2012年高三英语专题复习-阅读理解解题技巧.xls

第 1 页 共 14 页 6 点击朗诵外语 需要启用宏后才能使用朗诵功能 启用方法 先启用编辑 然后启用宏内容 2003版启用方法如下 工具 宏 安全性 低或中 重启文档 启用宏 不会启用宏 点击查看帮助 高高三三英英语语专专题题复复习习英英语语阅阅读读理理解解技技巧巧提提供供 顾顾燕燕卿卿 嘉嘉兴兴英英语语教教学学整整理理1 1 指指读读 2 声读 3 译读 4 回读 5 析读 6 参照读 7 视幅过窄 8 毛病 bad habits 教学过程中 发现学生在 阅读时常做些不利于阅读的坏动作 有的同学晃头 颠腿 转笔 听音乐 咬指头 趴在桌子上 揪头发等等 摒弃不良的阅读习惯 高考英语考试中阅读理解的文章一般有这样几种文 体 即记叙文 描写文 说明文 应用文和论述文 不同的文体 有不同的段落组织方式和脉络层次 记叙文往往按时间顺序展开段落 文 章有明显表示时间先后的词语 阅读时抓住时间这条主线 弄清who what where why与how 描写文通过细节的描写以画面的方式来反应事物的特征 性质 对 这种文章要迅速弄清其主题 主题词往往出现在各个句子里 贯穿 文章的始末 紧围绕这个主题进行阅读 找到文章与之有关的信息 并确定信息与主题的关系 说明文多见于科普文章 用以解释或揭示事物的状态 特征 演变 结果及其相互之间的关系 这类文体的文章 首句往往是主题句 开门见 山 说明文章的关注对象 弄清作者的思路和段落组织的方式 把握次要 信息及其与主题的关系 体裁分析能力论述文的阅读难在这种文章处处都 渗透作者的个人观点 态度 阅读论述文应该从文体的写作和结构特点入 手 文章的结构往往容易把握 用主题句开门见山 作者往往 通过信号词 signal words或transitional words 和关联词 referents来 组织段落 文章 对信号词的迅速反应和对关联词的准确判断是至 关重要的 要特别注意区分作者的观点与文章里所提到的人物的观 点 同时注意作者所使用的表示赞同 反对等感情色彩的词汇 体裁分析 能力细节理解题 细节理解题就是我们常见的wh 题 它们大 多是根据 文章中的具体信息如事实 例证 原因 过程 论述等进行提问的 有些问题 可以在文章中直接找到答案 有些则要我们在理解的基础上将有关内容系 统化才能找到 比如计算 排序 是非判断 图形比较等 第 2 页 共 14 页 做此类题的方法一般是先用寻读法找出与问题相关的词语或句 子 再对相关的部分进行细读 找出正确答案 1 是非题出题 形式 a 三正一误 Which of the following is true exce pt Which of the following is mentioned except b 三误一正 Which of the following is true 这种做题方 法主要与三正一误的下列问法相联系 Which of the following mentioned except Which of the following is not mentioned 这种问题的正确选项所包含的信息通常连续出现在同一段 而 且 往往无列举标志词 如first second third等 做题时只需 阅读 有关段落 根据一个选项中的关键词在其前后找其他两个正确 先项 剩下一个原文中未提到的 为正确答案 分析题干能力2 例证题 例子为高考阅读理解的常见考点之一 这类题的基本结构为 The author provides in line 或Paragraph an example in order to 意思是问文中举出某现象或例子的目的 文章中举 出一些例子无非是为了说明一定的道理 关键在于这个例 子在原文出现的位置 但不管如何 这个例子之前或之后不远 处通 常都有一句总结说明性的话 这句话就是答案 即举例的目的 如果例子与全文主题有关 则例证主题 答案为主题句 如 果例子与段落主题有关 就例证段落主题 则答案为段落主题 句 此外 答 案为例子前后总结说明性的话 分析题干能力3 年代与数字 这个考点有几种出题方式 但不管以何种形式出 现 只要题干问年代与数字 答案就对应于文章中的年代与数 字 4 比较 比较考点的表现形式主要有 a 比较级与含有比较意义的词汇手段和句型结构 b 表示绝对意义的字眼 第 3 页 共 14 页 first 第一 least 最不 most 最 等 c 表示惟一性的词汇 only unique等 阅读最好能圈出表示最高级 惟一性和绝对意义的词汇 便于 做题时回原文定位 分析题干能力5 原因 这种题的答案在原 文通常有一些表示因果关系的词汇手段提示 result reason result in 结果 result from 由于 bas e on 以 为基础 be due to 由于 because for why as a result consequently等 阅读时对这些提示词应该予以注意 原文相关句出现的格式都 是先 说原因 后说结果 而在题干中通常给出结果 就其原因提问 分析题干能力Invited by Mr Ye Huixian host of the well received TV programme Stars Tonight Miss L uo Lin Miss Asia of 1991 appeared as the guest hos tess on the Shanghai TV screen last Sunday Born in Shanghai and taken to Hong Kong when she was only six years old Luo Lin has never dreamed of being Miss Asia Her ch ildhood dream was to be an air hostess Before she t ook part in the competition she had been an airhost ess in Cat hay Airline for seven years However it still took her three months to learn the art of walking on the stage dancing singing making up and other proper manners designed by the Asia TV