Book1 Unit 2 Understanding Science

NucleusCollegeEnglish Unit2UnderstandingScience UnderstandingScience Objectives FurtherResearch Discussion TextAnalysis Warm upActivities Whatisscience Science fromLatinscientia meaning knowledge isasystematicenterprisethatbuildsandorganizesknowledgeintheformoftestableexplanationsandpredictionsabouttheuniverse Galileoisconsideredoneofthefathersofmodernscience Science Inmodernuse science moreoftenreferstoawayofpursuingknowledge notonlytheknowledgeitself Itis oftentreatedassynonymouswith naturalandphysicalscience andthusrestrictedtothosebranchesofstudythatrelatetothephenomenaofthematerialuniverseandtheirlaws sometimeswithimpliedexclusionofpuremathematics Thisisnowthedominantsenseinordinaryuse ScienceOverview 1 VideoClipScienceChangestheWorld2 discussionHowdoesscienceaffectdailylife Whatwouldlifebelikewithoutscientificprogress ScientistsandtheirAchievements AlbertEinstein aGerman borntheoreticalphysicist thegeneraltheoryofrelativity energyequivalenceformulaE mc2receivedthe1921NobelPrizeinPhysics ScientistsandtheirAchievements StephenWilliamHawking aBritishtheoreticalphysicist cosmologist andauthorthetheoreticalpredictionthatblackholesemitradiationABriefHistoryofTime ScientistsandtheirAchievements AlfredNobel aSwedishchemist engineer innovator andarmamentsmanufacturertheinventorofdynamiteinstitutedtheNobelPrizes ScientistsandtheirAchievements JamesWatt aScottishinventorandmechanicalengineerNewcomensteamengine ScientistsandtheirAchievements CharlesDarwin anEnglishnaturalist allspeciesoflifehavedescendedovertimefromcommonancestors naturalselection OntheOriginofSpecies ScientistsandtheirAchievements ThomasEdison anAmericaninventorandbusinessmanthephonograph themotionpicturecamera andalong lasting practicalelectriclightbulb ProgressinModernScience USAScienceandEngineeringFestival10FutureTechnologiesThatAlreadyExist TextAnalysis Skimming Theauthorbrieflyintroducesthatscienceiscloselyconnectedwithourlivesanditaffectsusalleveryday Withoutmodernsciencetherewouldbenowaytouseelectricity noplastic nomodernagricultureormodernmedicine Theauthorgivestwoexamplestoindicatesciencealsohelpsshapesocietybyinformingpoliciesthatpromoteourhealth safety andenvironmentalfriendliness TextAnalysis Whathassciencedoneforyoulately Ifyouthinksciencedoesn tmattermuchtoyou thinkagain Scienceaffectsusall everydayoftheyear fromthemomentwewakeup alldaylong andthroughthenight Yourdigitalalarmclock theweatherreport theasphaltyoudriveon thebusyouridein yourdecisiontoeatabakedpotatoinsteadoffries yourcellphone Para A 1 theantibioticsthattreatyoursorethroat thecleanwaterthatcomesfromyourtap andthelightthatyouturnoffattheendofthedayhaveallbeenbroughttoyoucourtesyofscience Themodernworldwouldnotbemodernatallwithouttheunderstandingsandtechnologyenabledbyscience Para A 2 Tomakeitclearhowdeeplyscienceisconnectedwithourlives justtryimaginingadaywithoutscientificprogress Tobeginwith withoutmodernscience therewouldbe Para B Nowaytouseelectricity FromBenFranklin sstudiesofstaticandlightninginthe1700s toAlessandroVolta sfirstbattery tothekeydiscoveryoftherelationshipbetweenelectricityandmagnetism sciencehassteadilybuiltupourunderstandingofelectricity whichtodaycarriesourvoicesovertelephonelines bringsentertainmenttoourtelevisions andkeepsthelightson Para C Noplastic Thefirstcompletelysyntheticplasticwasmadebyachemistintheearly1900s andsincethen chemistryhasdevelopedawidevarietyofplasticssuitedforallsortsofjobs fromblockingbulletstomakingsmootherdentalfloss Para D Nomodernagriculture Sciencehastransformedthewayweeattoday Inthe1940s biologistsbegandevelopinghigh yieldvarietiesofcorn wheat andrice which whenpairedwithnewfertilizersandpesticidesdevelopedbychemists dramaticallyincreasedtheamountoffoodthatcouldbeharvestedfromasinglefield