震惊世界的审判

TheTrialThatRockedtheWorld JohnScopes 1 WilliamJenningsBryan威廉詹宁斯布莱恩 2 WilliamJenningsBryan WilliamJenningsBryanwasborninSalem IllinoisonMarch19 1860anddiedinDaytonTennesseeonJuly26 1925 Hehaddiedattheageof65 3 WilliamJenningsBryan 1860 1925 Inhismiddle classfamily greatemphasiswasplacedonreligionandmorality notonlyinone spersonallifebutinpoliticsandintheconductofnationalaffairs AftergraduatingfromIllinoisCollegeofLawinChicago heopenedalawofficesinJacksonville In1887 ByranmovedtoLincoln Nebraska practicinglawandsimultaneouslyturningtowardpolitics Hewonaseatincongress1890andwasreelectedin1892 4 HewastheDemocraticparty spresidentialnomineethreetimes 1896 1900 1908 In1912hehelpedtosecurethenominationofWoodrowWilsonforthepresidency andWilsonnamedhimsecretaryofstatein1913 InWorldWar1headvocatedapolicyofneutrality hopingthattheUnitedStatesmightplaytheroleofarbitratorbetweentheopposingsides Wilson however didnotfollowhisadviceandheresignedinJune1915 5 威廉詹宁斯布赖恩 1860年至1925年 出生于Salem 中产阶级家庭 不仅在自己的个人生活 而且在政治和国家事务中都把重点放在宗教和道德上 后来在芝加哥伊利诺伊州大学法学院毕业后 他在Jacksonville开了一家律师事务所 在1887年 Byran搬到林肯 内布拉斯加 研究法律并同时转向政治 他曾经3次代表美国民主党竞选总统 1896 1900 1908 1912年他帮助伍德罗威尔逊 以确保其总统职位 1913年 威尔逊任命他为国务卿 在第一次世界大战中 他主张中立政策 希望美国在可以对立的双方扮演仲裁员的角色 然而Wilson 没有遵循他的意见 1915年6月他便辞职 6 WilliamJenningsBryanwastheangelofthelordagainstthesouthernstatestofoumulatethetheoryofevolutionlaws Hisreligiousthoughtaboutallcamefromthefoudamemtalism WhenhewasyounghewasPresbyterianbeliever HisfatherwastheBaptistChurchfollowerandhismotherwas 7 Methodistfollower sohesoonestablisheddeeprootswiththeAmericanconservationsectandhisthoughtwasdeeplyaffectedbythefundamentalism Hewasastaunchfundamentalist Bryanalwaysopposedmodernismthatwassupporedbytheeasterncityandacademiccircles 8 After1920hewasastrongsupporterofProhibitionandenergeticallyattackedDarwinismandevolution mostfamouslyattheScopesTrialin1925 Fivedaysaftertheendofthecase hediedinhissleep 9 Bryanwasnamedthe Silver TonguedOrator becauseofhiseloquenceandlogicalthinking Hewasabornorator Hewasachildprodigyinthepoliticalarenaandwasseenasherobecausehealwaysstoodatthesidethehistoricalprogress Attheendofthe19century heopposedtheconsortiumofcorruptionandcalledthewomen ssuffrage Herepresentedthebottomofworkerandfarmer sinterest sohewascalledastheGreatCommonertothepeople HealsowasadevoutProtestantandrepresentedtheAmerciancharacterandspiritinthemidof19century 10 Theknowledgewemustknow 11 TheBible TheBibleisaconicalcollectionofthetextssacredinJudaismandchristianity Thereisnosingle Bible andmanyBibleswithvaryingcontextsexist ThetermBibleissharedbetweenJudaishandChristianity althoughthecontentsofeachoftheircolllectionsofcanonicaltextsisnotthesame DifferencereiligiousgroupsincludedifferenceboookswithintheirBiblicalcanons 12 Indifferentorders andsometimesdivideorcombinebooks Orincorporateadditionalmaterialintocanonicalbooks 13 theBibleisJewishandChristianreligiousclassics IntheHebrewBible OrthodoxJudaism versionof Tanach forhisclassic includingtheOldtestamentandNewTestamentBible OldTestament volumesof39NewTestament volumesof27TheBibleisinall66volumes 14 HhebrewBible