高中英语非谓语动词经典用法讲解.doc

. . . . 高中英语非谓语动词经典用法讲解语态形式 主动 被动不定式一般式进行式完成式现在分词一般式完成式 过去分词非谓语动词（doing/to do）作主语非谓语动词能用作主语的只有不定式和动名词，它们在这一用法上略有区别：1. 表示泛指或经常性的事情用动名词作主语；表示特指，个别的，具体的动作或表示将来的意思时，只能用不定式作主语。 Swimming is interesting. To swim with my good friend is interesting.2. 1）不定式短语和动名词短语作主语时常用形式主语it引导。It is not easy to master a foreign language. 掌握一门外语不容易。2）在it is no good/ use / help/ point/ sense ,it is a waste of time doing. 和there is no 等句式中，一般用动名词,不可用不定式代替。 There is no use crying over spilt milk. 覆水难收。 It is no good writing to him; he never answers letters. Is there any good trying to explain? 解释会有用吗3）不定式的复合结构常用“it + be + adj. + for/of sb. +不定式”的句式，其中不定式是真正的主语。 It is necessary for us to do some more practice. 我们必须多做一些练习。 It is really kind of you to say so. 你这样说真是太好了。若主语和表语都是非谓语动词，应保持形式上的一致。Seeing is believing. / To see is to believe.不定式、动名词作宾语用法要点一、下面动词只能用不定式作宾语，Decide / determine, learn, want, expect / hope / wish, refuse, manage, care, pretend, offer, promise, choose, plan, agree, ask / beg, help，afford, 例如： She pretended not to see me when I passed by. We agreed to meet here but so far she hasnt turned up yet.二、下列动词只能用动名词作宾语，请牢记下列小诗：consider / suggest / advise, look forward to, excuse, pardon, admit, delay/ put off, fancy, avoid, miss, keep / keep on, practise, deny, finish, enjoy / appreciate, cant help, mind, allow / permit, escape, imagine, forbid, risk此外be used to, look forward to, lead to, devote to, stick to, object to, get down to, pay attention to, cant stand (无法忍受), give up, feel like, insist on, put off, thank you for, apologize for, be busy (in), have difficulty / trouble (in), have a good / wonderful /hard time /difficulty (in)等动词词组也要用动名词作宾语。 The squirrels was lucky that they just missed being caught. I can hardly imagine Peter sailing across the Atlantic Ocean in five days. I would appreciate your calling back this afternoon.三、下列动词或词组既可以跟动名词作宾语，也可以跟不定式作宾语，但意义上有区别，要特别注意。1. forget to do sth. 忘记去做某事 forget doing sth.忘记已经做过某事remember to do sth. 记住去做某事remember doing sth. 记得曾经做过某事regret to do sth. 后悔/遗憾去做某事 regret doing sth. 后悔做过某事stop to do sth. 停下来去做另一件事stop doing sth. 停止做一件事情try to do sth. 努力/试图做某事 try doing sth. 尝试着做某事mean to do sth. 意欲/想/企图做某事mean doing sth. 意味着做某事go on to do sth. (做完某事)接着做另一件事 go on doing sth.继续做同一件事(=go on with sth.)cant help to do sth. 不能帮助做某事cant help doing sth. 情不自禁地做某事2动词like, love, prefer 后接不定式或动名词作宾语均可。如表示经常性的行为可用动名词，如表示具体的行为常用动词不定式。但要注意：如果like, love, prefer 前有would /should 后面则应接动词不定式。如：I like swimming, but I dont like to swim this afternoon.Id like to go swimming this weekend.3在动词allow, advise, forbid, permit 后直接跟动名词形式作宾语，如果后面有名词或代词作宾语，其后用动词不定式作宾语补足语。即：allow / advise /forbid / permit doing sth.allow / advise /forbid / permit sb. to do sth.如：We dont allow smoking here./ We dont allow students to smoke.4动词need, require, want 作“需要”解时，其后必须用动名词的主动形式或不定式的被动形式作宾语，表示事情需要做。这时动名词的主动式表示被动意义。be worth 后必须用动名词的主动形式表示被动意义。此外，若动词need 表“需要”，require 表“要求”，want 表“想要”这些意义时，其后须接名词或代词作宾语，然后接不定式作宾语补足语。即：need / require / want doing / to be doneneed / require / want sb. to do sth.be worth + n. (表示钱数或相当于钱数的名词)be worth doingbe worthy of being donebe worthy of + n. 值得be worthy to be done如：The window needs / requires / wants cleaning.The window needs / requires / wants to be cleaned.窗户需要擦一下。