专八真题语言知识

1995-2018英语专业八级改错真题及答案校对版1995-2018年英语专业八级改错真题及答案2018年真题Mass media is media that is intended for a large audience. It may take the form of broadcast media, as in case of television and radio, 1._or print media, as newspapers and magazines. 2._Usually, mass media aims to reach a very large market, such asthe entire population of a country. By contrast, local media coversa much small population and area, focusing on regional news of 3._interest, specialty media is provided for particular demographic groups. 4._Some local media outlets that cover state or provincial news may raise to 5._prominence thanks to their investigative journalism, and to the clout thattheir particular regions have in national politics. People often think of mass media as the news, it also includes 6._entertainment like television shows, books, and films. It may also beeducational in the nature, as in the instance of public broadcasting stations 7._that provide educational programming to a national audience. Political communications includingpropagandaare also frequently distributed through the media, as were public service announcements and 8._emergency alerts.When elitists may be tempted to sneer at the mass media, referring to it 9._as the “opiate of the masses,” it is a critical part of human societies.Understand mass media is usually key to understand a population 10._and culture, which is why the field of media studies is so huge.2017年真题The ability to communicate is the primary factor that distinguishes human beings from animals. And it is the ability to communicate well which 1._distinguishes one individual from another.The fact is that apart from the basic necessities, one needs to be equipped with habits for good communication skills, thus this is 2._what will make one a happy and successful social being.In order to develop these habits, one needs to first acknowledgethe fact that they need to improve communication skills from time to time.They need to take stock of the way how they interact and the direction 3._in which their work and personal relations are going. The only constantin life is change, the more one accepts ones strengths and works 4._towards dealing with their shortcomings, specially in the area of 5._communication skills, the better will be their interactions andthe more their social popularity.The dominated question that comes here is: How to improve 6._communication skills? The answer is simple. One can findplenty of literature on this. There are also experts, who conductworkshops and seminars based on communication skills of men and women. In fact, a large number of companies are bringing intrainers to regularly make sessions on the subject, in order to 7._help their work force maintain better interpersonal work relations.Today effective communication skills have become a predominant factor even while recruiting employees. While interviewing candidates,most interviewers judge them on the basis of the skills they communicate with.They believe that some skills can be improvised on the job; but ability to 8._communicate well is important, as every employee becomes therepresenting face of the company.There are trainers, who specialized in delivering custom-made 9._programs on the subject. Through the sessions they not only facilitatebetter communication skills in the workplace, but also look into the problems in the manner of being able to convey messages effectively. 10._2016年真题All social units develop a culture. Even in two-person relationships, a culture develops in time. In friendship and romantic relationships, 1._for example, partners develop their own history, shared experiences, language patterns, habits, and customs give that relationship a special 2._charactera character that differs it in various ways from 3._other relationships. Examples might include special dates, places, songs, or events that come to have a unique and important symbolic meaning for the two individuals. Thus, any 4._social unitwhether a relationship, group, organization, or societydevelops a culture with the passage of time. While the defining characteristics of each culture are unique, all cultures share certain same functions. The relationship between 5._communication and culture is a very complex intimate one. 6._Cultures are created through communication; that is, communication isthe means of human interaction, through it cultural characteristics 7._are created and shared. It is not so much that individuals set out to create a culture when they interact in relationships, groups, organizations, or societies, but rather than that cultures are a natural by-product of social interaction.8._In a sense, cultures are the “residue” of social communication. Without communication and communication media, it would be impossible tohave and pass along cultural characteristics from one place and time to 9._another. One can say, furthermore, that culture is created, shaped, 10._transmitted, and learned through communication.2015年真题WhenIwasinmyearlyteens,Iwastakentoaspectacularshowonicebythemotherofafriend.Lookedroundattheluxuryofthe 1. _rink,myfriendsmotherremarkedonthe“plush”seatswehadbeengiven.Ididnotknowwhatshemeant,andbeingproudofmy2._vocabulary,Itriedtoinferitsmeaningfromthecontext.