美国人餐桌文化及礼仪.doc

背景知识l美国快餐饮食文化和词汇大全生活在美国(一) 无所不在的快餐点 随着美国人生活节奏的加快，快餐食品便应运而生其快餐连锁店遍及世界各地，其中影响最大的当属麦当劳快餐连锁店供应的快餐食品有：汉堡包、烤牛肉、牛排、火腿、三明治、肯德鸡、油炸土豆片、烘馅饼、冰淇淋以及各种碳酸饮料等Fast Food 快餐食品Fast-food chains，American-style， are currently on the increase all over the worldMost of these places work on a similar principle There is a long counter ， above which is displayed a list（often with pictures） of the items available， and behind which several people（often students working for the minimum wage）are serving Individual queues form in front of each assistant You receive what you order more or less immediately and take it on a tray to a table， picking up thing like straws（吸管）， pepper， salt， ketchup（蕃茄酱），pickles（泡菜）and napkins（usually paper napkins） on the wayIf you cant see any knives and forks ， this means you are supposed to eat with your handsIf you cant see any straws， thats because they are hiding in the straw dispenser（分配器） that you have to fiddle（拨弄） with the bottom of it to get a straw（one at a time）to emergeWhen youve finished， you yourself throw away everything except the trayMany fast-food places have drive-in facilitiesYou place your order from your car via （通过） a microphone and then drive round to a special window to pay and pick it up You may even encounter places where a waitress bring your meal out， and you sit and eat it in the car from a tray hooked over the door through the open windowYou may be asked if your order is “for here” or “to go ”（ieto take away）In some states there is no sales tax on food consumedTypes of Fast Food Restaurants 快餐店的种类The most widespread type of fast-food restaurant is that serving hamburgers， such as the chains of MacDonaldAll the different chains have their own specialties Arbys restaurants serve large roast beef， ham and cheese， and turkey（火鸡） “sandwiches” Some restaurant chains specialize in serving steaks quickly and cheaply And then theres Kentucky Fried ChickenChips 油炸土豆片Chips in America are called “French fries” or “fries ”for short（Note that in the USA “ chips” mean crisps）“French fries” are normally thinner than chipsAmericans generally put ketchup on their chips ，and you will not normally find vinegar（醋）Pizzas（意大利式）烘焰饼There are many specialty pizza restaurants in America， and many of them take telephone orders and deliver pizzas to your home， which can often be convenientThey come in different sizes， and a large one can be big enough for a party of four peopleIf you want to share a pizza but cant agree on the ingredients ， it is possible to order two different sets of toppings ，one set on each halfIce-Cream 冰淇淋Shops selling large number of different flavors of ice-cream are very common in America If you are not sure what flavor you want ，generally you can sample a small spoonful of a particular flavor to see if you like it You can either have your ice-cream in a “plain cone”（普通型锥形物） or in a “sugar cone”（甜脆型锥形物）Soft Drinks 软饮料Fast-food restaurants do not serve alcoholThe soft drinks most often sold are Coca-Cola and PepsiCola， plus fizzy drinks （which are like lemonade）and root beer （which is like cough medicine）Fizzy drinks are known as “carbonated beverages”（碳酸饮料） or ，more colloquially，“soda”，“pop”，“soda pop”，and “soft drinks”All these drinks come with lost of ice In fact， you will probably find as much ice as drink in your drinkIf you ask for a soft drink without ice， they will think you are funny but will probably oblige（They may charge you a bit extra， for ice is cheaper than Coke） 生活在美国(二) 美国人的用餐习惯 美国人吃饭用刀叉，而且他们的用餐方式是很有讲究的。因此，在应邀与美国朋友一起吃饭时，应特别注意他们的用餐习惯。一般情况下，餐桌上摆放有一幅餐刀和两幅餐叉，外边的餐叉供你吃色拉，里边的餐叉用于吃主食和其它点心食品，餐刀用来切肉食。如果你两手并用，应左手握叉，右手握刀，而且一次握刀时间不能太长。美国人的早餐有：炒或煮鸡蛋、香肠、油炸土豆片、薄煎饼、果子冻、烤面包、松饼、桔子汁以及咖啡等。