2 The Development of the English Vocabulary

Chapter2TheDevelopmentoftheEnglishVocabulary Whatisthesignificanceoftheknowledgeofvocabularydevelopment WhatistheIndo Europeanlanguagefamily Wheredidthevocabularycomefrom Howisthevocabularyrelatedtootherlanguages Whatistheprocessofborrowing Introduction 2 0 1Awarenessofculturebehindthelanguagee g beef bullbookish2 0 2EfficiencyEnglish Alanguagefamilyreferstoagroupoflanguagesthathavedevelopedfromasingleancestor basedon phonological morphological andlexicalcorrespondencesthatstemfromtheprotolanguage 2 1TheIndo EuropeanLanguageFamily TheIndo EuropeanLanguageFamily Protolanguage 原始母语 isatermindicatesanearlystageofalanguageorlanguagefamilythatisnothistoricallyattestedbutratherreconstructedthroughthecomparativemethods aboutsixthousanddifferentlanguagesintheworld Barber C TheEnglishLanguage AHistoricalIntroduction Cambridge CambridgeUniversityPress p53 1993 about300languagefamilies 语系 onthebasisofsimilaritiesintheirbasicwordstockandgrammars TheIndo EuropeanlanguageFamily TheIndo EuropeanismadeupofmostofthelanguagesofEurope theNearEast andIndia ThesurvivinglanguagescanbegroupedintoanEasternset Balto Slavic Indo lranian ArmenianandAlbanian aWesternset Celtic Italic Hellenic Germanic 2 1 2TheIndo EuropeanLanguageFamily Indo EuropeanlanguagefamilyWesternsetEasternsetCelticBalto SlavicItalicIndo IranianHellenicArmenianGermanicAlbanianHittiteAnatolianTocharian extinct Indo Europeanfamily Germanic Italic Latin Romance North West East Gothic died ModernGermanDutchFrisianEnglish DanishSwedishNorwegianIcelandic ModernScandinavian Celtic 2 2ThreePhasesoftheHistoricalDevelopment Celtic about500B C 500A D Pre EnglishLatin 43 410OldEnglish 450 1150 1066 MiddleEnglish 1150 1500ModernEnglish 1500 remember 2 2 2OldEnglish English OldEnglishwasonthebasisoftheAnglo Saxondialect blottedouttheCeltic England thelandofAnglesTheGermanicinvadersreferredtothenativeCeltsasWealas foreigners TheCeltscalledtheinvadersSassenachs Saxons theNormanConquest In1066French speakingNormanledbyWilliamconqueredtheAnglo SaxonEngland ThepowerofHarolddiedatthebattleofHastings Englandwasconquered Language French 2 2 3MiddleEnglish Results A Itbroughttoaninsularnationanewandlargercontinentalculture B ItforcedonEngland thenationalidea aconceptagainstwhichtheSaxsonshadlongstruggled C OvertenthousandFrenchwordswereintroducedintoEngland government thechurch thearmy thenavy law fashion sociallife art medicine andotherbranchesoflearning MiddleEnglish D Thesituationofthesimultaneousexistenceofthreelanguage English Latin andFrench continuedforoveracentury French peopleinpowerspokeLatin earninglivingyoungpeoplelearned thechurch sEnglish thelanguageofanoppressed poorandignorantpeople MiddleEnglish 2 2 4ModernEnglish Dates fromtheCaxtonandtheestablishmentofprintinginEnglandWilliamCaxton bornintheWealdofKent 1422 diedatWestminster 1491 thefirstEnglishprinter theintroduceroftheartofprintingintoEngland Renaissance 1550 1600 isthenameofthegreatintellectualandculturalmovementoftherevivalofinterestinclassicalculturethatoccurredinthefourteenth fifteenthandsixteenthcenturies aperiodwhichsawthetransitionfromtheMiddleAgestomoderntimes thepointofviewoflexis threemainfeatures 1 theunprecedentedgrowthofscientificvocabulary 2 theassertion认定ofAmericanEnglishasadominant突出的varietyofthelanguage 3 theemergenceofothervarietiesknownas NewEnglishes characterized NewEnglishes referstonewvarietiesofthelanguagethathavebecomelocalizednotonlythroughtheinfluenceoftheotherlanguagesoftheregions butalsothroughbeingadaptedtothelifeandcultureoftheirspeakers OlderEnglishe