选修8-UNIT2-词汇讲解.doc

泗州学校 Sizhou School 高三英语选修八导学案编号：2014- 课型： 新授课 上课时间： 第1周 主备人：沙 千 审核人： 班级： 小组： 姓名： 评价： Unit 2Cloning1differ vi.不同；相异Think about how they differ. (教材P10)想一想他们如何不同。differ from sb./sth.与某人/某物不同 differ from /with sb. about/on sth.关于某事与某人有异议differ in.在方面不同make a difference有影响，很重要 the difference between A and BA与B之间的不同be different from sb.in.在方面不同于某人differ from表示相互有别，不同于。differ with指不同意某人的意见或与某人意见不同。2exact adj.准确的；精确的；严谨的；一丝不苟的It is a way of making an exact copy of another animal or plant.(教材P11)这是一种用来生产与原型完全相同的动植物的方法。exactly adv.确切地；究竟；到底 to be exact确切地说(exactly speaking)not exactly不完全；一点也不；根本不Exactly speaking，the result is wrong. 确切地说，这个结果不正确。3The fact that she seemed to develop normally was very encouraging. (教材P11)看来多莉是在正常地成长着，这很令人鼓舞。句中that引导同位语从句来说明fact的具体内容。同位语从句可由when，where，how，why，that，whether等词引导。同位语从句一般放在idea，fact，news，hope，belief，thought，doubt，question等抽象名词之后，用以说明抽象名词的具体内容。有时为了保持句子的平衡，同位语从句还可以放在动词的后面。(2013浙江高考)The only way to succeed at the highest level is to have total belief _ you are better than anyone else on the sports field.AhowBthat Cwhich Dwhether4Cloning plants is straightforward while cloning animals is very complicated.(教材P11)克隆植物简单，但克隆动物就很复杂了。while在本句中表示“对比”关系。表示同类事物之间的对比，常译作“然而，可是”。while的另外两个重要的含义：while作从属连词，意为“当的时候”。while作从属连词，意为“虽然，尽管”，表示让步关系。(2012四川高考)At school，some students are active_some are shy，yet they can be good friends with one another.Awhile Balthough Cso Das5undertake vt.(undertook，undertaken)着手；从事；承担；承诺；答应It is a difficult task to undertake.(教材P11) 这是一项很难完成的任务。The United Nations was supposed to undertake the responsibility for global peace keeping.联合国应承担维护世界和平的责任。undertake a task/responsibility承担任务/责任 undertake to do sth.同意、答应或着手做某事undertake for.为负责 undertake thatclause 保证undertaking n任务；事业；企业He undertook to pay the money back in one month. 他答应在一个月之内还钱。6pay off得到好结果；取得成功；偿清 But at last the determination and patience of the scientists paid off in 1996 with a breapay sth.off全部偿还；偿清 pay sb.off付清某人工资并解雇pay for买；为付款；为付出代价 pay back还钱；偿还；报复pay money for sth.付钱买 pay up付清欠款(2012安徽高考)The athletes years of hard training_when she finally won the Olympic gold medal.Awent on Bgot through Cpaid off Dended up7Then_came the disturbing news that Dolly had become seriously ill.(教材P11)接着传来了多莉病重的坏消息。本句是一个完全倒装句。完全倒装是把谓语动词完全置于主语前，其中主语必须是名词，若为代词则不倒装，这种结构中谓语部分无助动词(be，do，have)和情态动词，但可以有连系动词be。须用完全倒装的情况有：当句首为副词out，in，up，down，off，here，there，now，then等，且主语为名词时，应用完全倒装。当表示地点的介词短语位于句首，且主语为名词时，应用完全倒装。在there be结构中，there为引导词，be动词之后为句子的主语，属完全倒装，be应与主语保持一致。除be以外，能与there连用的动词还有seem，exist，happen，appear，live，stand等。作表语的形容词、过去分词等较短，而主语相对比较长，为了保持句子平衡而将表语前置时，句子的主谓也应完全倒装。某些表示祝愿的句子也可用完全倒装(或部分倒装)。8cast down沮丧；不愉快(多用于被动语态)Cloning scientists were cast down to find that Dollys illnesses were more appropriate to a much older animal.(教材P12)研究克隆的科学家们发现多莉得的病更容易发生在年老的动物身上，这让他们很沮丧。He was cast down by what his manager said. 经理说的话使他沮丧。cast out 驱逐出去；赶走 cast a shadow (在心理上)留下阴影 cast off 摆脱掉；抛弃You really must cast off all these bad habits.9altogether adv.