Eating Custom and Practice 用餐习惯American eating is funny. They eat almost everything with a fork, and it appears that holding a knife in ones right hand longer than a few seconds is considered to be against good table manners.The system is that if it is absolutely necessary to use a knife, people take the fork in their left hand, and cut off a piece of meat or whatever it is in the normal manner. Then they put the knife down, transfer the fork to their right hand, and only then do they transport the food to their mouth. This is clearly ludicrous(滑稽可笑), but it is considered good manners.There are several results of this system. First, if it is not absolutely necessary to use a knife, Americans dont use one, because obviously this greatly complicates(使复杂化) things, and you will therefore see them trying to cut things like potatoes, fish and even bacon(熏猪肉) with a fork. Second, towards the end of a course, since only one implement(器具) is being used, food has to be chased around the plate with the fork and for the last mouthful the thumb has to be used to keep the food in place, although one is not supposed to do this.Third, tables are generally laid with one knife and two forks, the outside fork being for the salad. There is no need for foreign visitors to follow the American system and try to eat the salad with only a fork, but if you do use your knife, remember to save it for the meat course. Even desserts(甜食) (except ice cream) are eaten with a fork if at all possible, and the spoon you see by your dessert is meant to be for coffee (but if you use it for your dessert no one will say anything).Some Breakfast Dishes 早餐食谱Breakfast in a restaurant is a very enjoyable experience. If you order eggs in a restaurant, the waiter/waitress will ask you how you want them . You can reply that you want them scrambled(炒) or boiled. It is not sufficient, however, to ask for them fried; you will have to specify whether you would prefer them sunny-side-up (煎一面), over(两面煎), over-easy/easy-over(两面煎，但蛋黄仍然呈流体状). American sausage(香肠) comes in slices and is quite spicy. But you can also have link sausage.American bacon comes in small strips, can be rather fat, and is served crispy. It is usually very tasty, and you can eat it with your fingers.Hash brows(油炸土豆片) are shredded(切成碎片的) and fried potatoes. They are wonderful, especially with fried eggs and ketchup(蕃茄酱).Pancakes, sometimes called hot cakes, are made with baking power. They are normally served in a pile, and you are supposed to put butter and syrup(果浆) on them.Jelly(果子冻) is jam and includes grape jelly, which is very tasty. Toast is often served already buttered.English muffins(松饼) are like small crumpets(烤饼) without the holes and are served toasted. You put jam on them.A biscuit(软饼) is a small, scone-like bread roll, often served hot.Orange juice and coffee are often served with breakfast. 生活在美国(三) 美国人的主食 美国人吃午餐和吃晚餐之前通常要喝点鸡尾酒，但在加利福尼亚州，人们大都喝葡萄酒。吃主食之前，一般都要吃一盘色拉。炸磨茹和炸洋葱圈可作为开胃食品，牛排、猪排和鸡（腿）为主食，龙虾、贝壳类动物以及各种鱼类甚至包括淡水鱼被统称为海鲜。炸土豆条是深受人们喜爱而且几乎成了必不可少的食物。另外应特别注意的一点，如有吃剩的食物，一定要打包带回家，以免浪费。Cocktail鸡尾酒It is quite usual to drink cocktails before lunch and dinner in America and somewhat less usual, except in California, to drink wine with a meal. You can either have a cocktail in the bar, if there is one, while you wait for a table or for friends, or you can have one served before your dinner comes. At some restaurants the waiter/waitress will come to your table as soon as you sit down to ask if you want a cocktail, and you can then drink this while deciding what to order to eat. At others, there may be a separate cocktail waiter or waitress. In this case, you do not normally order wine from him or her but from the normal waiter- or the wine waiter is there is one.Do not hesitate to order Californian wines. They can be excellent and in many parts of the country are cheap.Salad色拉It is usual to have a salad with your meal, and a separate plate is provided for this purpose. The normal practice in America is to eat the salad before the main course. A wonderful American invention is the salad bar. In restaurants that have these salad bars the waiter does not bring your salad. You go to the salad bar and help yourself, usually to as much as you want. This is normally done after you have ordered your meal; you eat the salad while the main course is being cooked.Choosing from the Menu选菜American menus can look rather confusing at first sight, for they may