookaroundforanotherplacetosendtheirconvicts 2 BritainwantedtosetupanavalbaseforexploitsintheIndianOceanandthePacifictocounterotherEuropeancountriessuchasFrance ConvictSettlementOnJan 18 1788 elevenshipsunderthecommandofCaptainArthurPhilipreachedBotanyBay Therewere1 485peopleonboard 736ofthemconvicts EightdayslatertheyleftandsettledatPortJackson ThissmallconvictsettlementbecamethecityofSydney namedafterLordSydney BritishHomeSecretary OnJan 26 1788 PhillipraisedtheUnionJackandformallytookpossessionofthewholeeasternhalfofthecontinent fromCapeYorktoTasmania TodayJan 26 thedateofthefirstEuropeansettlementin1788 isstillcelebratedasAustralia sNationalDay ThebiggestexploratoryvoyageslaterweremadebyCaptainMatthewFlinderswhoin1802 1803 sailedroundthecontinentandbroughttoacloseaneraofEuropeandiscoverywhichhadlastednearly200years ConvictsandtheconvictsystemremainedanimportantelementinAustralia sidentityformanyyears TransportationwasimportantfortheeconomicprogressofAustralia TheGoldRushesandtheEurekaStockadeThefirstmajordiscoveries madeinNewSouthWalesandVictoriaintheearly1850s resultedingoldrushes TheEurekaStockade Thegoldminersweresatisfiedwiththehighlicensefee Theydeclaredthattheywantedthelicensefeeabolishedandtherighttovoteatelections Theywantdemocracy OnDec 3 1854anarmedrevolttookplacenearBallarat Victoria AnumberofminersarmedthemselvesbehindastockadeofwoodenslabsandraisedanewAustralianflag ThenewflagshowedtheSouthernCrossagainstablueground ThiseventislaterknownastheEurekaStockade TheEffectsoftheGoldRush1 MostoftheGoldRushimmigrantswereBritish andtheirarrivaltemporarilyreducedtheAustralian bornpeopleinthecommunity Therewasalsoatemporaryimbalanceofthesexes 2 GoldRushimmigrantshelpedthegrowthandinfluenceofamiddleclassinAustralia especiallyinthecities 3 Theimmigrantsleftthegoldfieldsandsetupbusinessinthecities 4 Thediscoveryofgoldstimulatedallaspectsoftheeconomyandincreasedthewealthofthecolonies 5 TheGoldRushalsointroducedsomepoliticalchanges 6 TheGoldRushesbroughtgreatchangestothecitiesandruralareas 7 Transportwasimproved 8 RacialviolencewasdirectedtotheChinesepopulation AustraliaalsobegantotalkaboutkeepingAustraliawhitebyrestrictingtheimmigrationofAsiaandblackpeople 9 Goldminingresultedinconsiderabledamagetorivers valleysandwoodedareas 6self governingcolonies NewSouthWalesIn1788 TasmaniaIn1825 VictoriaIn1851 QueenslandIn1859 WesternAustraliaIn1829 SouthAustraliaIn1842 Australia
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