“Plush”wasclearlyintendedasacomplimentary,apositiveevaluation;that3. _muchIcouldtellitfromthetoneofvoiceandthecontext.SoI4._startedtousetheword.Yes,Ireplied,theycertainlyareplush,andsoaretheicerinkandthecostumesoftheskaters,arentthey?Myfriendsmotherwasverypolitetocorrectme,butIcouldtellfromher5. _expressionthatIhadnotgotthewordquiteright.Oftenwecanindeedinferfromthecontextwhatawordroughlymeans,andthatisinfactthewaywhichweusuallyacquireboth6._newwordsandnewmeaningsforfamiliarwords,speciallyinour7._ownfirstlanguage.Butsometimesweneedtoask,asIshouldhaveaskedforplush,andthisisparticularlytrueinthe 8._aspectofaforeignlanguage.Ifyouarecontinuallysurroundedby9_speakersofthelanguageyouarelearning,youcanaskthemdirectly,butoftenthisopportunitydoesnotexistforthelearnerofEnglish.Sodictionarieshavebeendevelopedtomendthegap.10._2014年真题There is widespread consensus among scholars that second languageacquisition (SLA) emerged as a distinct field of research from the late 1950s toearly 1960s.There is a high level of agreement that the following questions1._havepossessedthemostattentionofresearchersinthisarea: 2._Is it possible to acquire an additional language in thesame sense one acquires a first language? 3._What is the explanation for the fact adults have 4._more difficulty in acquiring additional languages than children have?What motivates people to acquire additional languages?What is the role of the language teaching in the 5._acquisition of an additional language?What socio-cultural factors, if any, are relevant in studying thelearning of additional languages?From a check of the literature of the field it is clear that all6._the approaches adopted to study the phenomena of SLA so far haveone thing in common: The perspective adopted to view the acquiringof an additional language is that of an individual attempts to do 7._so. Whether one labels it “learning” or “acquiring” an additional language, it is an individual accomplishment or what is under8._focus is the cognitive, psychological, and institutional status of anindividual. That is, the spotlight is on what mental capabilities areinvolving, what psychological factors play a role in the learning9._or acquisition, and whether the target language is learnt in theclassroom or acquired through social touch with native speakers. 10._2013年真题Psycho-linguisticsisthenamegiventothestudyofthepsychologicalprocessesinvolvedinlanguage.Psycholinguisticsstudyunderstanding,productionandrememberinglanguage,andhenceareconcerned 1._withlistening,reading,speaking,writing,andmemoryforlanguage.Onereasonwhywetakethelanguageforgrantedisthatitusually 2._happenssoeffortlessly,andmostoftime,soaccurately. 3._Indeed,whenyoulistentosomeonetospeaking,orlookingatthispage,4._younormallycannothelpbutunderstandit.Itisonlyinexceptionalcircumstanceswemightbecomeawareof5._thecomplexityinvolved:ifwearesearchingforawordbutcannot rememberit;ifarelativeorcolleaguehashadastrokewhichhas 6._influencedtheirlanguage;ifweobserveachildacquirelanguage; 7._ifwetrytolearnasecondlanguageourselvesasanadult;orifwe arevisuallyimpairedorhearing-impairedorifwemeetanyoneelse 8._whois.Asweshallsee,alltheseexamples ofwhatmightbecalled“languageinexceptionalcircumstances”revealagreatdealabouttheprocessesevolvedinspeaking, listening,writingandreading.But 9._giventhatlanguageprocesseswerenormallysoautomatic,wealso 10._needtocarryoutcarefulexperimentstogetatwhatishappening.2012年真题 Thecentralproblemoftranslatinghasalwaysbeenwhethertotranslateliterallyorfreely.Theargumenthasbeengoingsinceatleast 1._thefirstcenturyB.C.Uptothebeginningofthe19thcentury,manywritersfavoredcertainkindof“free”translation:thespirit,notthe 2._letter;thesensenottheword;themessagerathertheform;thematter 3._notthemanner.Thisistheoftenrevolutionarysloganofwriterswho 4._wantedthetruthtobereadandunderstood.Thenintheturnof 5._19thcentury,whenthestudyofculturalanthropologysuggestedthat thelinguisticbarrierswereinsuperableandthatthelanguagewas 6._entirelytheproductofculture,theviewtranslationwasimpossible 7._gainedsomecurrency,andwithitthat,ifwasattemptedatall,itmust 8._beas literalaspossible.Thisviewculminatedthestatementofthe 9._extreme“literalists”WalterBenjaminandVladimirNobokov.Theargumentwastheoretical:thepurposeofthetranslation,thenatureofthereadership,thetypeofthetext,wasnotdiscussed.Toooften,writer, translatorandreaderwereimplicitlyidentifiedwitheachother.Now,thecontexthaschanged,andthebasicproblemremains. 