management test.doc

1. Leader: Someone who can influence others and who has managerial authority.2. Leader participation model: A leadership contingency model that related leadership behavior and participation in decision making.3. Manager: Someone who coordinates and oversees the work of others so that organizational goals can be accomplished.4. Controlling: Management function that involves monitoring actual performance, comparing actual performance against a standard, and taking managerial action.5. Omnipotent view of management: The view that managers are directly responsible for an organizations success or failure.6. External environment: Those factors and forces outside the organization that affect the organizations performance.7. Strategic alliances: Partnerships between an organization and a foreign company partner(s) in which both share resources and knowledge in developing new products or building production facilities.8. Rational decision making: Describes choices that are consistent and value maximizing within specific constraints.9. Management by objectives: A process of setting mutually agreed-upon goals to evaluate employee performance.10. Cross-functional teams: A work team composed of individuals from various functional specialties.11. Active listing: Listening for full meaning without making premature judgements or interpretation.12. Organizational development: Techniques or programs to change people and the nature and quality of interpersonal work relationships.13. Groupthink: A form of conformity in which group members feel extensive pressure to align their opinions with others opinions.14. Expectancy theory: The theory that an individual tends to act in a certain way based on the expectation that the act will be followed by a given outcome and on the attractiveness of that outcome to the individual. 1、What are the three essential managerial skills ?How does the importance of these skills change depending on management level ? Three essential management skills are technical skills, human skills and conceptual skills. Technical skills are the job-specific knowledge and techniques needed to perform specific tasks proficiently. There skills tend to be more important for lower level managers because they typically are managing employees who are using tools and techniques to produce the organizations products or service the organizations customers. Human skills are important for managers at all levels. Conceptual skills are needed by all managers at all managers at all managers at all levels, but Katz proposed that these skills become more important in top management positions.2、List and explain at least 8 of Henri Fayols 14 principles of management .(1)Division of work: specialization increases output by making employees more efficient.(2)Authority: Managers must be able to give orders. Authority gives them this night. Along with authority, however, goes responsibility. (3)Discipline: employees must obey and respect the rules that govern the organization.(4)Unity of command: Every employee should receive orders from only one superior.(5)Unity of direction: The organization should have a single plan of action to guide managers and workers.(6)Remuneration: Workers must be paid a fair wage for their services.(7)Order: People and materials should be in the right place at the right time.(8)Equity: Managers should be kind and fair to their subordinates.3、What are the external environmental factors that influencing the organization and its management ? The external environment refers to forces and institutions outside the organisation that potentially can affect its performance. The external environment is made up of the specific environment and the general environment; The term specific environment includes those external forces that have a direct impact on managers decisions and actions and are directly relevant to the achievement of the organizations goals. The main forces that make up the specific environment are customers, suppliers, competitors and pressure groups. The general environment includes the broad economic, political/legal, sociocultural, demographic, technological and global conditions that affect an organization. 4、 What are the three ways for a company to go international ?During the initial stages of going international, managers look at ways to get into a global market without having to invest First is minimal investment: global sourcing; second is medium investment: Exporting-importing; licensing; franchising; the last is Significant investment: strategic alliance-joint venture; foreign subsidiary.5、 What are the two opposing views of social responsibility ?Classical view: the view that managements only social responsibility is to maximize profits. Socioeconomic view: the view that managements social responsibility goes beyond making profits to include protecting and improving societys welfare. The key differences between these two perspectives are easier to understand if we think in terms of the people to whom organizations are responsible. Classicists would say that shareholders or owners are the only legitimate concern. Others would respond that managers are responsible to any group affected by the organizations decisions and actions-that is, the stakeholders.6、 What are the 8 steps of decision making process ?Step 1. Identifying a problem. Step 2. Identifying decision criteria. Step 3. Allocating weights to the criteria. Step 4. Developing alternatives.Step 5. Analyzing alternatives. Step 6. Selecting an alternative. Step 7. Implementing the alternative. Step 8. Evaluating decision effectiveness7.What is the difference between strategic plans and operational plans ?Strategic plans: plans that apply to the entire organization, establish the organizations overall goals, and seek to position the organization in terms of its environment.Operational plans: plans that specify the details of how the overall goals are to be achieved.8、What is Span of Control ? What is the contemporary view of span of control ? Why ? Span of control is the number of employees a manager can efficiently manager. The trend in recent years has been towards larger spans of control. The contemporary view of span of control recognises that factors influence the appropriate number of employees that a manager can efficiently and effectively manage. These factors include the skill and abilities of the manager and the employees,and the characteristics of hte work being done. Other contingency variable that will determine the appropriate span include similarity of employee tasks, the complexity of those task, the physical proximity of subordinates, the degree to which standardised procedures are in place, the sophistication of the organisations information system, the strength