recordsisthecreationoftheworldGod fromhumancrime historyoftheJewsandpredictionsabouttheworld TheNewTestament recordsthewordsanddeedsofJesusChristandhisdisciplesandearlyChristianeventrecords forhumanpurgation theEpistlesandprophexiesabouttheendoftheworld 15 TheBiblefromtheearlybookJobinabout1500BCuntilthelastbookoftheapocalypse waswrittenafterabout1600 whoseauthorweremorethan40 includingtheKing Prophet thepriests theshepherd thefisherman thedoctorandsoon Thentoughtorally finallyitwasfiledintothegroupbookbyvariousreligiousorganizationspower 16 TheChristianityiscomposedofCatholic Orthodox Protestantthreefactionsandmanyothersmallerfactions ChriatiansbelievethatJesusisthesonoftheGodthesaviourofmankind TheChrisianisthemonotheisticreligion TheChristianity 17 Modernism Modernismisaphilosophicalmovementthat alongwithculturaltrendsandchanges arosefromwide scaleandfar reachingtransformationsinWesternsocietyinthelate19thandearly20thcenturies AmongthefactorsthatshapedModernismwasthedevelopmentofmodernindustrialsocietiesandtherapidgrowthofcities followedthenbythehorrorofWorldWarI ModernismrejectedthecertaintyofEnlightenmentthinking andmanymodernistsalsorejectedreligiousbelief 18 Modernism ingeneral includestheactivitiesandcreationsofthosewhofeltthetraditionalformsofart architecture literature religiousfaith philosophy socialorganization andactivitiesofdailylifewerebecomingoutdatedintheneweconomic social andpoliticalenvironmentofanemergingfullyindustrializedworld 19 ThegreatestimpactisDarwin theoryofevolution Thetheoryofevolutionputforwardthe survivalofthefittestinnaturalselection survivalofthefittest principle Biologicalthroughnaturalselectin fromalowertoahigherlevel evenhumanbeingsarealsoincluded Thistheorydirectlygoagainstthe Bible inthestatement 20 Thefundamentalistmovementinthe1920s Fundamentalists whobelievedinaliteralinterpretationoftheBible lockedintoDarwinandthetheoryofevolutionas themostpresentthreattothetruththeyweresurewhattheyalonepossessed 21 worriedthateverythingvaluablewasending Inruralareas particularlyintheSouthandMidwest Amercansturnedtotheirfaithforcomfortandstability andfundamentalistreligionsoaredinpopularity 22 However modernistsnolongeraskedwhethersocietywouldapproveoftheirbehavior onlywhethertheirbehaviormettheapprovaloftheirintellect Intellectualexperimentationflourished 23 Withevolutionastheenemy Fundamentalistssetouttoeradicateitfromtheirsociety beginningwiththeeducationsystem Therefore inthesummerof1925 thesleepyhamletofDayton Tennessee becamethesettingforoneofthe20thcentury smostcontroversialdramas theScopestrialthatpitwilliamJenningsBryanandtheanti DarwinistsagainstateachernamedJohnScopesintoafamousdabateoverscience religion andtheirplaceinpubliceducation 24 Thebriefintroduction CharacterTheprincipalpointofdoctrine 25 Thecharacter 1 conservative 2 antagonism 3 exclusiveness 4 militancy 26 Thefivefundaments InerrancyoftheBibleThevirginbirthanddeityofJesusChristThedoctrineofsalvationbyFaithAloneThebodilyresurrectionofJesusChristThebodilysecondcomingofJesusChrist 27 Rising FundamentalismcamefrommultiplestreamsinBritishandAmericantheologyofthe