The place is worth visiting./ The place is worthy of a visit./ The place is worthy of being visited.The place is worthy to be visited.那个地方值得一去。如： only one of these books is worth reading. What do you think of the book ? Oh, excellent, Its worth reading a second time.四、动词不定式作动词tell, show, understand, explain, teach, learn, advise, discuss, ask, decide, wonder, find out等词的宾语时，前面常带wh 引导词。即how, what, whether, where, when, who等 + to do。但why +不带to的不定式。注意此用法的不定式的逻辑主语需与主句的主语或宾语保持一致，否则用宾语从句。例如：He showed us how to do the work. ( = He showed us how we should do the work.)I dont know what to do. ( = I dont know what Ill do.)Can you tell me why do it ?五、动词不定式在介词but, other than后面时，如果介词之前有行为动词do的某种形式，那么介词后的不定式不带to，否则就要带to。另外在cant choose but, cant help but, cant but后面的不定式也要省略to。如：We could do nothing but / other than wait.We had nothing to do but / other than wait.We have no choice but to wait. I cant choose but laugh.分词、不定式作宾补用法要点分词、不定式作宾语补足语的区别1 感官动词see, watch, observe, look at, hear, listen to, notice 等和使役动词have 后面的宾补有三种形式，即原形动词（不带to 的不定式）、现在分词和过去分词。现在分词表主动或正在进行，过去分词表被动或完成，动词原形表主动和完成。如：I heard her sing an English song just now.刚才我听见她唱了一首英文歌。I heard her singing an English song when I passed by her room yesterday.昨天经过她房间时，我听见她在唱英文歌。I heard the English song sung many times.我多次听到有人唱这首英文歌。注意：不及物动词的过去分词作宾补表完成和状态。如：I looked down at my neck and found my necklace gone. (状态)I was surprised to find my hometown changed so much. (完成)2leave 后接三种形式作宾补时，其中的leave 是“使处于某种状态”leave sb. doing sth. 让某人一直做某事（宾语和宾补之间是主谓关系，表示动作正在进行。）leave sth. undone 留下某事未做（宾语和宾补之间是动宾关系，表示被动和完成，一般以undone, unfinished, unsettled, untouched 为多）leave sb. to do sth. 留下某人做某事leave sth. to be done 留下某事要做（不定式表示将来的动作。）如：Its wrong of you to leave the machine running.你让机器一直开着是不对的（主动，正在进行）The guests left most of the dishes untouched, because they didnt taste delicious.客人们没有动大部分菜，因为它们尝起来不可口。（被动，完成）He left, leaving me to do all the rest work.他走了，留下我一人去做剩余的工所有工作。（主动，将来）We hurriedly ended our meeting, leaving many problems to be settled.我们匆匆忙忙地结束了会议，留下了很多问题等待解决。（被动，将来）3have, get 后接三种形式作宾补时，其中have, get 表示“使、让、叫”之意。 have sth. done = get sth. done “使/让某事由别人去做”（叫/让某人做某事）。如Ill have /get my bike repaired tomorrow.此外，have sth. done 还表示“使遭受”之意。如Tom had his leg broken while playing football.Mr. Smith had his house broken into while he was away on holiday. have sb. / sth. doing 使/让某人/物持续地做某事（现在分词表示主动，正在进行）get sb. / sth. doing 使某人/物开始行动起来如：The peasants had the tractor working day and night at the harvest time.农忙时，农民们让拖拉机夜以继日地干活。The captain got the soldiers moving toward the front after a short rest.休息了片刻之后，上尉让士兵们开始朝前线行进起来。注意：“have sb. doing”若用于否定句中，其中have 有“容忍”之意。如：I wont have you speaking to your parents like that.我不会让你那样子跟你的父母说话。Dont have the water running all the time. 不要让水流个不停。 have sb. do sth. (get sb. to do sth. ) 使/让/叫某人去做某事如：Mother had me go to the shop and buy some salt.I cant get him to stop smoking. He wont listen to me.二、下列动词后跟带to的不定式作补语：advise, allow, ask, beg, cause, encourage, expect, forbid, force, get, intend, invite, like, love, order, persuade, prefer, require, teach, tell, want, warn, wish, 等。如： eg.The teacher asked us not to make so much noise.三、不定式、现在分词作宾补小窍门下列动词后在主动语态中用不带to 的不定式作补语，但在被动语态中要加上to：它们是“吾看三室两厅一感觉”5看（look at, see, watch, notice, observe）；3使（make, let, have）；2听（listen to, hear）；1感觉（fell）。