use some terms which are unfamiliar to most visitors. Here are some points which may be useful.Fried mushrooms, fried onion rings (洋葱圈) and fried zucchini (小胡瓜) are sometimes served as starters (第一道菜).Potatoes most often come French-fried or baked. If you order a baked potato, the waiter will ask you what you want on it. The choice is butter and/or sour cream and sometimes chives (细香葱).Very often vegetables do not come automatically with the meal, and you have to pay extra for them.Scrod (小鳕鱼), red snapper (啮龟) and mahi hahi are all name of fish. Seafood” means lobster (龙虾), shellfish and fish, including, funnily enough, freshwater fish! Prawns (对虾) are known as shrimp.American beef is usually good and often wonderful.American salt and pepper (糊椒粉) pots are confusing until you realize that the salt pot may look like a pepper pot except that the salt pots holes are bigger. Pepper is normally black rather than white. American mustard (芥末) is mild and normally eaten with hot dogs or hamburgers rather than meat.And that stuff in a dish that looks ice cream is actually whipped (搅拌过的) butter.Leftovers吃剩的食物You have probably heard that in American restaurants, if you cant finish your meal, you can put the remains in a doggy bag and take them home. This is quite true. If you leave some meat, in particular, your waiter may ask you if youd like him to put it into a little bag, or you can ask him to do this.生活在美国(四) 美国用餐常识 中国菜着重色、香、味， 西餐讲究实惠。初到美国餐馆用餐，应该注意如下事项： 1）选择合适的餐馆（如：家庭式餐馆、特色餐馆以及自助式餐馆等）； 2）餐馆营业时间（上午11：30开门营业，直到夜晚）； 3）一般都应事先预订餐位： 4）到达餐馆后，不能径直地到餐桌旁入桌，除非餐厅有“随意就坐”的告示； 5）付款时，别忘了留给服务员一定比例的小费（一般为实际总额的10%15%）。Eating out is one of the joy of being in the USA. The food is usually good and often excellent; the prices are reasonable ; and the service is mostly fine. Choosing a Restaurant 选择餐馆 Some restaurants are open for breakfast; others are open twenty-four hours a day. A number of restaurants call themselves family restaurants. Many of these serve no alcohol and have fairly restricted menus which include steaks, hamburgers, novelettes(炒蛋) and sandwiches, and all are at very reasonable prices. They may also serve smaller and cheaper childrens portions(份餐). Note that many American restaurants are specialty restaurants . They may serve only, or mainly , steaks , seafood, etc. When to Eat 供餐时间 Many restaurants, especially the more expensive ones, open at about 11：30 a.m.(midday, rather than 1 p.m. , is the most normal time for lunch in the USA), and some remain open until the evening, so it is possible to order a meal throughout the afternoon. In many areas it is usual for people to leave work and go out for an evening meal at 5 p.m. or 6 p.m. , than waiting until later. Reserving a Table 预订餐位 Eating out is rather popular in the USA. And it is often necessary to make a reservation. You will sometimes see short queues of people waiting for tables at restaurants-its more pleasant to wait in the bar , of course, if there is one-but there queues more quickly. Arriving at Restaurant 到达餐馆 When you arrive at most restaurant, you should not just go in and sit down-unless you see a sign saying Please seat yourself . Usually you will have to wait for a hostess or captain(领班) to escort(陪同) you to a table . Often there will be a sign that reads Please wait to be seated. Do not expect to share a table with other parties, even if the restaurant is crowed . It just isnt done. Many restaurant have a no-smoking section, in some place by lows. One excellent American custom is that after you have sat down your waiter or waitress will often bring you a glass or water(with ice naturally) and will keep on refilling it throughout the meal. (Most American are incapable of eating a meal without drinking something at the same time.)When your waiter or waitress takes your order, it is not very normal for one person to order for the whole table. Each person orders separately , except in the most expensive restaurants. Summoning a waiter 召唤侍者 You may find your waiter unusually friendly. He may ask you how you are (Youre supposed just to say