全部；总共；总而言之；完全地Altogether Dolly lived six and a half years，half the length of the life of the original sheep.(教材P12)多莉总共只存活了六年半，这是它的原型羊寿命的一半。The weather was bad and the food was dreadful.Altogether the holiday was very disappointing.天气又坏，吃的又糟。总而言之，这次假期很让人扫兴。all together/altogether作“总共”讲时，它们可以互换使用。all together作“一道，一起”讲时，不能用altogether替换。altogether意为“完全地，总而言之”时，不可与all together互换。10objection n不赞成；反对；异议On the other hand，Dollys appearance raised a storm of objections and had a great impact on the media and public imagination.(教材P12)另一方面，多莉的出现引起了强烈反对，激起了媒体的热炒和公众的想象。Do you have any objections？你有任何异议吗？raise an objection to sth.对提出异议 have/make/take an objection to (doing) sth. 反对某事object to sth./sb.反对某事/某人 object to doing sth.反对干某事object to sb.doing sth.反对某人干某事 object that.提出作为反对的理由object n物，物体；目的，目标(purpose，objective)They object to this new law for religious reasons. 出于宗教原因他们反对这一新法律。He strongly objects to being treated like a child. 他强烈反对被人当孩子一样对待。【提示】object to中的to 为介词。11obtain v得到；获得(较正式用语)Although at present human egg cells and embryos needed for cloning research are difficult to obtain，newspapers wrote of evil leaders hoping to clone themselves to attain their ambitions.(教材P12)尽管目前供克隆研究的人类卵细胞和胚胎很难获得，报纸报道说， 有些邪恶头目希望把自己克隆出来以实现他们的野心。obtain knowledge/ones degree 获得知识/学位 obtain sb.sth./obtain sth.for sb.给某人带来obtain/achieve/attain/gain/acquire obtain指经过努力或付出代价或经过很长时间得到所需要的东西。 achieve指通过个人努力改善自己的情况。 attain是正式用语，指经过艰苦努力才使人达到完美的境界。gain指需要做出比obtain更大的努力，往往指通过竞争获得某些有价值的东西。acquire指经过不懈努力才获得的技术、知识等抽象的东西，也指养成习惯等。(2013商丘高二质检)After questioning the man for six hours，the police _ the information they wanted.AseizedBrecovered Cappealed Dobtained12forbid vt.(forbade，forbad；forbidden)禁止；不准Some began to reform their legal systems and forbade research into human cloning.(教材P12)一些(政府)开始改革他们的法律体系来禁止对克隆人的研究forbid sb.to do sth.禁止某人做某事 forbid doing sth.禁止做某事forbid sb.sth.禁止某人某事 forbid sb.from doing 禁止某人做Its forbidden to do sth.做某事是禁止【提示】forbid后面不能直接跟动词不定式作宾语，而是跟动名词作宾语，但可以用forbid sb.to do sth.。13in favour of支持；赞成Is it in favour of cloning or against it？(教材P12) 它是赞成克隆行为还是反对克隆行为？be in/out of favour(with sb.) be in/out of sb.s favour 得到/失去某人的尊重、赞同等in sb.s favour 对某人有利 do sb.a favourdo a favour for sb.帮某人忙owe sb.a favour 欠某人情favourable adj.喜爱的；赞同的与in favour of结构相同的短语有：in praise of表扬 in honour of/in memory of纪念 in need of需要in place of代替，取代 in spite of不管，不顾，除了 in search of追求，寻找in charge of管理(湖北高考)When asked about their opinions about the schoolmaster，many teachers would prefer to see him step aside_younger men.Ain terms ofBin need of Cin favour of Din praise of1owe vt.欠(账、钱、人情等)；归功于You owe the lady an apology.(教材P13)owe sb.an apology 该向某人道歉 owe.to.欠；把归功于；应感激owe sb.sth.(owe sth.to sb.) 欠某人某物owing adj.欠的；未付的 owing to.因为；由于Owing to the rain，we stayed home all day long.owe.to./attribute.to.owe.to.主语既可以是人，也可以是物。只用于主动句，大都与褒义词连用。attribute.to.主语则只能是人，常用被动语态。2shortly adv.不多时，不久Shortly after Freddy did some research，he discovered the fate of Dolly the sheep.(教材P13)然而在Freddy作了调查后不久，他发现了多莉羊的命运。shortly可以表示soon的含义，且常和after，before连用，表示“在前/后不久”。3retire v退休；退出比赛；离开.when he retired he would be able to look back on his life with satisfaction.