10._2011年真题From a very early age, perhaps the age of five or six, I knew that when I grew I should be a writer. Between the ages 1._of about seventeen and twenty-four I tried to abandon this idea, but I did so with the conscience that I was outraging my 2._true nature and that soon or later I should have to settle down 3._and write books. I was the child of three, but there was a gap of five years on either side, and I barely saw my father 4._before I was eight. For this and other reasons I was somewhat lonely, and I soon developed disagreeing mannerisms which 5._made me unpopular throughout my schooldays. I had the lonely childs habit of making up stories and holding conversations with imaginative persons, and I think from the 6._very start my literal ambitions were mixed up with the feeling 7._of being isolated and undervalued. I knew that I had a facility with words and a power of facing in unpleasant facts, and I 8._felt that this created a sort of private world which I could get 9._my own back for my failure in everyday life. Therefore, the 10._volume of serious i.e. seriously intended writing which I produced all through my childhood and boyhood would not amount to half a dozen pages. I wrote my first poem at the age of four or five, my mother taking it down to dictation. 2010年真题Sofaraswecantell,allhumanlanguagesareequallycompleteandperfectasinstrumentsofcommunication:thatis,everylanguageappearstobewellequippedasanyothertosay1_thethingstheirspeakerswanttosay.2_Theremayormaynotbeappropriatetotalkaboutprimitive3_peoplesorcultures,butthatisanothermatter.Certainly,notallgroupsofpeopleareequallycompetentinnuclearphysicsorpsychologyorthecultivationofrice.Whereasthisisnotthe4_faultoftheirlanguage.TheEskimos,itissaid,canspeakaboutsnowwithfurthermoreprecisionandsubtletythanwecanin5_English,butthisisnotbecausetheEskimolanguage(oneofthosesometimesmiscalledprimitive)isinherentlymorepreciseandsubtlethanEnglish.Thisexampledoesnotcometolightadefect6_inEnglish,ashowofunexpectedprimitiveness.ThepositionissimplyandobviouslythattheEskimosandtheEnglishliveinsimilar7_environments.TheEnglishlanguagewillbejustasrichinterms8_fordifferentkindsofsnow,presumably,iftheenvironmentsinwhichEnglish washabituallyusedmadesuchdistinctionasimportant.9_Similarly,wehavenoreasontodoubtthattheEskimolanguagecouldbeaspreciseandsubtleonthesubjectofmotormanufactureorcricketifthesetopicsformedthepartoftheEskimoslife.10_For obvious historical reasons, Englishmen in the nineteenth century could not talk about motorcars with the minute discrimination which is possible today: cars were not a part of their culture. But they had a host of terms for horse-drawn vehicles which send us, puzzled, to a historical dictionary when we are reading Scott or Dickens. How many of us could distinguish between a chaise, a landau, a victoria, a brougham, a coupe, a gig, a diligence, a whisky, a calash, a tilbury, a carriole, a phaeton, and a clarence?2009年真题Theprevioussectionhasshownhowquicklyarhymepassesfromoneschoolchildtothenextandillustratesthefurtherdifference1._betweenschoolloreandnurserylore.Innurseryloreaverse,learntinearlychildhood,isnotusuallypassedonagainwhenthelittle listener 2._hasgrownup,andhaschildrenoftheirown,orevengrandchild. 3._Theperiodbetweenlearninganurseryrhymeandtransmittingitmaybesomethingfromtwentytoseventyyears.Withtheplaygroundlore, 4._therefore,arhymemaybeexcitedlypassed onwithintheveryhouritis5._learnt;andinthegeneral,itpassesbetweenchildrenofthesameage,6._ornearlyso,sinceitisuncommonforthedifferenceinagebetweenplaymatestobemorethanfiveyears.If, therefore,aplaygroundrhymecanbeshowntohavebeencurrentlyforahundredyears,orevenjust7._forfifty,itfollowsthatithasbeenretransmittedoverandover;very 8._possiblyithaspassedalongachainoftwoorthreehundredyounghearersandtellers,andthewonderisthatitremainsliveaftersomuch9._handling,toletalonethatitbearsresemblancetothe10._2008年真题Thedesiretouselanguageasasignofnationalidentityisaverynaturalone,andinresultlanguagehasplayedaprominent1._partinnationalmoves.Menhaveoftenfelttheneedtocultivate2._agivenlanguagetoshowthattheyaredistinctivefromanother3._racewhosehegemonytheyresent.AtthetimetheUnitedStates 4._splitofffromBritain,forexample,therewereproposalsthatindependenceshouldbelinguisticallyacceptedbytheuseofa5._differentlanguagefromthoseofBritain.Therewasevenone 6._proposalthatAmericansshouldadoptHebrew.OthersfavouredtheadoptionofGreek,though,asonemanputit,thingswouldcertainlybesimplerforAmericansiftheystuckontoEnglish7._andmadetheBritishlearnGreek.Attheend,aseveryone 8._knows,thetwocountriesadoptedthepracticalandsatisfactorysolu