以上动词还可用现在分词作宾语补足语（5+3+2+1-2+4）：即以上动词除let, make 外都可以用现在分词作宾语补足语，此外find, catch, keep, have 也可以用现在分词作宾语补足语。如：At that time, I found him crying in the street.He was caught stealing. Im sorry to have kept you waiting for such a long time.The missing boys were last seen playing near the river.不定式、分词作状语用法要点一、不定式作状语(目的，结果，原因状语)He sat down to have a rest. (表目的)They went there to visit their teacher. 他们去那里拜访老师。（表目的）He woke up only / just to find everybody gone. 他醒来发现大家都走了。（表结果）在某些形容词作表语，表示喜、怒、衷、乐后跟不定式表示原因。如：I am very glad to see you. 我非常高兴地见到你。I am so sorry to hear your mother is ill. 听到你母亲生病真遗憾。在带有enough 或too的句子里，也常用不定式作状语，表示程度。如：He was too excited not to say a few words.He is old enough to go to school. 他到上学年龄了。She is too tired to do the job. 她太累而不能做那件工作了。注意：强调动词不定式所表示的目的时，动词不定式可用in order to (为了) 或so as to (以便) + 动词原形。so as to 不用于句首。He got up early in order to catch the first bus. 他早起为了赶上第一班车。The bus stopped so as to pick up passengers. 汽车停下来以便接纳乘客。To tell you the truth, I have got no money about me.To be honest, I know nothing about it. (修饰全句，独立成分)二、分词(doing/done)作状语1分词作状语的基本原则分词作状语时，分词的逻辑主语必须与句子的主语保持一致。分词作状语必须和句中主语含有逻辑上的主谓或动宾关系，否则不能使用分词作状语。2分词作状语的句法功能分词或分词短语作状语时，可以表时间、原因、结果、条件、让步、行为方式、伴随状况等。表示时间关系的分词短语有时可由连词while 或when 引出。如：Hearing the news, they got excited. (时间)Be careful while / when crossing the street. (时间)Having been bitten by a snake, she was frightened at it. (原因)Given a chance, I can surprise the world. (条件)The cup dropped to the ground, breaking into pieces. (结果)Having been told many times, he still repeated the same mistake. (让步)The teacher came into the lab, followed by some students. (伴随状况)3独立成分作状语有些分词短语，其形式的选择不受上下文的影响，称作独立成分。常见的有：Generally speaking 一般说来Frankly speaking 坦白地说Judging from 根据来判断Considering 考虑到To tell you the truth 说实话不定式、分词作定语用法要点一、不定式作定语1. 不定式常作后置定语修饰抽象名词，常见的有：ability, chance, idea, fact, excuse, promise, answer, reply, attempt, belief, way, reason, moment, time 等。如：Do you have the ability to read and write English ?I havea chance to go sight seeing.2用来修饰被序数词、最高级或no, all, any 等限定的中心词。如：He was the best man to do the job.She was the first woman to win the gold medal in the Olympic Games.Women and children were the first to get into the lifeboats.二、分词作定语1作定语的及物动词分词形式为：V ing; being + 过去分词；当被修饰的名词与分词为主动关系时，用V ing；当被修饰的名词与分词为被动关系且表正在进行时，用being + 过去分词；当被修饰的名词与分词为被动关系且表完成时，用过去分词。例如：The houses being built are for the teachers.The broken glass is Toms.I have never seen a more moving movie.2作定语的不及物动词分词形式为：V ing 和过去分词。V ing 表示正在进行；过去分词表示已经完成。如：falling leaves 正落的叶子fallen leaves 落下的叶子boiling water 正沸腾的水boiled water 沸腾过的水（白开水）三、不定式、过去分词和现在分词被动式作定语的区别这三种形式作定语，主要是体现在动作的发生时间上。过去分词表示的动作或是在谓语所表示的动作之前发生，或是没有一定的时间性。如：Have you read the novel written by Dickens ?He is a man loved and respected by all.Dont use words, expressions, or phrases known only to people with specific knowledge.现在分词的被动式作定语时表示的动作正在发生或是与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生。如：Listen ! The song being sung is very popular with the students.不定式的被动式作定语时，表示一个未来的动作。如：The question to be discussed at the tomorrows meeting is a very important one.