of the organisations culture and the preferred style of manager.9.How to overcome the barriers for communication and make interpersonal communication more effective ? Provide good feedback, simplify language, listen actively, constrain emotions and watch for non-verbal cue.10、 What is organisational change ?What are the internal forces to push the change ? (organisational change : Any alterations in people,structure or technology in an organisation)the internal forces tend to originate form the internal operations of the internal organisation or from the impact of external changes. A redefinition or modification of an organisations strate often introduce a host of change; In addition, an organisations workforce is rarely static. Its composition changes in terms of age, education, sex and so forth; The introduction of new equipment represents another internal force for change; finally, employee attitudes, such as increased job dissatisfaction, may leed to increased absenteeism, more voluntary resignations and even labour strikes.11、What are the characteristics of a effective team ?Teams are not automatic productivity enhancers. They can also be a disappointment.Influence of characteristics of effective team included clear goals relevant skillsMutual trust Unified commitment Good communication Negotiating skills Appropriate leadership Internal and external support 12. What is the hierarchy of needs theory? There is a hierarchy of five human needs:1. Physiological needs:food, drink,shelter,sexual satisfaction and other physical requirement; 2. Safety needs:security and protection from physical and emotional harm, as well as assurance that physical needs will continue to be met. 3.social needs:affection,belongingness,acceptance,and friendship. 4.Esteem needs:internal esteem factors such as self-respect,autonomy and achievement, and external esteem factors such as status,recognition and attention, 5.self-actualisation needs:growth,achieving ones potential and self-fulfilment;the drive to become what one is capable of becoming.13. What are the Kurt Lewins three types of leadership styles? Based on Lewins research, where is the most effective leadership style? The studies explored three leadership styles, or ways of behaving. The autocratic style described a leader who typically tended to centralize authority, dictate work methods, make unilateral decisions and limit employee participation. The democratic style described a leader who tended to involve employees in decision making, delegate authority, and encourage participation in deciding work methods and goals, and use feedback as an opportunity for coaching employees. Finally, the laissez-faire-style leader generally gave the group complete freedom to make decisions and complete the work in whatever way is saw fit. Based on the research, the democratic style contributed to both good quantity and good quality of work. Essay Questions1、What are the Henri Fayols five functions of management ?Please use one task or project to show these function work ?Planing, organising,commanding,coordinating and controlling. When a housing design team to design a new house structure, then the team organizer must play his several function.First of all, to planing, the organizers need to plan the task, such as when to accomplish this task, the needs of a amount people, to complete a series of issues to consider; then, organising, organizers to be selected for the personnel assigned tasks, who designed a kitchen, who designed the bedroom, who is responsible for the final summary; third is leading, organizers must have leadership skills, must be able to ensure that their staff to complete the task, selecting the most effective communication channels, or dealing in any way with employee behaviour issues. is the last controlling, when in the design of the structure, the staff had some differences, the organizers to control, to avoid staff conflicting.3、What is organizational culture ? How can you make the cross-culture communication more successful ? Organizational culture is the shared values, principles, traditions and ways of doing things that influence the way organizational members act. Cross-cultural communication refers to the native speaker and non-native speakers communication, it also means the language and cultural communication among people who have different.To make cross-cultural communication to achieve success, we must do the following points, first know yourself as well as the enemy, to understand their own culture and the culture of other countries in order to better cross-cultural communication; and then is honest and trustworthy, treat people with sincerity, tolerance, humility, respect each other, so as to win the trust of others, were more successful cultural exchange. We can make the cross- culture communication more successful.4、Please discuss the application of Equity Theory in management practice? Employees enthusiasm not only by the absolute returns, more important is affected by the relative return effect.Enterprise application of pay equity incentive, performance evaluation equity incentive, opportunity equity incentive to create a fair and reasonable selection of the atmosphere, so that employees have a subjective sense of equity , and to mobilize the enthusiasm of the staff for the purpose. Fairness has two forms: one is distributive justice, namely employee with others or their past comparison, feel that they get paid and paid work are consistent.Two is the procedural justice, namely to performance appraisal, job promotion and discipline management and other aspects of the program are fair, justice.Fair principle has important effect, manifested in the following aspects: 1, to explore staff potential, and the working performance is significantly improved.Fair process affects the employees work attitude and behavior, fair management can make the staff of ones ability and cleverness and exert the full enthusiasm to obtain a strong power, their innovation consciousness will in such incentives continue to emerge, so as to ensure the effectiveness and efficiency, but also make the organization competitiveness promotion. 2, enhance organizational cohesion, promote internal coordination and unification of each part.The fair management will increase the employees a sense of belonging and sense of responsibility.Employees in the work of the organization and others voluntarily and cooperation, gradually formed inside the organization good communication environment, in unison, coherence, cohesion of the organization get promoted. 3, help staff improve the organizations loyalty.The fair management will enhance their team spirit and team awareness, to care and to resist the temptation of profit of enterprise capability will be enhanced,