leadingtotheGreenRevolution Para E 1 Thesescience basedtechnologiestriggeredstrikingchangesinagriculture massivelyincreasingtheamountoffoodavailabletofeedtheworldandsimultaneouslytransformingtheeconomicstructureofagriculturalpractices Para E 2 Nomodernmedicine Inthelate1700s EdwardJennerfirstconvincinglyshowedthatvaccinationworked Inthe1800s scientistsanddoctorsestablishedthetheorythatmanydiseasesarecausedbygerms Andinthe1920s abiologistdiscoveredthefirstantibiotic Para F 1 Fromtheeliminationofsmallpox tothepreventionofnutritionaldeficiencies tosuccessfultreatmentsforoncedeadlyinfections theimpactofmodernmedicineonglobalhealthhasbeenpowerful Infact withoutscience manypeoplealivetodaywouldhaveinsteaddiedofdiseasesthatarenoweasilytreated Para F 2 ShapingsocietyJustasitshapesyourpersonaldecision making scientificknowledgealsohelpsinformregulatorydecision makingandpolicy andtheresultsofthesedecisionsareeverywhere Infact theyaresocommonthatyouprobablyneverevenstoptothinkaboutthem Whyisyourquartofmilkdecoratedwithanutritionlabel Para G 1 Whydoschoolscheckstudents vaccinationrecords Whyaren tyournewkitchentilesmadeofasbestos Whyisitillegaltopouryourusedmotoroildownastormdrain Becauseofscience ofcourse Scienceinformspoliciesthatpromoteourhealth safety andenvironmentalfriendliness Para G 2 Sciencedoesn tdictatepolicy butitdoesgiveusa how to manualforreachingtheoutcomesthatwedecidewewant Forexample Para H Wanttogetridofpolio Inthe1940sand50s AmericansocietygotbehindeffortstopreventandtreatpoliobydonatingtotheorganizationcalledtheMarchofDimes ThroughtheMarchofDimes thatsocietalconcernfinancedresearchonpoliovaccines Scienceprovideduswiththevaccinethatmadepreventionpossible anditalsogaveusanunderstandingofpoliotransmissionthatshapedourapproachtoapplyingthevaccine Para I 1 Ifwewantedtotrulygetridofthedisease onlyamassivevaccinationeffortwoulddothetrick Today apoliovaccinationisaroutinerequirementforenrollinginpublicschoolintheU S In1988 asetofinternationalhealthorganizationslaunchedaglobalprogramtogetridofpoliothroughwidespreadvaccination andthebattlecontinues AsofJanuary2007 poliohadbeenbeatenbacktojustfourcountries Para I 2 Wanttogetwarningofnaturaldisasters Thoughwecan tyetpredictearthquakes sciencedoeshaveeffectivewaysofpredictingwhenandwherehurricanesmightstrikeland Societyhasputthatknowledgetogooduse Para J 1 TheNationalWeatherServicecontinuallycollectsdataaboutmeteorologicalpatternsandanalyzesthosedatabasedonourscientificunderstandingofweathersystems Theymaythenissueahurricanewarning whichgivescitizenstimetogettosafetyandallowscommunityorganizerstoprepareforevacuationsandemergencies Para J 2 Sciencedoesn ttellusthatweoughttopreventdisease provideadvancedwarningincaseofdisaster orprotectourplanet Peoplemakethosedecisionsbasedontheirownvalues butonceadecisionismade wecanusescientificknowledgetofigureouthowtoaccomplishthatgoalandwhatitslikelyconsequenceswillbe Para K matter matterV tobeimportant especiallytobeimportanttoaparticularperson ortohaveaneffectonwhathappensmattertoHehadlostmanyofthepeoplewhomatteredtohim WillwhatIsaymattertohim matter itdoesnotmatterif that who why what Itdoesnotmatterwhatyouwear aslongasyoulookneatandtidy DoesitmatterwhatIthink Itdoesnotmatterthatthegunwasinfactunloaded Doesitmatterthatthecupsandsaucersdonotmatch antibiotics antibiotics 抗生素anti 反对的 反抗的anti authority反权威anti gun反枪支anti immigrant反移民biotics 生命学probiotics益生菌 courtesy 1 谦恭有礼politebehavior goodmanners2 有礼貌的举止 言词 apoliteorkindactionorexpressionHedidn tevenhavethecourtesytoapologize 他也不道个歉 真没有礼貌 DomethecourtesyoflisteningtowhatIhavetosay 请听我说几句话 bycourtesyof蒙 的好意 蒙 提供Thispictureappearsintheexhibitionbycourtesyofthelocalgovernment 这幅画蒙地方政府的允许在画展上展出 含蓄虚拟条件句 Withouttheinventionofthetelephone onecouldnotkeepintouchwithfriendswhoacrosstheglobe