非谓语动词其它用法四、注意以下表达的意义区别falling leaves 正在下落的树叶fallen leaves 已经落下的树叶boiling water 沸腾的水boiled water 烧开过的水developing countries 发展中国家developed countries 发达国家I like swimming, but I dont like to swim this afternoon.Her job is giving piano lessons to children, but this Sunday her job is to teach the children how to dance.The girl let out a frightened cry at the sight of the snake. (The girl was frightened. )看到蛇，女孩尖叫起来。His frightening shout scared the boys again.The shout was frightening and the boys felt frightened. 他大吼一声把那帮男孩给吓跑了。类似的还有：an exciting voice 令人兴奋的声音an excited voice 兴奋的声音a puzzling look 令人迷惑不解的表情 a puzzled look 困惑的表情试题（一）三、模拟单句演练(1)Inthosedayswewereforcedworktwelvehoursaday.(2)ItsverydifficultforaforeignerlearnChinese.(3)Itwassillyofyoubelievewhathesaid.(4)Hewasmadewashthebossscaronceaday.(5)IllletyoutoknowassoonasIhearfromher.(6)Iwavedtoherbutfailedattractherattention.(7)Ihavealreadyseenthefilmtwice.Idontwantseeitanymore.(8)WhatIwantknowiswhenallthishappened.(9)Itwasclearthathewantedbealone.(10)Mostchildrenareinterestedinlistentostories.(11)Walkquicklyisdifficultforanoldman.(13)Becarefulincrossthestreet.(14)Thefilmisveryinteresting.Itisworthseetwice.(15)Findworkisverydifficultthesedays.(16)MostofusstudentsenjoyaskquestionsinEnglish.(17)Look,someofmyclassmatesarepractisingspeakEnglishoverthere.(18)Teachachildtosinganddanceisveryinteresting.(19)LearntospeakEnglishismoredifficultthantowriteit.(20) MyfriendJimisverygoodatmakingthingsandrepairthings.(21)Hedecidedtogotothesouth,findagoodjobandlivingthere.(22)Itwasverykindofyoutobuyussomemuchfruitandseeingusatthestation.(23)Excuseme,wouldyoutotellmethewaytothezoo?单句填空：用括号中所给动词的适当形式填空。1._(walk)isagoodformofexerciseforbothyoungandold.(全国)2.Eugenesneverwillingtoalteranyofhisopinions.Itsnouse_(argue)withhim.3.Pleaseremain_(seat);thewinneroftheprizewillbeannouncedsoon.4.CanIsmokehere? Sorry.Wedontallow_(smoke)here.5.Itisdifficulttoimaginehis_(accept)thedecisionwithoutanyconsideration.6.Icantstand_(work)withJaneinthesameoffice.Shejustrefuses_(stop)talkingwhilesheworks.7.Asaresultoftheseriousflood,two-thirdsofthebuildingsintheareaneed_(repair).8.Susanwantedtobeindependentofherparents.Shetried (live)alone,butshedidntlikeitandmovedbackhome.(湖南)9.Robertisindeedawiseman.Oh,yes.HowoftenIhaveregretted_(nottake)hisadvice!(安徽)10. Ifyouthinkthattreatingawomanwellmeansalways_(get)herpermissionforthings,thinkagain.11. Atthebeginningofclass,thenoiseofdesks_(openandclose)couldbeheardoutsidetheclassroom.(全国)12.Theyarequiet,arentthey?Yes.Theyareaccustomedto_(nottalk)atmeals.(江苏)17. AccordingtoarecentU.S.survey,childrenspendupto25hoursaweek_(watch)TV.18. Ibelievethatsthebestwaytopreventsuchathingfrom_(happen)again.(全国)19.Didyouhavetroublein_(find)thepostoffice?(全国)20.Sandycoulddonothingbut_(admit)tohisteacherthathewaswrong.(上海)21.Ismellsomething_(burn)inthekitchen.CanIcallyoubackinaminute?(全国)22.Dontleavethewater_(run)whileyoubrushyourteeth.(天津)23.Itwassocoldthattheykeptthefire_(burn)allnight.(全国)24.Themanagersdiscussedtheplanthattheywouldliketosee_(carry)outthenextyear.25.TolearnEnglishwell,weshouldfindopportunitiestohearEnglish_(speak)asmuchaswecan.(江苏)26.Heisverypopularamonghisstudentsashealwaystriestomakethem_(interest)inhislectures.(江苏)27.Energydrinksarenotallowed_(make)inAustraliabutarebroughtinfromNewZealand.28.Myadvisorencouragedme_(take)asummercoursetoimprovemywritingskills.29.Myparentshavealwaysmademe_(feel)goodaboutmyself,evenwh