机械制造基础题目及答案.doc

relationship between Government and business. The two sessions, General Secretary of Pro, clear the word succinctly summarized the new relationship between Government and business, as pure politics, reshaping the political relationship specified in the direction. District leaders in handling political and business relations, engage in trading power for money, and finally stumbled, we a lesson, always keep in mind that Pro, clean practicing Pro, clear. Pro is to open a sincere engagement with private enterprise to help solve practical difficulties; Clear is to clarify the Division of power, exercised in accordance with, private entrepreneurs with innocent purity, not abusing power for personal gain, not to engage in trading power for money. Third, in order to maintain fairness and justice. Fairness and justice is the lifeline of the rule of law, is the best development environment. Currently, lax law enforcement and the judicial sector in our region also exist to varying degrees, law enforcement departments and individual window units power for personal gains and bribes, thick friends, relations, human cases, money cases in which seriously infringe on the legitimate rights and interests of enterprises and people. Especially some law enforcement and inspection for profit purposes, deliberately looking for corporate loopholes, found directly under the ticket does not give business improvement opportunities. We recruit a company doesnt easily, cultivating a business more difficult, never for personal gain, systematic harassment, card, last checked to check to get the enterprise collapsed. To guarantee the legitimate rights and interests. Always proceed from the overall situation of reform and development of services, fully consider the characteristics of production and management in non-public enterprises and social benefits, an accurate grasp of legal limits, protect the enthusiasm of entrepreneurs and practitioners in innovation and entrepreneurship, enhancing expectations and confidence. To promote strict enforcement. Strengthening law enforcement procedures, improve law enforcement performance evaluation, strengthening the supervision of law enforcement, exploration and practice of risk control mechanism of law enforcement to further standardize the social security, urban management, road traffic administrative law enforcement, effectively free, extensive law-enforcement and lax enforcement of law enforcement and other issues. To uphold justice. Justice is the last line of Defense to safeguard fairness and justice, to unequivocally support the courts and procuratorates independently exercise