Station It s really a hard job for me I won t enter for such competition any more Anyhow I am quite lucky I am also glad to have had more chance to work for the social welfare since I won the title This time in Shanghai I d love to make a deep impression on my TV audience said Luo Lin with a sweet smile Q Which of the following is NOT true A Luo Lin is a native of Shanghai B Luo Lin move d to Hong Kong with her parents C Luo Lin won the title of Miss Asia in 1991 D Asia TV Station helped Luo Lin to become Miss Asi a 解析 A C 和D都可在原文找到答案 而B项原文列的是 taken to Hong Kong可判断不是moved to Hong Kong with her pa rents 因此选B return主旨大意题的提问方式有以下几种 第 4 页 共 14 页 1 The general main idea of the passage is about 2 Which of the following best states the theme of t he passage 3 In this passage the author discusses primarily 4 The passage is mostly about 5 The pass age is mainly concerned about 6 What is the main topic of the passage 7 What is the best title for the passage 8 The subject discussed in this text is 9 The author s main purposein writing the passage is to 10 The passage is meant to 11 The purpose ofth is article is to 分析题干能力在解主题大意时 以下方 法可供参考 1 认真阅读文章的第一段或每段的第一个句子 2 文章的主题作者往往有意识地反复论述 抓住反复出现的中心 词 即高频词 也叫做主题词 04年全国卷1 河南等 E篇中ma jor出现 过八次 尽管其词性 词义有所不同 但它就是关键词 3 文章或段落的主题句常常会出现在一些标志性的提示后 例如 On the whole in short therefore I agree with the opinion that Given all these points above I would support the idea that For all the reasons mentioned above I would prefer 掌握了找主题句的方法 就可以依据主题句归纳主题 但归纳 主 题容易出现以下三种错误 需要同学们注意 1 以偏概全 即 只抓住了主题的一个侧面就误以为是主题 2 过于笼统 即归 纳的主题太泛 与细节脱节或是没有对细节 加以充分论证 3 把观点强加给作者 读者往往根据自己的常识对文章进行判 断而忽视了作者的见解 分析题干能力Sample 1People have different tastes in food Some feel that they haven t eaten a meal unless they have had steak or other red meat Some prefer chicken or fish and eat one or the other at every meal Others prefer vegetables and fruits or 第 5 页 共 14 页 grains and would enjoy a meal of spaghetti eggplant and fresh fruit Others could live on what were ca lled fast foods a hamburger or hot dog French fri es and a soft drink 1 主题句在段首一个主题句常常是 一个段落的开头 其后的句子则是论证性细节 在论说文 科 技文献和新闻报道中多采用这种格式 Sample 2Some student s prefer a strict teacher who tells them exactly wha t to do Others prefer to be left to work on their o wn Still others like a democratic discussion type o f class No one teaching method can be devised to satisfy all students at the same time 2 主题句也会 出现在段尾 作者先摆出事实依据 层层推理论证 最后自然 得出结论 即段落的主题 本 段的中心思想在结尾句得到体现 它是此段内容的结论 Sample 3Nothing is as useful as a flashlight on a dark night if a tire goes flat Few inventions are so helpful to a child who is afraid of the dark In fact the modern flashlight brings light to many dark situations Finding something in the back of a closet is easy with a flashlight in hand A camper also needs one after