消防工程专业英语试题汇总(答案).doc

1 专业英语复习题 A simulation based analysis of flashover in acompartment fire 腔室火中轰燃的模 拟分析 Abstract with Keywords 摘要 含关键词 Acknowledgement 致谢 Air tanker灭火飞机 air velocity 较少用 air speed 空气速度 Appendixes 附录 as a result of 作为 的结果 Authors and Affiliations 作者及单位 Automatic fire alarm system 自动火灾报警系统 automatic sprinkler spray 自动水喷雾系统 Brush Bush fire 灌木火 Building fire 建筑火灾 Burning behaviour 燃烧 行为 burning rate 燃烧速率 call n Section2 Experimental and theoretical analysis method for flashover research Section3 Comparison of model prediction with experimental results Section4 Conclusion This paper comprises four sections In the first section background of research in flashover was reviewed Then the experimental and theoretical analysis method for flashover research were discussed After this the comparison of model prediction with experimental results was conducted At the end of the paper some conclusions were made 4 10 分 以下句子中涉及到表述研究 手段 的表达方法 A good way to conduct the fire risk assessment is to utilize the simulation based analysis with experimental verification 请用表达请用表达 手段手段 的两种其他方式改写 的两种其他方式改写 WeWe conductconduct a a firefire riskrisk assessmentassessment byby meansmeans ofof thethe simulation basedsimulation based analysisanalysis withwith experimentalexperimental verification verification WeWe conductconduct a a firefire riskrisk assessmentassessment withwith thethe helphelp ofof thethe simulation basedsimulation based analysisanalysis withwith experimentalexperimental verification verification AnAn alternativealternative opproachopproach toto conductconduct thethe firefire riskrisk assessmentassessment isis toto utilizeutilize thethe simulation basedsimulation based analysisanalysis withwith experimentalexperimental verification verification 5 20 分 科学论文的 ABSTRACT 基本上包括以 下几个部分 1 研究工作的背景 Background 2 研究目的 Aim 3 研究方法 Method 4 研究的结果 Results 5 结论 Conclusion 论文摘要中通常还包括所谓的 主题句主题句 即概述论文全文内容的句子 下面这篇论文是关于木材小型点火实验及 理论方程的研究 因考试目的 以下论文 材料有删节 1 1 在理解的基础上翻译本文的在理解的基础上翻译本文的 TitleTitle 和和 AbstractAbstract 注意把握 注意把握 ABCABC 准则 准则 1010 分 分 2 2 直接在考卷上指明本文的直接在考卷上指明本文的 AbstractAbstract 中 中 对应以上对应以上 5 5 个部分的句子 个部分的句子 5 5 分 分 3 3 指出本篇指出本篇 AbstractAbstract 中的主题句 并用中的主题句 并用 2 2 种方式 包括主动和被动语态 改写主种方式 包括主动和被动语态 改写主 题句 题句 5 5 分 分 This paper presents the results of a combined experimental and theoretical study of piloted ignition 引导点火 of cellulosic materials 纤维素质材料 a Results of a combined experimental and theoretical study of piloted ignition of cellulosic materials were 10 presented in this paper b This paper presented the results of piloted ignition of cellulosic materials with experimental and theoretical study combined A A NewNew CorrelationCorrelation forfor Bench scaleBench scale 小型小型 PilotedPiloted IgnitionIgnition 引导点火引导点火 DataData ofof WoodWood 木材小型引导点火数据中的一种新相关性木材小型引导点火数据中的一种新相关性 B Moghtaderia V Novozhilova D F Fletcherb and J H Kenta a Department of Mechanical and Mechatronic Engineering The University of Sydney Sydney NSW 2006 Australia b Department of Chemical Engineering The University of Sydney Sydney NSW 2006 Australia ABSTRACTABSTRACT This paper presents the results of a combined experimental and theoretical study of piloted ignition 引导点火 of cellulosic materials 纤维素质材料 The main objective is to present an engineering solution to the piloted ignition problem for wood exposed to radiant heat in a bench scale 小型 piloted ignition test This has been motivated by the need to have simple models of ignition for use in a computational fluid dynamics CFD 计算流体 力学 model of fire spread and extinguishment in building fires The experiments were conducted on oven dry 绝 干 and moisture