Fine), inquire whether you have a good day and , later on say that he hopes you will enjoy your meal. To summon a waiter in a American restaurant you may call Bill, or Mary, or Claude, or whatever. Waiters and waitresses often actually introduce themselves when they first come to your table or wear name tags, you are permitted to use their first names. Paying the Bill 付款 The bill (often called the check) comes usually with tax added but no service chare-though some restaurant do now add a service charge. The etiquette(规矩) books say that you should leave a ten per cent tip(小费) for lunch, fifteen per cent for dinner. The tip should be calculated on the basis of the total before the addition of tax. At many restaurant you can ask the waiter to bring the bill and than pay at a cash desk on the way out. 生活在美国(五) 美国人的酒 酒的种类 美国的酒大致可分为啤酒、鸡尾酒、威士忌和葡萄酒。啤酒有淡啤酒和浓啤酒之别；包装采用瓶装、听装和壶装。鸡尾酒和“混合饮料”含有很浓的酒精成分，饮用方式一般有加冰和不加冰两种，其配制方式各种各样。威士忌也是一种烈性酒，而且呈油状，分为黑麦威士忌和苏格兰威士忌。葡萄酒分为红、白两种，但值得注意的是：标有“Chablis”商标的葡萄酒并非法国所产的无甜味的白葡萄酒，而是美国加利弗尼亚州生产的白葡萄酒，该酒在美国享有盛誉。BeerAmerican beer, with very few exceptions, varies from the mediocre(普通的) to the terrible. There are not many types of beer in the USlight and dark are two terms commonly used.It is therefore normal to order beer simply by brand name. In a restaurant, in fact, it is quite all right to order a beer, and they will tell you what they have.It is not necessary, either, to specify quantity when ordering beer. If it comes in bottles or cans, you will get a bottle or can, and if its on tap(可以随时取用的) you will get a glass, unless you order a pitcher(有嘴和柄的大酒罐 i.e. a jug). The latter is very convenient thing to do, since you can then take the jug and glasses to your table and keep filling up without going back to the bar. (It is harder, however, to know how much you have drunk.)Some beer comes in bottles with tops that look as if they need an opener, but you can, in fact, screw(拧开) them off by handthough you have to be very careful not to hurt yourself. It is possible, in some stores and bars, to find a wide selection of beer from all over the world, especially Western Europe and Australia, and it is good fun to experiment with these.CocktailsCocktails and mixed drinks are much more popular and rather stronger in the USA than in Europe, and visitors may not be familiar with some of the terminology(术语). On the rocks, as you probably know, means with ice, while straight up or up means neat and without ice.There are hundreds of different cocktails, and there is no space here to list all the different names.The Hard StuffIn America whiskey means bourbon(一种烈性威士忌酒，最初为美国肯塔基州Bourbon地区所产) unless otherwise indicated. Bourbon is a rather oily spirit made from maize(玉米). Rye(黑麦威士忌酒) whiskey is called rye and Scotch whiskey Scotch.WineIn bars wine can often be bought by the glass. Dont be misled by names such as Chablis is used to refer to white wine, and Burgundy to redAmericans seem never to have heard of white Burgundy.饮酒与法律 在美国及各州、市、县对饮酒都制定了相关的法律。顾客要饮酒必须达到法定的年龄，一般规定在18至21岁以上。顾客进酒吧时，常需接受保安人员对其年龄进行核实。此时，只需出示自己的驾照或其他有效证件即可，因为这些证件上注有持证人的出生日期。 Alcohol(含酒精的饮料) and the lawIt is difficult to give a description of American laws concerning alcohol because they vary from state to state and city to city. The following, though, may be noted.Some towns, even state are totally is sold at all except that they allow the sale of very weak (3.2 percent alcohol) beer, known as three-two beer. Some places do not allow the sale of alcohol on Sundays, even in shopsyou may find a bar locked over the alcohol shelves. You can see it but not buy it! Other places permit alcohol to be sold on Sunday afternoons and evenings, but not on Sunday mornings. (Note that this means sales have to stop at midnight on Saturday.)In many parts of America, you are not allowed to drink alcohol in a public place. That is, you may not sit in a parlor walk along a street drinking beer, and you cannot even take a nice bottle of wine on your picnic. In some places, people can be seen taking drinks in public places from cans wrapped in brown-pap