英语语言学-练习题)

.DecidewhethereachofthefollowingstatementsisTrueorFalse:1.Linguisticsisgenerallydefinedasthescientificstudyoflanguage.2.Linguisticsstudiesparticularlanguage,notlanguagesingeneral.3.Ascientificstudyoflanguageisbasedonwhatthelinguistthinks.4.Inthestudyoflinguistics,hypothesesformedshouldbebasedonlanguagefactsandcheckedagainsttheobservedfacts.5.Generallinguisticsisgenerallythestudyoflanguageasawhole.6.Generallinguistics,whichrelatesitselftotheresearchofotherareas,studiesthebasicconcepts,theories,descriptions,modelsandmethodsapplicableinanylinguisticstudy.7.Phoneticsisdifferentfromphonologyinthatthelatterstudiesthecombinationsofthesoundstoconveymeaningincommunication.8.Morphologystudieshowwordscanbeformedtoproducemeaningfulsentences.9.Thestudyofthewaysinwhichmorphemescanbecombinedtoformwordsiscalledmorphology.10.Syntaxisdifferentfrommorphologyinthattheformernotonlystudiesthemorphemes,butalsothecombinationofmorphemesintowordsandwordsintosentences.11.Thestudyofmeaninginlanguageisknownassemantics.12.Bothsemanticsandpragmaticsstudymeanings.13.Pragmaticsisdifferentfromsemanticsinthatpragmaticsstudiesmeaningnotinisolation,butincontext.14.Socialchangescanoftenbringaboutlanguagechanges.15.Sociolinguisticsisthestudyoflanguageinrelationtosociety.16.Modernlinguisticsismostlyprescriptive,butsometimesdescriptive.17.Modernlinguisticsisdifferentfromtraditionalgrammar.18.Adiachronicstudyoflanguageisthedescriptionoflanguageatsomepointintime.19.Modernlinguisticsregardsthewrittenlanguageasprimary,notthewrittenlanguage.20.ThedistinctionbetweencompetenceandperformancewasproposedbyF.deSaussure.Fillineachofthefollowingblankswithonewordwhichbeginswiththelettergiven:21.Chomskydefines“competence”astheidealusersk_oftherulesofhislanguage.22.Languereferstothea_linguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechcommunitywhiletheparoleistheconcreteuseoftheconventionsandapplicationoftherules.23.D_isoneofthedesignfeaturesofhumanlanguagewhichreferstothephenomenonthatlanguageconsistsoftwolevels:alowerlevelofmeaninglessindividualsoundsandahigherlevelofmeaningfulunits.24.Languageisasystemofa_vocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.25.Thedisciplinethatstudiestherulesgoverningtheformationofwordsintopermissiblesentencesinlanguagesiscalleds_.26.Humancapacityforlanguagehasag_basis,butthedetailsoflanguagehavetobetaughtandlearned.27.P_referstotherealizationoflangueinactualuse.28.Findingsinlinguisticstudiescanoftenbeappliedtothesettlementofsomepracticalproblems.Thestudyofsuchapplicationsisgenerallyknownasa_linguistics.29.Languageisp_inthatitmakespossibletheconstructionandinterpretationofnewsignalsbyitsusers.Inotherwords,theycanproduceandunderstandaninfinitelylargenumberofsentenceswhichtheyhaveneverheardbefore.30.Linguisticsisgenerallydefinedasthes_studyoflanguage.Therearefourchoicesfollowingeachstatement.Markthechoicethatcanbestcompletethestatement:31.Ifalinguisticstudydescribesandanalyzesthelanguagepeopleactuallyuse,itissaidtobe_.A.prescriptiveB.analyticC.descriptiveD.linguistic32.Whichofthefollowingisnotadesignfeatureofhumanlanguage?A.ArbitrarinessB.DisplacementC.DualityD.Meaningfulness33.Modernlinguisticsregardsthewrittenlanguageas_.A.primaryB.correctC.secondaryD.stable34.Inmodernlinguistics,speechisregardedasmorebasicthanwriting,because_.A.inlinguisticevolution,speechispriortowritingB.speechplaysagreaterrolethanwritingintermsoftheamountofinformationconveyedC.speechisalwaysthewayinwhicheverynativespeakeracquireshismothertongueD.Alloftheabove35.Ahistoricalstudyoflanguageisa_studyoflanguage.A.synchronicB.diachronicC.prescriptiveD.comparative36.Saussuretooka(n)_viewoflanguage,whileChomskylooksatlanguagefroma_pointofview.A.sociologicalpsychologicalB.psychologicalsociologicalC.appliedpragmaticD.semanticlinguistic37.AccordingtoF.deSaussure,_referstotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallthemem-bersofaspeechcommunity.A.paroleB.performanceC.langueD.Language38.Languageissaidtobearbitrarybecausethereisnologicalconnectionbetween_andmeanings.A.senseB.soundsC.objectsD.ideas39.Languagecanbeusedtorefertocontextsremovedfromtheimmediatesituationsofthespeaker.Thisfeatureiscalled_,A.displacementB.dualityC.flexibilityD.culturaltransmission40.Thedetailsofanylanguagesystemispassedonfromonegenerationtothenextthrough_,ratherthanbyinstinct.A.learningB.teachingC.booksD.bothAandB.Definethefollowingterms:41.Linguistics42.Phonology43.Syntax44.Pragmatics45.Psycholinguistics46.Language47.Phonetics48.Morphology49.Semantics50.Sociolinguistics51.AppliedLinguistics52.Arbitrariness53.Productivity54.Displacement55.Duality56.DesignFeatures57.Competence58.Performance59.Langue60.ParoleSuggestedanswerstosupplementaryexercises:.DecidewhethereachofthefollowingstatementsisTrueorFalse:1.T2.F3.F4.T5.T6.F7.T8.F9.T10.F11.T12.T13.T14.T15.T16.F17.T18.F19.F20.F.Fillineachofthefollowingblankswithonewordwhichbeginswiththelettergiven:21.knowledge22.abstract23.Duality24.arbitrary25.syntax26.genetic27.Pductive30.scientific(orsystematic).Therearefourchoicesfollowingeachstatement.Markthechoicethatcanbestcompletethestatement.31.C32.D33.C34.D35.B36.A37.C38.B39.A40.D.Definethefollowingterms:41.Linguistics:Linguisticsisgenerallydefinedasthescientificstudyoflanguage.42.Phonology:Thestudyofhowsoundsareputtogetherandusedincommunicationiscalledphonology.43.Syntax:Thestudyofhowmorphemesandwordsarecombinedtoformsentencesiscalledsyntax.44.Pragmatics:Thestudyofmeaningincontextofuseiscalledpragmatics.45.Psycholinguistics:Thestudyoflanguagewithreferencetotheworkingsofmindiscalledpsycholinguistics.46.Language:Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.47.Phonetics:Thestudyofsoundswhichareusedinlinguisticcommunicationiscalledphonetics.48.Morphology:Thestudyofthewayinwhichmorphemesarearrangedtoformwordsiscalledmorphology.49.Semantics:Thestudyofmeaninginlanguageiscalledsemantics.50.Sociolinguistics:Thestudyoflanguagewithreferencetosocietyiscalledsociolinguistics.51.Appliedlinguistics:Inanarrowsense,appliedlinguisticsreferstotheapplicationoflinguisticprinciplesandtheoriestolanguageteachingandlearning,especiallytheteachingofforeignandsecondlanguages.Inabroadsense,itreferstotheapplicationoflinguisticfindingstothesolutionofpracticalproblemssuchastherecoveryofspeechability.52.arbitrariness:Itisoneofthedesignfeaturesoflanguage.Itmeansthatthereisnologicalconnectionbetweenmeaningsandsounds53.Productivity:Languageisproductiveorcreativeinthatitmakespossibletheconstructionandinterpretationofnewsignalsbyitsusers.54.Displacement:Displacementmeansthatlanguagecanbeusedtorefertothingswhicharepresentornotpresent,realorimaginedmattersinthepast,present,orfuture,orinfar-awayplaces.Inotherwords,languagecanbeusedtorefertocontextsremovedfromtheimmediatesituationsofthespeaker55.Duality:Thedualitynatureoflanguagemeansthatlanguageisasystem,whichconsistsoftwosetsofstru