conditioned samples of three wood species using a cone calorimeter 锥形量热器 As expected the experimental data revealed that the effect of moisture content on the piloted ignition process is significant 显著的 It was also found that the ignition temperature depends on the external heat flux 外部热通 量 which supports other recent studies Based on the experimental observations an approximate analytical equation 近似的解析 方程 was derived and then used for correlating 使相互关联 the ignition data as well as extracting 导出 the piloted ignition properties The chief distinguishing feature 特征 of the present equation over other similar equations is that it takes into account 考 虑 the variation of the ignition temperature with external heat flux 这篇论文描述了纤维素质材料引导点火的实验 研究和理论分析相结合的研究结果 该论文的研 究目的是为了给出木材在小型引导点火实验中的 热辐射条件下的引导点火问题的工程解决方法 在建筑火灾中的火蔓延和熄灭的 CFD 模拟中很需 要这样的简单着火模型 在实验中 采用锥形量 热仪对三种绝干和含水的木材样品进行测量 实 验数据揭示了预期的实验结果 含水量对引导点 火的过程影响显著 同时研究发现 着火温度决 定于外部热通量 这个实验结果也支持最近的一 些研究 根据实验观察的结果推导出一个近似的 解析方程 这个方程可以将点火数据相互关联起 来 并且可以进一步推导出点火性质 这个方程 区别与其他相似的方程的主要特征就在于它考虑 导了点火温度随外部热通量的变化 6 25 分 以下这篇论文发表在 Fire Safety Journal 上面 是关于风和坡度对火蔓延影响的 实验研究 请根据请根据 IntroductionIntroduction 中的上下文意思 用英中的上下文意思 用英 文总结性回答 自我组织语言进行英文表述 文总结性回答 自我组织语言进行英文表述 a a 论文的背景是什么 论文的背景是什么 BackgroundBackground 5 5 分 分 For about 50 years predicting the fire behaviour has generated an abundant and miscellaneous literature b b 以往的工作的进展如何 存在着什以往的工作的进展如何 存在着什 么问题或不足 么问题或不足 LiteratureLiterature 5 5 分 分 c c 这项研究的动机是什么 这项研究的动机是什么 MotivationMotivation 5 5 分 分 To develop a simple model capable of predicting the key features of a fire and a numerical method of resolution for fire 11 behavior simulation d d 研究目的是什么 研究目的是什么 AimAim 5 5 分 分 The aim of the present paper is to develop an accurate numerical model which is capable of describing the spread of a forest fire in order to help fire fighters facing a fire to make the appropriate decisions d d 拟采用什么研究方法拟采用什么研究方法 MethodMethod 5 5 分 分 Model predictions are compared to laboratory experiments measurements Different pine needles beds and different loads are considered in order to validate the formulation Comparison between predicted and observed rate of spread is presented for several wind and slope configurations ContributionContribution ofof RadiantRadiant HeatHeat TransferTransfer 辐射辐射 传热传热 toto Laboratory ScaleLaboratory Scale FireFire SpreadSpread underunder thethe InfluencesInfluences ofof WindWind andand SlopeSlope INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION For about 50 years predicting the fire behaviour has generated an abundant and miscellaneous literature For recent researches Cheney et al 1 2 have identified fire front shape as a significant variable influencing fire spread which must be taken into consideration when using experimental fires to validate models Linn and Harlow 3 6 have developed a complex fundamental formulation based on the fluid mechanical conservation equation and a simplified rate of reaction for modelling the combustion processes However until now fire management tools have been developed from empirical or statistical models only and many existing physical models cannot be used as prediction tools since they consider the fire front as an infinite straight line Thus these models can only give valid outputs for horizontal fire in still air because they are not able to provide the curvature of the up wind or up slope fire front shapes Furthermore few of them include both wind and slope effects The aim of the present paper is to develop an accurate numerical model which is capable of describing the spread of a forest fire in order to help fire fighters