Tohearhimtalk Ifyouheardhimtalk youwouldthinkhewasCanadian Butforyourguidance Ifitwerenotbeenforyourguidance wewouldhavefailed Wedidn ttelltheoldwomanthebadnewsforfearthatshe should breakdown Ihadasnack justincasetherewasnotimetoeatlater oneoftheFoundingFathersoftheUnitedStatesascientist discoveriesandtheoriesregardingelectricity BenFranklin anItalianphysicistknownfortheinventionofthebatteryinthe1800s AlessandroVolta Paraphrase Paraphrase Inthe1940s resultingfromtheuseofnewfertilizersandpesticidesimprovedbychemists biologistsbegantointroducedifferenttypesofgrainswithincreasedyields andthisbroughtaboutalargeincreaseinagriculturalproductivity leadingtotheGreenRevolution 译文 在二十世纪四十年代 生物学家开始研发高产玉米 小麦和水稻品种 这些新品种在化学家们新开发的化肥和农药的配合下 大大提高了单位耕地的粮食产量 进而导致了绿色革命 pairwith 与 成对 与 配对Shewaspairedwithafamousmoviestar 她与一位著名影星联袂演出 Trytopairthiscardwithoneexactlythesamefromtheotherpack 设法将这张牌与另一叠牌中完全相同的一张牌配成一对 trigger triggertomakesomethinghappenveryquickly especiallyaseriesofeventsPriceincreasestriggerforwageincreases 物价上涨导致了要求增加工资 Theodouroffoodmaytriggerpeople sappetite 食物的香味能引起人的食欲 triggeramemory makeonesuddenlyremembersomething Thesmelltriggersone smemoryfirst triggeroffTherumortriggeredoffawaveofdisturbance EdwardJennerwasanEnglishphysicianandscientist whowasthepioneerofsmallpoxvaccine Heisoftencalled thefatherofimmunology andhisworkissaidtohave savedmorelivesthantheworkofanyotherman EdwardJenner Paraphrase Whetherwehumanbeingstrytogetridofsmallpox topreventnutrientdeficienciesorwhetherwesuccessfullyknowhowtotreatdiseasesthatwerelikelytocausedeath modernmedicinehasleftgreatinfluenceonglobalhealth 译文 从天花的灭绝到营养缺乏症的防治 再到对曾经无药可救的感染的成功治疗 现代医学对世界医疗卫生的影响是巨大的 elimination completelygetridoforremove消除 消灭theeliminationoftoxinsfromthebodyMostoftheamateurteamswereeliminatedfromthecompetitioninthefirstround CF removeeliminatedismiss expel这些动词均有 开除 驱出 去掉 之意 remove 普通用词 不带任何感情色彩 eliminate 通常指例行的 有步骤地去掉某物或某人 dismiss 既可指突然地迅速地排除 也可指解雇或开除 expel 多指强行解除公职或驱出住地 impact on upon theeffectorinfluencethatanevent situationetc hasonsomeoneorsomethingWhatthesepeoplefailtoseeisthatinternationaltourismmaybringaboutadisastrousimpactonourenvironmentandlocalhistory Beingpartofagroupofsuperbpeoplehasaprofoundimpactoneverymember have make animpacton对 有 产生 影响 regulatory restrictingaccordingtorulesorprinciples管理的 调节的regulatorysystem调节系统regulatoryagency 计 管理机构 调节机构regulatoryframework规章制度 规管架构regulatorymechanism调节机制regulationn 管理 规则 校准regulatev 调节 规定 控制 校准 dictate 1 sayorreadaloud wordstobewrittendownbyanotherorothers 大声讲或读 口授2 statewiththeforceofauthority command decree prescribe指示 指定 指令Thepresidenthasdictatedsomeletterstohissecretary 总裁已向秘书口授了一些信稿 Thevictoriousnationswereabletodictatepeaceterms 战胜国能发号施令地规定和平条件 dictate常和介词to连用 表示 向 口授 向 传达命令 aUnitedStatesnonprofitorganizationthatworkstoimprovethehealthofmothersandbabies Itwasfoundedbythen PresidentFranklinD Rooseveltin1938tocombatpolio TheMarchofDimes transmission 传送 传播 传达actionorprocessoftransmittingorbeingtransmittedTheinfluenzavirushasshownperson to persontransmission Weinterruptournormaltransmissionstobringyouaspecialnewsflash 我们中断正常节目 插播一条特别新闻 transmission trans 横跨 越过 转移 改变transcend trans 越过 scend 船随浪上浮 超过 超越transport trans 横穿 越过 port 港口 运输transmit trans 横穿 越过 mit 发送 传输 发射transplant trans 转移 plant 种植 移植transform trans 转移 改变 form 形式 改变 变换 putsomethingto good use tomakeuseofsomething suchasknowledgeorskills foraparticularpurpose好好利用 好好使用Thedrivemightbeputtobetterusedoingdata onlybackupsorforstoringlargegraphicsfiles HeeventuallywentbacktoschoolandgothisPh D inpsychology whichhehopestoputtouseinhisretirementbyperhapsbecomingayouthcounselor continual continual 强调重复或持续发生 但连续之间允许有间断 continuous 语意最强 强调在时间和空间上没有间断Thebrainneedsacontinuoussupplyofblood Hehascontinualargumentswithhiswife Paraphrase Thenthey TheNationalWea