the light of the campfire has been out 3 在 短文中间当主题句被安排在段中间时 通常前面只提出问题 文中的主题由随之陈述的细节或合乎逻辑的引申在文中导出 而后又作进一步的解释 支撑或发展 return有关推理的试题 常常包括以下类型 1 It can be inferred from the text that 2 From the text we know that 3 The story implies that 4 The paragraph following the passage will most probably be 5 T he writer s attitude toward is 6 The author implied suggested that 7 It may b e concluded from the passage that 8 Which of th e following statements does the passage support 9 W ith which of the following does the author agree 分 析题干能力考作者观点态度的提问方式有 1 The author seems to think that 2 The writer is trying to present a point of view in 3 The author wants to appeal to 4 The author s style is 5 The author s tone would be best described as 6 What is the author s opinion of 7 The writer believe that 8 What is the author s main purpose in the passage 9 In the author s opinion 分析题干能力推断 题 1 解推断题应注意 1 不能以自己的观点代替作者的观点 2 推理的根据来自于上下文 第 6 页 共 14 页 2 解推断题的方法 解推断题最主要的方法是根据词义关系推断具体细节 确定 作者态度 可以有两种思路 1 问全文主体事物的 包括主题 可以根据阐述主题或有关主 体 事物的相关句中的形容词 副词或动词确定作者的态度 2 如果问的是对某一具体事物的态度 则可以定位到具体相关 句 然后确定答案 分析题干能力Example 1 One day a man walked into a pet shop and said to the shop assistant I need two small mice and about fi ve dozen roaches 蟑螂 and two spiders What do you need these things for the shop assistant was very surprised Well replied the man I m moving out of my apartment and the landlord insists that I should leave the house in exactly the same condition as I found it Q The passage sugg ests that when the writer moved into the house it was A very clean B just cleaned by the landlord C tidy and comfortable D dirty and full of insec ts 解析 他要搬出所租的房子 而房东要求房屋必须是他租进来 时的原 样 所以他须买些老鼠和蟑螂等昆虫对房屋进行 恢复 因 此推出 答案为D Example 2 Some people are never right They never have good lu ck They usually do the wrong thing and say the wron g thing And even if what they say or do is OK they as a rule say it or do it at the wrong time So these people always have problems They often break dishes They sometimes miss buses and airplanes 第 7 页 共 14 页 Mr Neff is different He is always right He is nev er wrong He usually has good luck He seldom has pr oblems He never breaks dishes He never misses buse s or airplanes Even if he does miss them it is always the fault of the buses or air planes Mr Neff knows almost everything He doesn t ask questions he answers qu estions He never says I don t know Q Which of the following best describes the writer s attitude to Mr Neff A He finds Mr Neff hard to understand B He thinks Mr Neff wonderful C He feels pity f or Mr Neff D He does not like Mr Neff 解析 从作者的语气中我们可以体会他的态度 特别是Even i f he does miss them it is always the fault of the buses or th e airplanes 误了车或飞 机本该是人的失误怎能归咎于车或飞机呢 明显是讥讽 也是 暗示他对Mr Neff的讨厌之情 答案为D return如何根据上 下文判断词语的涵义这种题型常见的设题方式有 1 The underlined