facing a fire to make the appropriate decisions This necessitates a simple model capable of predicting the key features of a fire and a numerical method of resolution for fire behavior simulation In the present paper the formulation of the radiant contribution is improved by taking into consideration the long range preheating via flame radiation Model predictions are compared to laboratory experiments measurements Different pine needles beds and different loads are considered in order to validate the formulation Comparison between predicted and observed rate of spread is presented for several wind and slope configurations 25 分 科学论文的 ABSTRACT 基本上包括以下 几个部分 6 研究工作的背景 Background 7 研究目的 Aim 通常为主题句 8 研究方法 Method 9 研究的结果 Results 10 结论 Conclusion 下面这篇论文是关于封闭空间火灾中烟气 层分界面高度的确定方法研究 4 4 在理解的基础上翻译本文的在理解的基础上翻译本文的 TitleTitle 和和 AbstractAbstract 注意把握 注意把握 ABCABC 准则 准则 1010 分 分 5 5 直接在考卷上指明本文的直接在考卷上指明本文的 AbstractAbstract 中 中 对应以上对应以上 5 5 个部分的句子 个部分的句子 5 5 分 分 6 6 指出本篇指出本篇 AbstractAbstract 中的主题句 并用中的主题句 并用 2 2 种方式 包括主动和被动语态 改写主种方式 包括主动和被动语态 改写主 题句 题句 6 6 分 分 12 Two methods are proposed in this paper for determining the smoke layer interface height from parameter profiles 轮廓 measured in enclosure fires a The paper proposed two methods for determining the smoke layer interface height from parameter profiles measured in enclosure fires b The smoke layer interface height can be determinded from parameter profiles 轮廓 measured in enclosure fires by two methods proposed in this paper 7 7 用用 2 2 种方式改写如下划线所示的结尾句种方式改写如下划线所示的结尾句 参见课题笔记 参见课题笔记 4 4 分 分 Good agreement exists between the interface height predicted by the proposed method and experiment results showing that the method can be reliably utilized in practice a The interface height predicted by the proposed method agreed well with the experiment results showing that the method can be reliably utilized in practice b The good agreement between the interface height predicted by the proposed method and experiment results showed that the method can be reliably utilized in practice DeterminationDetermination ofof InterfaceInterface HeightHeight fromfrom MeasuredMeasured ParameterParameter ProfileProfile inin EnclosureEnclosure FiresFires 从封闭空间火灾中的轮廓测量确定烟气层分界面 高度 Yaping He Anthony Fernando and Mingchun Luo Centre for Environment Safety Engineering Victoria University of Technology Australia Accurate determination of smoke layer interface height plays an important role in the development of advanced smoke controll technology for enclosure fire 封闭空间火灾 Two methods are proposed in this paper for determining the smoke layer interface height from parameter profiles 轮廓 measured in enclosure fires The schemes 方案 are based on mathematical considerations of uniformity and optimization and involve no subjectivity or empiricism The dependence of the zone average of the measured quantities on the interface height is discussed The application of these two methods to a set of experimental data revealed that the two methods gave close results of the interface height but different to that determined with the N percentage rule N 百分比准则 GoodGood agreementagreement existsexists betweenbetween thethe interfaceinterface heightheight predictedpredicted byby thethe proposedproposed methodmethod andand experimentexperiment results results showingshowing thatthat thethe methodmethod cancan bebe reliablyreliably utilizedutilized inin practice practice 结尾结尾 句句 准确确定烟气层分界面高度在封闭空间火灾烟 气控制技术发展中具有重要重要作用 这篇论文 提出了两种基于封闭空间中参数轮廓测量来确定 烟气层分界面高度的方法 实验方案根据一致性 和优化性进行数学处理 并且不涉及主观性和经 验主义 文章中讨论了测定量的区域平均对界面 高度的依赖性 应用这两种方法对一系列的实验 数据进行处理的结果揭示了两种方法给出了相似 的界面高度结果 但是不同与用 N 百分比准则处 理的结果 