level . Judicial activities were rampant, must not be allowed to run, favors, money, must not be allowed to knowingly violate the miscarriage, violations of the legitimate rights and interests of the masses must not be allowed to abuse of power, to make forest mass can be felt in every judicial cases in equity and justice. Four to deepen grass-roots governance according to lawchain do long, and put scale big. To serve the development of enterprises. Duocuo simultaneously improving service efficiency, build better public services platform, enhance work efficiency, initiative to help businesses solve the project procedures, financing loans, issues such as land-use approval, reduce operating costs, business travel light and enhance the confidence to overcome all kinds of difficulties and the Foundation, real entrepreneurial passion play entrepreneurship, enhance the internal vitality and creativity. SI XING an construction, promoting the rule of law, tries to make the transformation of forest development XI General Secretary stressed, to reinvigorate Northeast China, optimized development environment is very important. Environment of rule of law most gather Moss, the most conducive to development. Improving the leading cadres using the method of thought and the rule of law Administration work, problem-solving, the ability to promote the development, is the key to promoting the rule of law. The law may affect the efficiency of out of the path of development will be more smooth, won development gains will be sustained, and end with greater efficiency. Leading cadres at all levels should take the lead in respect of law law, abide by, and actively foster Socialist culture, actively promoting the field of multi-level governance according to law, guide the masses and consciously abide by the law, failing to find law, solve the problem by law, in accordance with the law prevail. XXX administration by law of leading cadres do not exist on the rule of law, law enforcement, casual, and vow not to investors, the new scores and other turmoil. These important expositions on my district create good development environment with highly targeted and guidance, especially the General Secretary pointed out that the chaos in my area also exists to varying degrees, some even quite serious. Leading cadres at all levels must improve the development environment of rule of law as a fundamental task, adhere to the problem oriented, solid and solve the problems in the construction of rule of law, to rule the new effect for development environment improvements. To hold key minority. Leaders of this group, although few in number, but the