word phrase in the passage means 2 The word it them in the first paragraph refer s to 3 The underlined sentence in the last pa ragraph means 4 Which of the following is clo sest in meaning to the underlined word in the second paragraph 分析题干能力 一 根据 常识 经验猜生词例如 The old man put on his spectacles and began to read The door was so low that I hit the head on the linte l 猜词能力 二 根据上下文解释做出判断 其方法主要有 1 根据文中的定义 解释猜生词 例如 Skimming means lo oking over a passage quickly to get the main idea before you begin to read it carefully The harbor is protected by a jetty a wall built out into thewater 2 利用事例或解释猜生词 例如 第 8 页 共 14 页 The doctor is studying glaucoma and other diseases of the eye 3 利用重复解释的信息猜生词 例如 Mr Smith always arrives home punctually neither ea rly nor late 猜词能力4 根据同位关系进行判断 阅读中出现一些难词 有时后面就是一个同位语 对前面的词 进 行解释 这种解释有时也用连词 or 连接 a NMET2001 D篇 and other Germanic and Nordic peoples who spoke what we now call Anglo Sax on or Old English a Germanic language b NMET2002 A篇 The Chunnel a tunnel 隧道 connecting England and France is now complete 猜词 能力 三 利用标点符号和提示词猜测词义 One of the obstacles to false reading is vocalizing saying the words to themselves in a low voice The e arly scientific study of chemistry known asalchemy grew up in Egypt in the first few centuries A D 猜词能力 四 根据上下文的指代关系进行选择文章中 的代词it that he him或them可以指上文提到的人或物 其中it和 that还可以指一件事 有时代词指代的对象相隔较远 要认真 查找 也有时需要对前面提到的内容进行总结 才能得出代词 所指代的事 例如 NMET2002 A篇 原题第57题 What does the underlined word it paragraph 2 refer to A Discovering the moon s inner space B Using the earth s inner space C Meeting the moonpeople aga in 第 9 页 共 14 页 D Traveling to outer space 原文 However the question that moon people aske d is still an interesting one A growing number of scient ists are seriously thinking about it 猜词能力由此可以看出it指 上句中的the question 而the question又指第 一段中 月球人 所提的问题 所以根据第一段中的问题 Why a re you traveling to outer space when you don t even use your inner space 就可以判断出答案为B 五 根据 转折或对比关系进行判断根据上下句的连接词 如 but how ever otherwise等就可以看到前后句在意义上的差别 从而 依据某一句的含义 来确定另一 句的含义 分号 还可以表示转折 对比或不相干的意义 He has been getting better but during the night his condition deteriorated 猜词能力 六 根据因果关系进行判 断根据原因可以预测结果 根据结果也可以找出原因 NMET2 001 A篇 Biggest power failure in the city s history All of our ice cream and frozen foods melted 猜词能 力后一句承接前一句 前一句的原因导致后一句的结果 根据 因果 关系 停电很可能导致冰淇淋和冷冻食品溶化 所以melted的 词义应为 溶化 七 根据构词法 合成 派生 转化 进 行判断 英语中 有很多词可以在前面加前缀 后面加后缀 从而构成 一 个词 乍看起来 这个词可能是生词 但掌握了一定的构词法 知识 就不难猜出它的词义 例如 NMET2002 B篇 Market research shows that Gold and others who buy organic food can generally give clear reasons for their preferences but their knowledge o f organicfood is far from complete 猜词能力我们知道 prefer的意思是 宁愿 愿意 根据上下文可以 判断prefer的名词形式preference的含义应是 偏爱 爱好 根据近年来高考阅读理解对同学们提出新的要求 建议同学 们在 以下几个方面加强自我训练 1 猜测熟词新含义例1 The major market force rests in t he growi