用文章中所提出的处理方法得出的界 面高度的结果与实验结果的之间的一致性说明了 这种方法在实际应用中的可靠性 5 25 分 以下这篇论文发表在 Fire Safety Journal 上面 是关于轰燃的发展理论研究 13 1 1 在理解的基础上 提取在理解的基础上 提取 3 3 个个 KeywordsKeywords 1010 分 分 flashover formulae model hot smoke layer 2 2 根据根据 IntroductionIntroduction 中的上下文意思 用中的上下文意思 用 英文总结性回答 鼓励自我组织语言进英文总结性回答 鼓励自我组织语言进 行英文表述 行英文表述 a a 论文的背景是什么 论文的背景是什么 BackgroundBackground 3 3 分 分 b b 以往的工作存在着什么问题或不足 以往的工作存在着什么问题或不足 LiteratureLiterature 3 3 分 分 c c 这项研究的动机是什么 这项研究的动机是什么 MotivationMotivation 3 3 分 分 There is still the need for a more detailed consideration of flashover phenomena including formulation of critical conditions for flashover in a more general form and investigation of its temporal characteristics 时态特征 The other important issue is how to place the quasistationary 类似的 approach accepted for flashover study 3 4 in the context of the full fire scenario d d 研究目的是什么 研究目的是什么 AimAim 3 3 分 分 developing a theoretical method of characterizing flashover on the basis of a two zone model and classical thermal explosion theory e e 拟采用什么研究方法拟采用什么研究方法 MethodMethod 3 3 分 分 Theoretical modeling with comparison with experiments is used OnOn thethe TheoryTheory ofof FlashoverFlashover DevelopmentDevelopment 轰燃发展的理论轰燃发展的理论 T L Graham G M Makhviladze and J P Roberts Centre for Research in Fire and Explosion Studies Department of Built Environment University of Central Lancashire Preston PR1 2HE UK ABSTRACTABSTRACT The importance of flashover results from the fact that it is of great danger when a compartment fire occurs In this paper the characteristics of hot smoke layer development from ignition to flashover are obtained for a fire in a compartment with one opening Flashover itself as a final stage of development is analysed using heat balance considerations for the developed hot layer in direct contact with the external atmosphere through the opening on the basis of a two zone model and classical thermal explosion theory Flashover is reasonably assumed to take place during the early development of the fire when the density and temperature of the lower zone may be taken to be close to their initial values Critical conditions for flashover to occur are found in a general form in terms of 根据 the determining similarity criteria The adiabatic 绝热的 flashover induction period 诱导期 in the absence of 没有 heat losses which is a useful qualitative and quantitative characteristic is given Calculation of the flashover induction time allows for an evaluation of the total time for fire growth from ignition to flashover The results obtained give simple but general enough formulae for representation of the flashover phenomenon 轰燃的重要性是由于在腔室火灾发生时它的巨 大的危险性 这篇论文描述了一端开口的腔室中 的火灾从着火到轰燃发生过程中热烟气层的发展 特征 用热平衡理论对轰燃自身作为一个火灾发 展的最终阶段进行了分析 这种热平衡理论基于 两区域模型和经典的热爆炸理论 在火灾的早期 发展阶段 当较低区域的密度和温度接近于其起 初值时 轰然就可能会发生 轰燃发生的临界条 件被发现是根据所决定的相似性标准而定的一种 常见的形式 给出了没有热损失条件下的绝热的 轰燃诱导期 这种条件是一个有用的定性和定量 的特征 轰燃诱导时间的计算涉及到火灾从着火 到轰燃的发展时间 所获得的结果给出了简单但 14 是普遍的公式来描述轰燃现象 INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION Typical fire development in an enclosure is characterised by a temperature history such as that sketched in Fig 1 The commonly accepted names for the different parts of the temperature time curve are also given Following ignition there is a slow growth period which is limited by the pyrolysis rate of the fuel supply fuel controlled combustion Early in fire development the combustion products are usually segregated 隔离 in a well stirred 混合较好的 ceiling 顶棚 layer whose properties are roughly homogeneous The hot smoke and warming room boundaries radiate heat back to the fire Radiative feedback can enhance 加强 the reaction rate so that