(教材P13)当他退休时他就可以非常满意地回忆他的生活。retired adj.已退休的，已退职的 retiree n退休人员，退休者 retirement n退休，引退4bother v花费时间精力(做某事)；打扰；给(某人)造成麻烦(或痛苦)n.烦扰；困难However，the problem that she later developed a serious lung disease bothered scientists.(教材P14)但是，后来她得了严重的肺病，这个问题很让科学家烦心。What bothers me most is the fact that he seems to take no interest in his work.最使我伤脑筋的是，他似乎对自己的工作毫无兴趣。 I dont want to put you to any bother. 我不想给你添麻烦bother sb.with/about sth.为某事打扰或麻烦某人 bother about/with sth.为某事烦恼bother to do/doing 操心做某事 It bothers sb.that/to do sth.使某人苦恼的是put sb.to any bother 给某人添乱bother/disturb/interruptbother指麻烦某人，使某人操心、烦恼，常指为一点小事所“烦扰”，带有稍微抱怨的意味。disturb意为“干扰，扰乱”，侧重扰乱某种状态或秩序。interrupt意为“打扰，打断”，侧重打断某个活动的进程，使其不能进行下去。5be bound to do.注定/一定做Dollys death，like her birth，was bound to raise worries.(教材P14)多莉的死就像她的出生一样，注定要引起许多忧虑。Youve done so much work that youre bound to pass the exam.你已经做了这么多努力，因此你一定能通过考试。be bound up in sth.忙于某事；热衷于某事物 be bound up with sth.与某事物关系密切1o ones heart使刻骨铭心The popularity of films such as Jurassic Park，in which a scientist clones several kinds of extinct dinosaurs，proves how the idea struck a mixture of fear and excitement into peoples hearts.(教材P15)在侏罗纪公园这部电影中，有一位科学家克隆了好几种不同的绝种恐龙。类似的电影很受欢迎，证明了这一种想法使人们感到既恐惧又兴奋。be struck by被打动/袭击/侵袭 It strikes sb.that.某人突然想起 be/go on strike罢工striker n罢工的人 striking adj.引人注意的I was struck by the beauty of the West Lake. 我被西湖的美景迷住了。The bus drivers are still on strike. 公交车司机仍然在罢工。beat/hit/strikebeat强调连续或反复地“打”，因此像心脏跳动、打鼓、打拍子之类连续性或反复性的动作，一般要用beat。strike常指“猛地一击”。hit侧重指有目标的用力“击中”，有时也指“打一下”。表示“突然想到”的常用表达：It strikes/hits sb.从句某人突然想起 It occurs to sb.that. 某人突然想起A good idea strikes/hits/occurs to sb. 某人突然想起了一个好主意an idea/thought rush through sb. 某人突然想起某事2From_time_to_time people suggest that extinct animals like dinosaurs，can possibly be brought_back_to_life through cloning.(教材P15)有人不时建议，像恐龙那样已灭绝的动物可能会通过克隆使之复生。(1)from time to time有时；偶尔；不时at one time从前(某个时候)；曾经；一度 at a time每次；依次；逐一at all time总是；永远 in no time很快；立刻 in time及时；迟早；过了一段时间at no time在任何时候都不；决不(用于句首，常用部分倒装) (2)bring back to life使复生；使复活The girl was brought back to life by the doctors and nurses.医生和护士使这位女孩活过来了。Although the doctors did everything they could，they werent able to bring him back to life.尽管医生尽了全力，但还是不能使他苏醒过来。bring back使回忆；归还 bring down 打垮；降低 bring forward 提前；提出；拨快bring in 引进；赚得 bring about造成，引起3in vain白费力气；枉费心机All efforts of cloning an animal will be in vain if there is not enough diversity in the group to overcome illnesses.(教材P15)如果某个动物群体没有足够的多样性以战胜疾病，那么克隆这种动物的所有努力都将是无用的。in common 有共同处；共有；共用 in need 缺衣少食的；在贫困中的in order有秩序地；妥当，适宜 in public公开地 in place在适当的位置4Diversity in a group means having animals with_their_genes_arranged_in_different_ways.群体的多样性是指这群动物的基因要以不同的方式排列。with their genes arranged in different ways为“with复合宾语”结构，在句中作定语，修饰animals。其中genes与arrange存在动宾关系，故arrange用过去分词形式。with复合结构的构成：with宾语(n./pron.)宾补(辽宁)The old couple often take a walk after supper in the park with their pet dog _ them.Ato followBfollowing Cfollowed Dfollows5resist vt.对抗；抵抗The advantage is that if there i