effect is critical. If a local leaders take the lead right according to law, in accordance with the law, the local CPPCC fresh, pragmatic and efficient development environment. Conversely, if a local leaders of ignoring the law, impunity, not only the political environment will be destroyed, will have serious implications for the development environment. Now, some leading cadres lack of awareness on the importance of learning, that learn or not does not matter. Think efficiency is too low too much, act according to the procedure, than an executive order getting along with. In dealing with complex issues, often speak of settling and done; on the issue of handling letters and visits, like to spend money and buy stop and stable, but disregard the law administration, in accordance with the law, the rulechain do long, and put scale big. To serve the development of enterprises. Duocuo simultaneously improving service efficiency, build better public services platform, enhance work efficiency, initiative to help businesses solve the project procedures, financing loans, issues such as land-use approval, reduce operating costs, business travel light and enhance the confidence to overcome all kinds of difficulties and the Foundation, real entrepreneurial passion play entrepreneurship, enhance the internal vitality and creativity. SI XING an construction, promoting the rule of law, tries to make the transformation of forest development XI General Secretary stressed, to reinvigorate Northeast China, optimized development environment is very important. Environment of rule of law most gather Moss, the most conducive to development. Improving the leading cadres using the method of thought and the rule of law Administration work, problem-solving, the ability to promote the development, is the key to promoting the rule of law. The law may affect the efficiency of out of the path of development will be more smooth, won development gains will be sustained, and end with greater efficiency. Leading cadres at all levels should take the lead in respect of law law, abide by, and actively foster Socialist culture, actively promoting the field of multi-level governance according to law, guide the masses and consciously abide by the law, failing to find law, solve the problem by law, in accordance with the law prevail. XXX administration by law of leading cadres do not exist on the rule of law, law enforcement, casual, and vow not to investors, the new scores and other turmoil. These important expositions on my district create good development environment with highly targeted and guidance, especially the General Secretary pointed out that