the fire accelerates 加速 towards the fully developed stage 封闭空间的典型火灾发展具有一个如图1所描述 的温度变化过程 温度 时间曲线的不同区域的名 称也给出了 在着火过后 有一个缓慢的发展阶 段 这个阶段被燃料供应的热解速率所限制 在 火灾发展的早期 燃烧产物通常被混合较好的顶 棚层所隔离 这个顶棚层的性质是大致一致的 热烟气层和热的房屋边界辐射热反馈到火中 辐 射热反馈加强了反应速率 从而导致了火朝充分 发展的进行 The transition 转变 which is usually very rapid to a fully developed fire is called flashover Flashover fires can be disastrous1 and are an increasing problem because of the use of modern materials in buildings 2 It is thus of great importance in understanding and predicting this process so that precautions 防范 can be taken during building design Apart from flashover the regime 模式 of a quasi steady low intensity fire is possible lower curve of Fig l with relatively little heating of the upper layer 到完全发展阶段的转变 通常是非常快的 被 称为 轰燃 轰燃可能是灾难性的而且因为建 筑中现代材料的使用而逐渐增长 因此 了解和 预测这个过程从而在建筑设计中采取必要的防范 措施是非常必要的 除了轰燃 一个半稳态的低 密度火的模式也是可能的 这种模式中上层热相 对较小 A theoretical treatment of the flashover phenomenon effectively involving the fundamentals of classical thermal explosion theory 经典热爆理论 has been presented by Thomas et al 3 and Thomas 4 Further development of this approach has also been made by Bishop et al 5 Holborn et al 6 and Beard et al 7 8 with the application of modern non linear dynamics 当代非线性动力 学 In the above research 3 8 zone models 区域模型 have been used which assume that the compartment is divisible into two homogeneous regions 均匀区 a hot smoke zone and a cool lower zone The fundamentals of enclosure fire zone models as well as many important considerations concerned with the features of fire development phenomena in enclosures calculations of important characteristics and evaluations of applicability of zone modelling are given in Drysdale 9 Quintiere 10 Thomas 11 and Zukoski 12 Nevertheless there is still the need for a more detailed consideration of flashover phenomena including formulation of critical conditions for flashover in a more 15 general form and investigation of its temporal characteristics 时态特征 The other important issue is how to place the quasistationary 类似的 approach accepted for flashover study 3 4 in the context of the full fire scenario 有效处理轰燃现象的理论处理涉及到经典的热 爆理论已经被Thomas等所陈述了 Bishop et al 5 Holborn et al 6 and Beard et al 等采用当 代非线性动力学的进一步发展了这种方法 在以 上这些研究中 已经使用区域模型 这种模型将 腔室分为两个均匀区 热烟气区和低冷区 封闭 的火灾区域模型的基本要点以及许多重要的涉及 到封闭空间火灾发展特征的观点 重要特征的计 算和区域模拟的应用等都在Drysdale 9 Quintiere 10 Thomas 11 and Zukoski 的文章中 被阐述 然而 仍然需要对轰燃现象进行更详细 的考虑 包括轰燃发生的临界条件的更普遍的公 式表达及其时态特征的探索等 其他重要的问题 还有怎样将类似的应用于轰燃的研究方法应用到 下一步的完全火灾现象 To answer these questions we consider here a simple fire compartment situation From a physical and mathematical point of view 观点 this paper aims at developing a theoretical method of characterizing flashover on the basis of a two zone model and classical thermal explosion theory Theoretical modeling with comparison with experiments is used whereby flashover itself as a final stage of development is analysed using heat balance considerations for the developed hot layer in direct contact with the external atmosphere through the opening 为了回答这些问题 在这里我们考虑了一种简 单的腔室火灾条件 从物理和数学的观点来看 这篇文章的目的就睡为了发展一种基于两区域模 型和经典热爆炸理论的轰燃的表征方法 使用与 实验相对比的理论模拟的方法 从而可以用已发 展的热层的热平衡的观点来分析轰燃作为火灾发 展的最后阶段 通过开口和直接和外部空气相接 触 5 25 分 以下这篇论文发表在 Fire Safety Journal 上面 是关于贫氧环境下可燃材料燃烧 性的研究 3 3 在理解的基础上 帮助提取在理解的基础上 帮助提取 3 3 个个 KeywordsKeywords 1010 分 分 Flammability reduced oxygen limiting oxygen concentration 4 4 根据根据 IntroductionIntroduction 中的上下文意思 用中的上下文意思 用 英文总结性回答 鼓励自我组织语言进英文总结性回答 鼓励自我组织语言进 行英文表述 行英文表述 a a 论文的背景是什么 论文的背景是什么 BackgroundBackground 3 3 分 分 Fire suppression in reduced oxygen environment has long been an active research area due to its scientific and practical imp