the chaos in my area also exists to varying degrees, some even quite serious. Leading cadres at all levels must improve the development environment of rule of law as a fundamental task, adhere to the problem oriented, solid and solve the problems in the construction of rule of law, to rule the new effect for development environment improvements. To hold key minority. Leaders of this group, although few in number, but the effect is critical. If a local leaders take the lead right according to law, in accordance with the law, the local CPPCC fresh, pragmatic and efficient development environment. Conversely, if a local leaders of ignoring the law, impunity, not only the political environment will be destroyed, will have serious implications for the development environment. Now, some leading cadres lack of awareness on the importance of learning, that learn or not does not matter. Think efficiency is too low too much, act according to the procedure, than an executive order getting along with. In dealing with complex issues, often speak of settling and done; on the issue of handling letters and visits, like to spend money and buy stop and stable, but disregard the law administration, in accordance with the law, the rule机械制造基础试题库第一章 金属切削的基本理论一、填空题1. 切削液的作用主要有: 润滑 、冷却 、 洗涤 和 防锈， 排屑 。2. 目前生产中最常用的两种刀具材料是: 高数和 硬质合金，制造形状复杂的刀具时常用高数刚 。3.从球墨铸铁的牌号上可看出其_最低抗拉强度_和_最低伸长率_两个性能指标。4.在普通低合金结构钢中主要加入的合金元素为_硅锰_，以强化材料基体。5.切削用量三要素是指_速度_、_深度_和_进给量_。6.基准根据功用不同可分为_设计基准_与_工艺基准_两大类。7.刀具磨损的三种形式是_前刀面磨损_、_后刀面磨损_和_前后刀面磨损_。8.钢在淬火后能达到的最高硬度叫_淬硬性_。二、单项选择题1. 下列刀具材料中，强度和韧性最好的是： ( A )A、高速钢 B、YG类硬质合金 C、YT类硬质合金 D、立方氮化硼 2 . 一般当工件的强度、硬度、塑性越高时，刀具耐用度： ( D )A、不变 B、有时高，有时低 C、越高 D、越低3. 磨削加工时一般采用低浓度的乳化液，这主要是因为： ( B )A、润滑作用强 B、冷却、清洗作用强C、防锈作用好 D、成本低4. 影响刀头强度和切屑流出方向的刀具角度是： ( D )A、主偏角 B、前角 C、副偏角 D、刃倾角5. 淬火处理一般安排在： ( B )A、毛坯制造之后 B、粗加工后 C、半精加工之后 D、精加工之后6 .在刀具方面能使主切削刃的实际工作长度增大的因素是： ( C ) A、减小前角 B、增大后角 C、减小主偏角 D、减小副偏角 7.选择金属材料的原则，首先应满足（ A ）A.零件使用性能要求 B.零件工艺性能要求C.材料经济性 D.加工成本8.合金钢的可焊性可依据（ C ）大小来估计。A.钢含碳量 B.钢的合金元素含量C.钢的碳当量 D.钢的杂质元素含量9.在金属材料的机械性能指标中，“s”是指（ A ）A.屈服强度 B.抗拉强度C.弹性强度 D.抗弯强度10.切削塑性较好的金属材料，采用较大的前角、较高的切削速度、较小的进给量和吃刀深度时，容易形成（ D ）A.崩碎切屑 B.单元切屑C.节状切屑 D.带状切屑三、名词解释1. 合金：以某种金属为主体加入某些元素从而使其力学性能提高的金属 2. 抗拉强度：金属抵抗拉断的能力3. QT800-2 ：最低伸长率2(百分号)，最低抗拉强度800mpa的球墨铸铁 4. 刀具耐用度：磨好的刀具从开始切削到达到磨钝标准为止的总切削时间5. RuT300：最低抗拉强度300儒墨铸铁 6. KTH350-10：最低伸长率10%，最低抗拉强度350mpa的可锻铸铁7. Q235-CF：屈服点数235，质量等级c，脱氧方式f的碳素结构钢四、简答题1.退火与正火的异同点。正火在空气中冷却，正火随炉冷却，正火强度与硬度比退火稍高，塑性和韧性较低，都是消除加工毛坯时应办的细化微粒，调整内部结构，切削性能的后续热处理2.什么叫调质处理？调质处理能达到什么目的？淬火后经高温回火，提高材料的综合力学性能3.简述切削用量的选择原则。刀具寿命已经确定下，欲使UcApf三者的乘积最大，即金属切屑率最大，应先选择尽量大的背吃到量Ap，在选择尽量大的进给量f，最后依据三要素与刀具寿命关系式计算确定切屑速度Vc第二章 机床夹具基础知识一、填空题1.工艺基准按用途不同可分为 工序基准 、 定位基准 、 和 测量基准 。装配基准2.根据六点定位原理分析工件的定位方式分为 过 、 欠 、 和 完全 。不完全3.将工件在机床上或夹具中定位、夹紧的过程称为 装夹 。4.机床夹具的定位误差主要由 基准不重合误差 和 基准位移误差 引起。 5.工件在机床上的三种装夹方法是 直接找正 、画线找正 和 夹具装夹 。 6.夹紧力确定的三要素 大小 、 方向 和 作用点 。 7.工件以外圆柱面定位时，常用的定位元件有V型块，V型块有长、短之分，长V型块有_2_个自由度，短V型块有_4_个自由度。二、选择题1. 在车床上加工轴，用三爪卡盘安装工件，相对夹持较长，它的定位是： ( C )A、六点定位 B、五点定位 C、四点定位 D、三点定位2. 键槽的工作面是 ： （ B ）A、底面 B、侧面 C、前面 D、后面3. 工件以外圆表面定位的定位元件有：（ A ）A、定位套 B、圆柱销 C、支承钉 D、心轴4. A型平头支承钉可定位（ B ） A、粗基准面 B、精基准面 C、外圆表面 D、毛坯面5.“一面两孔”定位中所选用的两个销是（ D ） A、两个圆柱销 B、圆柱销和圆锥销 C、圆锥销和菱形销 D、圆柱销和菱形销 三、名词解释1.定位:使工件占有一个正确的位置2.夹紧：使工件保持占有的正确位置3.过定位：定位工件从复限制同一自由度的定位装夹状态4.欠定位：实际所限制的自由度少于按其加工要求所必须限制的自由度四、问答题1.何谓“六点定位原理”？工件的合理定位是否一定要限制其在夹具中的六个自由度？合理布置六个定位支撑点使工件上的基面与其接触，一个支承限制工件一个自由度被完全限制在车间的唯一确定位置，2.机床夹具都由哪些部分组成？每个组成部分起何作用？定位元件：确定工件在夹具中的正确位置；夹紧装置：保持工件在夹具中已确定的位置，在加工过程中不因外力的影响而变化，使加工顺利进行；夹具体：将夹具的所有部分连成一个整体，其他装置或元件。第三章 机械加工工艺过程一、填空题1.机械制造业的生产类型可分为 单件生产 、 成批生产 和 大量生产 。2.工艺规程制订的原则是 优质 、 高产 和 低成本 。3.机械加工工艺过程加工阶段划分为 粗加工 、 半精加工 和 精加工 。光整加工4. 安排零件切削加工顺序的一般原则是 基准先行 、 先粗后精 、 先主后次 和 先面后孔 等。5.机械加工的基本时间是指直接改变生产对象的尺寸、 形状 、 相对位置 、表面状态或材料性质等工艺过程。6.加工精度包括 尺寸 精度、 形状 精度和相互位置精度三个方面。7.专为某一种工件的某道工序的加工而设计制造的夹具叫 专用 夹具。8.确定零件某一表面加工余量时，毛坯的 加工总 余量是各余量之和。二、选择题1. 淬火处理一般安排在： ( C ) A、毛坯制造之后 B、粗加工后 C、半精加工之后 D、精加工之后2基准是（ A ）。 A用来确定生产对象上几何要素关系的点、线、面 B在工件上特意设计的测量点 C工件上与机床接触的点 D工件的运动中心3ESi表示增环的上偏差，EIi表示增环的下偏差，ESj表示减环的上偏差，EIj表示减环的下偏差，M为增环的数目，N为减环的数目，那么，封闭环的上偏差为（ D ）。 A B C D 4在车床上采用中心架支承加工长轴时，是属于哪种定位。 （ C ） A完全定位 B不完全定位 C过定位 D欠定位5大批量生产强度要求较高的形状复杂的轴，其毛坯一般选用（ A ）。 A砂型铸造的毛坯 B自由锻的毛坯C模锻的毛坯 D轧制棒料6在每一工序中确定加工表面的尺寸和位置所依据的基准，称为（ B ）。A设计基准 B工序基准 C定位基准 D测量基准7在切削加工时，下列哪个因素对表面粗糙度没有影响？（ D ）A刀具几何形状 B切削用量 C工件材料 D检测方法8组成机器的基本单元是（ D ）。A合件 B部件 C组件 D零件9工件外圆柱面以90?V形块定位铣键槽，如图所示，其定位误差为（ B ）。ATd B0.7Td C0.5Td D0 10夹具的动力装置中，最常见的动力源是（ A ）。 A气动 B气-液联动 C电磁 D真空三、名词解释1工艺过程；在机械产品的生产过程中，毛坯的制造，机械加工，热处理和装配等，这些与原材料变为成品直接有关的过程2工序：指一个工人在一个工作地点对一个工件所连续完成的那一部分工艺过程3基本时间：直接改变生产对象的尺寸，形状相对位置以及表面状态或材料性质等工艺过程所消耗的时间4工艺尺寸链：按照尺寸链的原理，将这些有关尺寸一定顺序首位相连排成一封闭的尺寸系统，即构成零件四、简答题1提高机械加工生产的途径有哪些？缩短基本时间，缩短辅助时间，缩短准备时间和终结时间2选择表面加工方案时考虑哪些因素？选择能获得相应经济精度的加工方法，零件的可加工性能，工件的结构形状和尺寸大小，生产类型，现有生产条件3制订工艺规程的步骤有哪些？1）计算年生产纲领，确定生产类型，2)分析零件图及产品装配图，对零件进行工艺分析，3）选择毛坯，4）拟定工艺路线，5）确定各工序的加工余量，计算工序尺寸及公差，6）确定各工序所用的设备及刀具，夹具，量具和辅助工具，7）确定切削用量及工时定额8）确定个主要工序的技术要求及检验方法，9）填写工艺文件。五、计算题下图所示a）为一轴套零件，尺寸 和 已加工好，b）、c）为钻孔加工时的两种定位方案的简图。试计算这两种定位方案下A1 和A2 的工序尺寸及偏差（用极值法计算，15分）。38-18=20，0-(0.05-0.1)=+0.15，-0.1(0+0.1)=-0.2，第四章 车削加工工艺基础一、填空题1、车削是指：利用 直线 运动和 旋转 运动来改变毛坯的尺寸和形状，使之成为合格产品的一种金属切削方法。2、车削直径为400mm的工件外圆，选定切削速度为80m/min，试确定车床主轴的转速为： 63.69rad/min 。3、车削三角形外螺纹的加工方法： 直进法 、 左右切屑法 、 斜进法 。4、车外圆锥面的方法： 小滑板转位法 、 尾座偏移法 、 靠模法和宽刀刃法 。5、车刀在空间中的三个辅助平面是： 正交平面 、 切削平面 、 基面 。6、常用车刀的种类分为： 整体车到 、 焊接车到 、 切断刀 。二、选项择题：1、 刀具的前刀面和基面之间的夹角是（ C ）。 A、楔角 B、刃倾角 C、前角 D、主偏角2、前角增大能使车刀（ A ）。 A、刃口锋利 B、刃口变钝 C、排泄不畅 D、强度提高3、刃倾角角度为正时，使切屑流向（ C ）。 A、加工表面 B、已加工表面 C、待加工表面 D、切削平面4、高速钢车刀的（ C ）较差，因此不能用于高速切削。 A、强度 B、硬度 C、耐热性 D、工艺性5、刀具角度中对切削温度影响最大的是（ A ）。 A、前角 B、后角 C、主偏角 D、刃倾角6、一个或一组工人，在一个工作地对同一个或同时对几个工件所连续完成的那一部分工艺过程称（ A ）。 A、工序 B、工位 C、工步 D、走刀7、用来确定零件或部件在产品中的相对位置所采用的基准称为（ D ）。 A、设计基准 B、工艺基准 C、测量基准 D、装配基准8、安装车刀时，发现车刀装低了，那么（B ）增大，（ A ）减小。 A、前角 B、后角 C、刃倾角 D、主偏角 9、车床上的卡盘，中心架等属于( A )夹具。 A、通用 B、专用 C、组合 D、随行一、 简答题1、切削液的主要作用是什么？润滑，防锈，洗涤，排屑 2、车螺纹时，产生扎刀是什么原因？车刀刀尖低于工件（机床）中心；车刀前角太大，中滑板丝杠间隙较大；工件刚性差，而切削用量选择太大3、车刀安装，工件安装的基本要求？答：车刀的悬深藏度要尽量缩短，以增强其刚性；车刀一定要夹紧，至少用两个螺钉平整压紧，车刀刀尖应与工件旋转轴线等高，车刀刀杆中心线应与进给运动方向垂直。4、积屑瘤的形成及对切削的影响？答：在温度和压力的增大下，摩擦力不断增大，变成屑流速度减慢导致滞留，滞留层中底层与前刀面产生了粘结，这样层层堆积，高度增加形成积屑瘤。第五章一、填空1、在选择定位基准时,首先应考虑选择 粗 基准,在选 精 基准。2、圆柱铣刀安结构分可以分为 直尺圆柱 、 斜齿圆柱 和 螺旋圆柱 三种。3、铣削加工切削层四要素 切屑层 、 切屑厚度 、 切屑宽度 、 切屑面积 。4、铣斜面通常有三种方法 扳转工件 、 扳转立洗头 、 角度铣刀 。5、键槽的类型有 通槽 、 半通槽 、 封闭超 。二、选择1、下列选项中，不属于铜合金的是（A） A纯铜 B黄铜 C青铜 D白铜2、用来确定夹具与铣床之间位置的定位键是铣床夹具的（ C ）装置。A定位 B夹紧 C导向 D传动3、外径千分尺的分度值为（ A ）mm。A.0.01 B.0.02 C.0.001 D.0.0054、已知端铣刀直径为80mm，铣削速度为20mm/min，则主轴转速为（D ）A 78 B77 C79 D 805、在用高速钢铣刀铣削钢件时，（ B ）冷却液；用硬质合金刀具铣削时，（ ）冷却液。A不使用，使用 B使用，不使用C使用，使用 D不使用，吧使用三、名词解释1、X6132：x铣床代号，6万能升降台组代号，1卧式铣床，32参数代号，工作台宽度的1/10002、互换性：在机械和仪器制造工业中，零、部件的互换性是指在同一规格的一批零件或部件中，任取其一，不需任何挑选或附加修配（如钳工修理）就能装在机器上，达到规定的性能要求。 3、红硬性：材料在高温下保持高硬度的性能（是指外部受热升温时工具钢仍能维持高硬度（大于 60 HRC）的功能）四、简答1、立式铣床与卧式铣床的主要区别是什么?与卧式铣床相比较，主要区别是主轴垂直布置，立式铣床适于加工较大平面及利用各种带柄铣刀加工沟槽及台阶平面，生产率要比卧式铣床高。2、顺铣和逆铣的区别是什么？ （1）逆铣 铣刀旋转方向与工件进给方向相反。铣削时每齿切削厚度从零逐渐到最大而后切出。（2）顺铣 铣刀旋转方向与工件进给方向相同。铣削时每齿切削厚度从最大逐渐减小到零。特点：(1)切削厚度的变化逆铣时，每个刀齿的切削厚度由零增至最大。但切削刃并非绝对锋利，铣刀刃口处总有圆弧存在，刀齿不能立刻切入工件，而是在已加工表面上挤压滑行，使该表面的硬化现象严重，影响了表面质量，也使刀齿的磨损加剧。顺铣时刀齿的切削厚度是从最大到零，但刀齿切入工件时的冲击力较大，尤其工件待加工表面是毛坯或者有硬皮时。(2)切削力方向的影响顺铣时作用于工件上的垂直切削分力FfN始终压下工件 ，这对工件的夹紧有利。逆铣时FfN 向上，有将工件抬起的趋势，易引起振动，影响工件的夹紧。铣薄壁和刚度差工件时影响更大。参与本物业的竣工验收，并在物业移交接管时，与甲方办理物业管理书面交接手续；本物业交付使用后的质量标准.说课标就是要把课程标准中的课程目标（三维目标）作为本课题教学的指导思想和教学依据，从课程论的高度驾驭教材和指导教学设计。Grass-roots governance according to law is an important foundation for promoting the construction of rule of law, but also the most basic development environment. Despite my good social order in General, but there are law-abiding consciousness, social order is not standard, regardless of faith, Twining visit visit and other outstanding problems. We want to actively promote the field of multi-level governance according to law, promote the continuous improvement of the social environment. To promote universal compliance. Actively foster the rule of law culture, carry out law publicity and education on honesty and trustworthiness, guide the masses and consciously abide by the law, failing to find method, problem-solving method, method of gradually changing the world, he is not looking for but some